Constant Exposure Time Research Articles

Unveiling Elegant In-Situ Properties: Structure and Vibrations of the Polymer Solution Synthesised BaFe12O19

The discovery of hexagonal ferrites has significantly contributed to various technological applications due to their unique ferromagnetic characteristics. This article employs the polymer solution technique for the first time in the synthesis of M-type hexaferrite, specifically BaFe12O19 (BaM). The polycrystalline nature of the BaM nanoparticles (NPs) is confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, revealing a hexagonal structure within the P63/mmc space group. The study utilized the Scherrer method to assess the average crystallite size while utilizing the Williamson-Hall (W-H), Halder-Wagner (H-W), and Wagner-Auga (W-A) methods for a thorough analysis of XRD peak broadening, aiming to understand the relationship between crystallite size and intrinsic strain, demonstrating a high intercorrelation among the obtained results. In this work, XRD peak broadening analysis has been carried out by different models for the first time on BaM NPs. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was employed to designate the vibration behavior of chemical bonds, which confirms the formation of the hexagonal structure of BaM NPs. To assess the impact of excitation laser power in Raman spectroscopy, a study conducted a comprehensive analysis, comparing Raman spectra across excitation powers varied at 0.1 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, 5 %, and 10 %, maintaining a constant exposure time of 30 s throughout the experiment. Examination through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) reveals a hexagonal rod-shaped morphology, with an average particle size falling within the range of 100 to 240 nanometers. The present study provides detailed insights about the structural, morphological, and compositional characteristics of BaM NPs for their utilization in high-frequency application. It shows a reflection loss (RL) of -13.68 dB at frequency of 10.3 GHz, with an absorption bandwidth of -10 dB spanning 0.42 GHz having 5 mm sample thickness.

Study on lap joining and characterization of tin (Sn) powder on stainless steel SS304 using microwave heating

AbstractMetal bonding via joints of low melting point materials such as zinc and tin has been technically challenging. This paper presents a unique technique for bonding small dimensions and the low melting point of materials through the microwave hybrid heating (MHH) process. Joint of stainless steel SS304 was applied to the joint with the tin (Sn) powder with the application of microwave radiation by using domestic microwave oven at 2.45 GHz of constant frequency, 200–360 W of microwave power, 120–180 s of exposure time, and 10–20 % of the epoxy rate. A developed heat chamber was used as a susceptor and insulator in the microwave hybrid heating (MHH) process. The tin powder and parent metals were strongly bonded as lap position by the microwave hybrid heating (MHH) process at 360 W of microwave power, 180 s of constant exposure time, and 20 % of the constant epoxy rate. Characterization of the joint was evaluated through microhardness and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis techniques. It was found that the intermetallic compounds (phase) of nickel tin (NiSn), iron tin (Fe1.84Sn), sulfur tin (SSn), chromium tin (Cr2Sn3), chromium tin (CrSn2), and tin phosphorus (SnP) at the joint surface with highest microhardness obtained at 498.4 HV 0.05 at 360 W of microwave power.

Australian–Indonesian monsoon rainfall responses to the northern hemisphere climatic changes prior to the Last Glacial Maximum: an early indication

The evidences of Australian-Indonesian monsoon (AIM) rainfall response to the northern hemisphere climatic changes from both marine and terrestrial proxies are well established for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) – Deglaciation time interval but not in the previous time interval. Sediment cores from off south Sumba (ST10) and off north Sumba (Sumba strait) (ST14) were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence method to obtain elemental proxies. Elemental ratios which reflect terrigenous input (Ti/Ca and K/Ca) are used to infer the AIM rainfall changes since ~42 ka BP. AIM rainfall changes indicate a clear response to the Heinrich Events prior to the LGM (H2, H3, and H4). H2 and H3 are corroborated with the AIM rainfall increases in off south Sumba (~24 – 26 ka BP and ~30 – 31 ka BP) while the AIM rainfall increase (~39 – 41 ka BP) in the Sumba strait indicates a response to H4. The cooler temperature during the Heinrich Events could enhance the Northern Hemisphere (NH) cold surges which eventually pushed the Austral summer Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) southward in a similar fashion to the Last Deglaciation period (~18 – 11 ka BP). The southward movement of Austral summer ITCZ should increase the research area’s exposure time to the Tropical Rain Belt (TRB) during the Australian – Indonesian summer monsoon (AISM) which eventually triggers the AIM rainfall increase. The Sumba strait AIM rainfall unresponsiveness to H2 and H3 could be related to the constant exposure time to the TRB which indicates that the southern limit of Austral summer ITCZ during its northernmost shift didn’t reach the latitude of Sumba Strait. Comparison with other proxies from the same site and other rainfall proxies from southern Indonesia and the northern Australia regions is needed to confirm the spatial extend of those responses.

Effect of x-ray tube voltage variation to value of contrast to noise ratio (CNR) on computed tomography (CT) Scan at RSUD Bali Mandara

Research has been conducted on the effect of variations in X-ray tube voltage to value of Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) on CT Scan at Bali Mandara Hospital using a phantom as a patient replacement. This research aims to determine the effect of X-ray tube voltage to the CNR value. Exposure factors used are X-ray tube voltage with variations of 80, 110, 120 and 135 kV, constant X-ray tube current of 150 mA and constant exposure time of 1 s. The readings of Io, Ib, and sb values in phantom images were performed using RadiAnt DICOM Viewer software (64 bit) and analysis of the effect X-ray tube voltage on CNR values was determined by regression test. The results of the analysis show that the variation of the X-ray tube voltage has a significant effect on the CNR value, where the greater X-ray tube voltage, the greater the CNR value. When the X-ray tube voltage is adjusted to 135 kV, the optimal CNR values are 113.52 for air, 35.06 for derlin, 13.93 for acrylic, 10.44 for nylon and 12.19 for polypropylene.

Effect of microwave treatment on the thermal properties and dynamic splitting behavior of red sandstone

Microwave energy is a promising application in future rock breakage operations in the civil, mining, processing, and space industries. Rock engineering projects frequently experience mechanical vibration and blasting impacts. Thus, understanding the dynamic fracturing behavior of microwave-treated rock is essential for its future application in microwave-assisted mechanical rock breakage. A customized industrial microwave system with a multimode resonant cavity was used to heat red sandstone at different microwave power levels (up to 4 kW) for a constant exposure time (4 min). The rock surface temperature distribution after microwave treatment was measured by an infrared camera. Dynamic splitting tests were conducted using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system in combination with a high-speed camera. Experimental results indicate that the rock dynamic splitting strength is negatively related to the microwave power, and the maximum reduction is 47.8%. Microwave treatment induced an obvious nonuniform temperature distribution and C-shaped surface cracks on disc specimens. During the dynamic splitting test, the crack induced by dynamic loading always initiates from the crack tip induced by microwave irradiation and then propagates along the loading diameter. The distribution of the inner high-temperature zone in the disc specimen is symmetric along the horizontal centerline of the disc specimen.

Effects of Laser Radiation on Erythrocytes Sedimentation Rate

The effect of the Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser radiation on the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in the blood sample is studied in this research in vitro. Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser was used for irradiation the blood samples. the study irradiation time was (5,10,15,20)s ; so the dose of irradiation were (1,8 ,13)watt . The sample of the blood obtained from twenty volunteers and each sample was divided into two samples for control and irradiation. The ESR was measured after laser irradiation and compared with un irradiation control. The results showed that there were significant differences in the values of sedimentation rates for (1,8 ,13)watt for control and irradiation. the results show that erythrocyte sedimentation rate decreases with increasing laser radiation with constant exposure time (5,10,15,20)sec and erythrocyte sedimentation rate decreases with increasing time exposure with constant laser radiation .

Assessment of damage on geo-mechanical and micro-structural properties of weak calcareous rocks exposed to fires using thermal treatment coefficient

In most studies focusing on the engineering behaviour of rocks exposed to high temperatures, thermal procedure tends to apply a slow and linear heating rate, and constant exposure time. Also, granite, marble, limestone, and sandstone are generally used because many mineralogical features of these rocks such as texture, mineral size and mineral content can be easily determined under polarized microscope. Contrary of literature, engineering behaviours of the highly porous calcareous rocks (calcarenites and chalk) were evaluated considering logarithmic/exponential heating rates and different exposure times as in a real fire in this study. The porous structure of the carbonate rocks depending on the primary voids was observed in SEM images for initial condition. SEM images of the samples exposed to high temperatures indicated that thermal treatment plays an important role on developing of secondary porosity due to the grain clumping in calcarenites and forming of new micro fissures in chalks. Lumping of minerals observed in calcarenite samples due to increasing temperatures is the main reason for the continuous decrease in strength. Decrease in porosity due to the sintering and fusing between clay minerals up to 600 °C caused the increase in strength of the chalks unlike coarse grained calcarenites. While high temperatures caused strength decrease in coarse crystalline calcarenites by creating thermal stress in the crystal grains due to expansion, on the contrary, fine crystalline chalks were more resilient to this stress because smaller crystals acted as expansion hinges during heating. Also, exposure time was insignificant in fine crystalline rocks, whereas coarse crystalline rocks showed great thermal damage. Depending on the increased temperatures, considering to the strength of some rocks increases while some decreases, a new thermal treatment coefficient graph was suggested to evaluate the rocks with different behaviours together. Because P-wave velocity tends to decrease in almost all rocks whether the strength increases or decreases, it was proposed to use tensile strength as an input parameter in the suggested approach. • Highly porous clayey calcareous rocks were subjected to high temperatures. • Logarithmic/exponential heating rates are used to simulate a real fire. • A new thermal treatment coefficient was proposed to define thermal damage.

Efficiency-aware process planning for mask image projection stereolithography: Leveraging dynamic time of exposure

Owing to the unique layer-by-layer production method, additive manufacturing can provide higher design freedom and enhanced manufacturing complexity and capabilities, compared to traditional subtractive manufacturing. Currently, additive manufacturing technologies are mostly limited to small-scale rapid prototyping and tooling, due to the insufficient production throughput caused by their relatively low efficiency. Hence, to facilitate high-volume production using additive manufacturing, it is critical to evaluate and enhance the process efficiency in the early process planning stage by adjusting the values of critical process parameters. More specifically, in the mask image projection stereolithography process, layer-wise exposure time is the most influential factor that affects the build time as well as the product performance. The majority of existing studies on stereolithography process planning do not incorporate comprehensive curing models, leading to the lack of evaluation on the resulting performance of fabricated products. In this research, a novel process planning algorithm is proposed aiming to enhance the process efficiency by leveraging the dynamic time of exposure while ensuring achieved dimensional accuracy, surface quality, and mechanical properties. The case study results show that dynamic time of exposure outperforms constant exposure time as it can reduce the total build time by 6.25 % while improving dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, and hardness by 0.59 %, 27.94 %, and 3.07 %, respectively. Also, the sensitivity analysis results suggest that the incident irradiance of the light source and the scale size of the fabricated part are the most critical factors affecting the selection of exposure time, as a variation of 20 % of these two factors can lead to 19.27 % and 38.54 % changes in total production time, respectively.

Detection of individual sub-pixel features in edge-illumination x-ray phase contrast imaging by means of the dark-field channel

We report on a direct comparison in the detectability of individual sub-pixel-size features between the three complementary contrast channels provided by edge-illumination x-ray phase contrast imaging at constant exposure time and spatial sampling pitch. The dark-field (or ultra-small-angle x-ray scattering) image is known to provide information on sample micro-structure at length scales that are smaller than the system’s spatial resolution, averaged over its length. By using a custom-built groove sample, we show how this can also be exploited to detect individual, isolated features. While these are highlighted in the dark-field image, they remain invisible to the phase and attenuation contrast channels. Finally, we show images of a memory SD card as an indication towards potential applications.

Evaluation of Cow-Dung Effectiveness for Bioremediation in Petroleum Polluted Loamy Soil Site

The development of local nutrients to enhance remediation of petroleum polluted soil mediums motivated this study. The study therefore, aimed at evaluating effectiveness of cow-dung for bioremediation of petroleum polluted loamy soil environment in the Niger delta area. The study was conducted in two distinct criteria, that is, petroleum polluted loamy soil with no Cow Dung Nutrient (NN) and petroleum polluted loamy soil with cow-dung Nutrient (WN) mediums. The two experimental set-ups were mixed manually to obtain homogeneity of impaction. Average weight measuring 3.2 kg Loamy Soil, Cow-dung 0.5 kg with ranging petroleum volume 50-190 ml for time ranging from 0 to 32 days at intervals of 25 ml petroleum and 4 days exposure time were used in the evaluation study. The evaluation was carried out based on Total Petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration CTPH as a function of petroleum quantity (v) discharged and exposure time (t). The results obtained showed that total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration (CTPH) increases with increase in the quantity of petroleum discharged at constant exposure time for both NN and WN. Similarly, the TPH concentration (CTPH) decreases with increase in exposure time at constant quantity of petroleum discharged. The TPH concentration (CTPH) shows rapid biodegradability with (WN) than those of (NN) indicating that Cow-dung is a good nutrient for bioremediation of polluted sites. In addition, generalized predictive models for the bio-simulation of TPH concentration (CTPH) as a function of petroleum physical properties, soil conductivity and cow dung mass for NN and WN are developed using Abowei modified Raleigh dimensional approach. The models showed that TPH concentration (CTPH) demonstrated density independency for NN and dependency for WN. The predictive models as developed are:

Effect of plasma power on reduction of printable graphene oxide thin films on flexible substrates

Room temperature hydrogen plasma treatment on solution processed 300 nm graphene oxide (GO) films on flexible indium tin oxide (ITO) coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates has been performed by varying the plasma power between 20 W and 60 W at a constant exposure time of 30 min with a view to examining the effect of plasma power on reduction of GO. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopic studies show that high energy hydrogen species generated in the plasma assist fast exfoliation of the oxygenated functional groups present in the GO samples. Significant decrease in the optical band gap is observed from 4.1 eV for untreated samples to 0.5 eV for 60 W plasma treated samples. The conductivity of the films treated with 60 W plasma power is estimated to be six orders of magnitude greater than untreated GO films and this enhancement of conductivity on plasma reduction has been interpreted in terms of UV-visible absorption spectra and density functional based first principle computational calculations. Plasma reduction of GO/ITO/PET structures can be used for efficiently tuning the electrical and optical properties of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for flexible electronics applications.

COMMUNITY TOOLS FOR CARTOGRAPHIC AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROCESSING OF MARS EXPRESS HRSC IMAGES

COMMUNITY TOOLS FOR CARTOGRAPHIC AND PHOTOGRAMMETRIC PROCESSING OF MARS EXPRESS HRSC IMAGES

Calibration of handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) equipment for optimum determination of elemental concentrations in sediment samples

Handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometers (XRFs) represent a more practical, efficient and economic tool to determine the elemental composition of solid inorganic and organic samples than conventional analytical techniques. The objective of this work was to demonstrate that handheld XRFs could be a precise, accurate and reliable tool to analyze up to 27 different elements. This objective was accomplished through the optimization of an empirical calibration curve that, in addition to include certified reference materials (CRM), it also introduced new approaches, such as the use of solid CRM mixtures and combinations of organic and inorganic matrices. These approaches significantly increased the number of calibration points and eliminated hiatuses in the calibration curve. Several factors were evaluated before construction of the calibration curve: incidence time of the X-ray beam, type of film through which the X-ray beams reach the samples, container type, minimum sample volume and sample moisture content. Results show that single elements can be analyzed with variable exposure times or, alternatively, multielemental analyses can be carried out with a constant exposure time (180s). Costs can be reduced by using Ziploc® bags as sample containers, but the number of measurable elements drops from 27 to 21, while the possibility of contamination increases.

Influence of photoresist layer on unetched guided mode resonance filter

During guided mode resonance (GMR) filter fabrication by ion beam etching in a vacuum chamber, the most difficult aspect of the process is accurate control of the groove depth. Because the resonant wavelength of the GMR filter is susceptible to variations in the fabrication parameters, such as the groove depth and period of the grating, it is very difficult to fabricate an ideal GMR filter that has the same parameters as the designed filter. Therefore, to simplify this fabrication process, a GMR filter that can be fabricated without etching is presented in this paper. However, the proposed filter will bring new problems in that the lack of etching may lead to the presence of a residual photoresist layer during the holographic interferometry process. In this paper, we focus on the influence of the residual photoresist layer on the unetched GMR filter. The effects of different photoresist layer thicknesses and different development times are investigated. Using numerical methods based on rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA), the spectral curve shows a blue shift with increasing development time. Moreover, with a constant development time and exposure time, there is a red shift with the increase of the photoresist layer thickness. It is found experimentally that this spectral shift trend agrees well with the results of the theoretical analysis.

Numerical Simulations and Experiments on Changes in Erythrocyte Morphology under Continue Flow Ventricular Assisted Devices

Ventricular assist devices (VADs) implanted in human body produce different levels of shear stress due to mechanical structure, causing damage for erythrocytes. The study is focusing on the morphology changes of erythrocytes causing by continue flow VADs. This study used a Hemodynamic Shearing Device (Thermo Electron Corporation) to expose erythrocytes to shear stress produced by VADs. Then free hemoglobin of plasma is measured and blood smears are respectively made to count the number of abnormal erythrocytes. The results show that the correlation coefficient of the percent of abnormal erythrocytes (PAE) and shear stress is 0.725 (p=0.027, <0.05). After blood shearing experiments the number of abnormal erythrocytes has increased with shear stress under constant exposure time, and both shear stress and exposure time contribute to morphology changes in erythrocytes. The conclusion indicates that low shear stress (lower than 450 Dynes/cm2) damage of erythrocyte is an important factor in the application of VADs.

COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN THE EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION AND OZONE GAS ON THE INCIDENCE OF E. COLI O157:H7 IN BEEF BURGER SOLD IN ASSIUT GOVERNORATE

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in beef burger, evaluate the effectiveness of gamma irradiation and ozone gas as an antimicrobial intervention on beef burger and evaluate the effect of both on sensory quality of the product. A total of 125 samples of beef burger were collected from different supermarkets in Assiut City, E .coli was isolated from 24 samples (19.2%), further examination using polymemerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that only one confirmed to be E. coli O157:H7 with a percentage of 0.8%. Beef burgers inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 at initial level of 106 CFU/g were exposed to different doses of ƴ- radiation (2,4 and 6 KGy) at dose rate 2.32 KGy/h at a constant exposure time. The survival of E. coli O157:H7 was examined post treatments. Irradiation at doses (4 and 6 KGy) significantly decreased the count proportionally to the applied dose without any sensory changes. To explore the effect of ozone on E. coli O157:H7, inculcated samples of beef burger were subjected to 3 different gaseous ozone treatments, 20, 40 and 70 PPM with a time of contact of approximately 3 minutes. It was found that all concentrations significantly reduced the pathogen count without any color or flavor change of beef burger. Gamma irradiation at dose 6KGy is more effective in reduction of E. coli O157:H7 population (a reduction % of 56.o8) than ozone gas at concentration of 70 PPM (a reduction % of 21.14).The public health importance of the organism was discussed and the suggestive measures for safe healthful products were discussed.

DETECTION OF PLANETS IN EXTREMELY WEAK CENTRAL PERTURBATION MICROLENSING EVENTS VIA NEXT-GENERATION GROUND-BASED SURVEYS

Even though the recently discovered high-magnification event MOA-2010-BLG-311 had complete coverage over the peak, confident planet detection did not happen due to extremely weak central perturbations (fractional deviations of $\lesssim 2\%$). For confident detection of planets in extremely weak central perturbation (EWCP) events, it is necessary to have both high cadence monitoring and high photometric accuracy better than those of current follow-up observation systems.The next-generation ground-based observation project, KMTNet (Korea Microlensing Telescope Network), satisfies the conditions. We estimate the probability of occurrence of EWCP events with fractional deviations of $\leq 2\%$ in high-magnification events and the efficiency of detecting planets in the EWCP events using the KMTNet. From this study, we find that the EWCP events occur with a frequency of $> 50\%$ in the case of $\lesssim 100\ M_{\rm E}$ planets with separations of $0.2\ {\rm AU} \lesssim d \lesssim 20\ {\rm AU}$. We find that for main-sequence and subgiant source stars, $\gtrsim 1\ M_{\rm E}$ planets in EWCP events with the deviations $\leq 2\%$ can be detected $> 50\%$ in a certain range that changes with the planet mass. However, it is difficult to detect planets in EWCP events of bright stars like giant stars, because it is easy for KMTNet to be saturated around the peak of the events with a constant exposure time. EWCP events are caused by close, intermediate, and wide planetary systems with low-mass planets and close and wide planetary systems with massive planets. Therefore, we expect that a much greater variety of planetary systems than those already detected, which are mostly intermediate planetary systems regardless of the planet mass, will be significantly detected in the near future.

Estimation of the annual cumulative radiation dose received by the dentist in dental clinics in Chennai

Aim and Objectives: To estimate the annual cumulative radiation dose received by a dentist in a 'less than an ideally sized clinic' in Chennai. The objective of the study is to estimate the annual cumulative radiation dose received by the dentist at various distances and various angulations from the x-ray tube. Study Design: The head of a mannequin model was mounted on the dental chair to simulate a patient's head and three thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips were kept at various distances and various angulations, at a constant height. The standard conventional intraoral dental radiographic unit was used, which was kept stationary, with a constant voltage of 70 Kv, 8 mA current, and a constant exposure time of 0.3 seconds. Ninety-two TLD chips were exposed 20 times a day with constant horizontal angulations for a period of one year. The reading from the TLD chips was obtained on a computer through a TLD Badge Reader. Statistical Analysis: Post Hoc tests and One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. Results and Conclusion: A decreasing trend was obtained in the average radiation doses, as the distance increased from the x-ray source, and a highly significant difference in doses (P < 0.001%) was found between 4 and 5.5 feet (ft). We found a minimum average radiation dose at an angle of 60° to 80° and behind the tube. The purpose of this study was to create awareness among dental professionals, who had 'less than an ideally sized clinic'. We recommend that the dentist follow guidelines suggested by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), USA. From this study, it is clear that most clinics are of sizes that do not permit this distance (6 ft), and hence, it is recommended that they use suitable barriers.

Inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores in healthcare waste by uv light coupled with H2O2

Healthcare waste inoculated with B. atropheaus spores was used to evaluate a treatment process using UV light in combination with H2O2. First, the influence of the waste mass on the spore inactivation fraction was investigated for a constant radiation exposure time of 10 min and power per unit mass of waste (44-237 W/kg). The degree of inactivation of the spores was then determined as a function of exposure time (5-30 min) and power per mass unit (67-178 W/kg) for a constant waste mass. The experimental results were adjusted according to four kinetic models. The Hom and power law models were the most appropriate for the description of the disinfection process. The maximum experimental inactivation fraction (95%) achieved was obtained with 178 W/kg irradiation for 30 min.

Study on Applied Load and Irradiation of Ultraviolet (UV) Aging of Polycarbonate Characteristics: Consequences on Mechanical Properties

Abstract. In present study, the effect of irradiation along with applied load and three periods on the ultraviolet (UV) aging of the polycarbonate polymer was investigated by observing the changes in the mechanical properties. Dog bone specimens of polycarbonate were subjected to different test conditions namely in the amount of applied load and the variation in exposure time to the UV lamp. The results showed that, with a constant applied load of 1kN, increase in the exposure time in UV radiation caused the mechanical properties to relatively increase at first and decrease gradually afterwards. However, for constant exposure time, the tensile strength showed much decrease with increase in applied load. For the test conducted at higher applied load of 3kN, the mechanical properties of material relatively improves in a drastic manner for the higher exposure time. It was inferred that the increase in applied load has a crucial role in the UV aging of polycarbonate for the given exposure time. Moreover, the morphology of the fracture area under different test conditions was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).