Constant Current-constant Voltage Method Research Articles

Design of Battery Charging System with CC-CV Method Using Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter

The transition of renewable energy has become an interesting issue and a worldwide concern that is frequently discussed. Solar panels are regarded to have the most potential in tropical areas like Indonesia. However, weather and sunlight intensity have a substantial impact on the amounts of electricity generated by solar panels. Therefore, a battery which functions as a backup supply is required. Lead acid batteries are used in numerous applications. The performance of lead-acid battery is commonly influenced by temperature and charging time, which makes it vulnerable to overcharging. Multistage charge methods, namely Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV), are used to extend battery life, reduce charging time, and avoid the risk of overcharging. Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is used to adjust charging current and voltage on the battery based on the setpoint. Based on the CC-CV charging system simulation results, a constant current value can be obtained when the CC condition is 4.5 A, and a transition to the CV condition occurs when the voltage value on the battery reaches 14.4 V. When the battery reaches its maximum capacity, the current is reduced to 3% of the battery’s capacity. The rate of fully charged current triggers the relay to turn on, to ensure that the charging process has been completed.

Microcontroller Based Li-ion Battery Charger

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have emerged as a primary secondary power source for portable systems. Their notable advantage lies in their ability to be recharged numerous times before disposal, offering a clean energy source devoid of toxic elements. However, charging these batteries requires careful consideration. Fast charging or overcharging can elevate battery temperature, potentially leading to explosions and accidents. Various charging methods exist, but the Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV) approach stands out as particularly suitable for Li-ion batteries due to its ability to prevent critical overcharging. This paper introduces a Li-ion battery charger circuit leveraging an 89S52 microcontroller. The charger employs the CC-CV method to achieve a full charge for the battery.

Wireless power transfer pulse charging of lithium-ion battery

In Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) technique has been considered a standard strategy for charging lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. The pulse charging profile is used in this work in the Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) because of the inherent advantages of the pulse charging approach over the Constant Current-Constant Voltage method, such as improving the IPT-based charger efficiency. The LCC-Series compensation topology was chosen because it can meet the requirement of minimizing output characteristics' reliance on variations in Li-ion battery parameters. The pulse charging of the Li-ion battery on the second side is accomplished through phase-shifted control of the primary side high-frequency inverter. The control loops for pulse charging must be developed using the IPT transfer functions, according to the implementation technique. As a result, comprehensive modeling of the LCC-Series topology is presented, and the generated small-signal model is validated. Based on the confirmed model, the current and voltage loop control is constructed. The challenges associated with the pulse charging technique in the IPT system are explored, and a software-based solution to the problems highlighted is provided. The simulation and experimental results verified the validity of the conducted theatrical discussions.

A Comparison Between CCCV and VC Strategy for the Control of Battery Storage System in PV installation

To meet demand with unpredictable daily and seasonal variations, the power grid faces significant hurdles in transmission and distribution. Electrical Energy Storage (EES), in which energy is stored in a specific state, depending on the technology utilized, and is converted to electrical energy, is acknowledged as a technology involved with significant potential for solving these difficulties. This paper deals with the modeling and control of a renewable energy production system based on solar panel. To improve the performance of the investigated power generation system, a lithium-ion battery storage system and bidirectional converter are associated to a solar panel that is unable to compensate for rapid variations in load power demand. In this situation, to meet load power demand, a rule-based energy management algorithm is used to share energy between the grid and the energy production system. Furthermore, two solutions are developed and compared: VC (Variable Current) and CC-CV (Constant Current Constant Voltage). The VC approach is used in conjunction with an energy management and protection system, whereas the CC-CV method is used in conjunction with an artificial neural network (ANN). The simulation results show that the VC control strategy give greater energy performance and installation stability compared to the CC-CV strategy, but not improved safety and protection of lithium-ion batteries.

Fast Charging Optimization for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Improved Electro-Thermal Coupling Model

New energy automobiles possess broad application prospects, and the charging technology of vehicle power batteries is one of the key technologies in the development of new energy automobiles. Traditional lithium battery charging mostly adopts the constant current-constant voltage method, but continuous and frequent charging application conditions will cause temperature rise and accelerated capacity decay, which easily bring about safety problems. Aiming at the above-mentioned problems related to the charging process of lithium-ion batteries, this paper proposes an optimization strategy and charging method for lithium-ion batteries based on an improved electric-thermal coupling model. Through the HPPC experiment, the parameter identification of the second-order RC equivalent circuit model was completed, and the electric-thermal coupling model of the lithium battery was established. Taking into account the two factors of charging time and charging temperature rise, the multi-stage charging strategy of the lithium-ion battery is optimized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The experimental results show that the multi-stage constant current charging method proposed in this paper not only reduces the maximum temperature during the charging process by an average of 0.83% compared with the maximum temperature of the battery samples charged with the traditional constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging method but also reduces the charging time by an average of 13.87%. Therefore, the proposed optimized charging strategy limits the charging temperature rise to a certain extent on the basis of ensuring fast charging and provides a certain theoretical basis for the thermal management of the battery system and the design and safe charging method of the battery charging system.

Constant current-fuzzy logic algorithm for lithium-ion battery charging

<p>The lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery has a high demand because of its long cycle, reliability, high energy density, low toxic, low self-discharge rate, high power density, and high efficiency. However, lithium-ion batteries have sensitivity to over-charge, temperature, and charge discharge currents. The conventional battery charging system takes a very long time to charge which makes the battery temperature high. Therefore, a charger system that can maximize charging capacity, shorten charging time, and extend battery life is needed. In this study, a battery charging system was developed using the constant current–fuzzy (CC-fuzzy) control method. The aim is to get faster charging time and maintain battery life by limiting the battery charging temperature. The proposed charger system is dual mode which can be operated in both buck and boost mode. The experimental result shows that the proposed method is superior compared to the constant current constant voltage (CCCV) method in charging time. The CC-fuzzy method charging time is faster compared to the CCCV method by 25% and 12.5% in buck and boost modes, respectively. Whereas from the battery temperature, in buck mode, the proposed method has a lower temperature by 0.5 ⁰C and in the boost mode, each method has the same temperature.</p>

A Novel DC-AC Fast Charging Technology for Lithium-Ion Power Battery at Low-Temperatures

There are several drawbacks for lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures, including weak electrolyte conductivity, low chemical reaction rate and greatly increased impedance. Thus, it is inefficient to charge lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures. This work proposes an AC incentive fast charging strategy at low-temperatures for lithium-ion batteries based on the analysis and comparison of the existing charging and heating methods. The charging speed, temperature variation, the capacity loss of the constant current constant voltage (CCCV) charging strategy and the proposed method with different current and frequency conditions are compared and analyzed. The results show that it takes about 1400 s for the proposed method to fully charge a lithium-ion battery in the case of 2.2 A current beginning at 25% state of charge (SOC). In addition, the temperature rises about 8 °C. In contrast, the charging time of the CCCV method is 400 s slower than the proposed method and the temperature of the CCCV method increases only about 2 °C. In the case of 1.5 A current beginning at 0% SOC, the charging time of the proposed method is 500 s faster than the CCCV method. The results indicate that the proposed charging method can significantly improve the charging efficiency of lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures.

Optimal Fast Charging Control for Lithium-ion Batteries

Fast charging has gained an increasing interest in the convenient use of Lithium-ion batteries. This paper develops a constrained optimization based fast charging control strategy, which is capable of meeting needs in terms of charging time, energy loss, and safety-related charging constraints. To solve it with less computational effort, a two-layer optimization strategy is proposed, where a charging time region contraction method is utilized to search the minimum expected charging time in the top layer, and the bottom layer uses the barrier method to calculate the corresponding optimal charging current with the charging time given by the top layer. Through utilizing this two-layer optimization method, the optimal charging current can be obtained that leads to the shortest charging period while guaranteeing the charging constraints with relatively low computational complexity. Extensive simulation results are provided to validate the proposed optimal fast charging control strategy, which well outperforms the constant current-constant voltage method.

PSO-based optimization for constant-current charging pattern for li-ion battery

A particle swarm optimization algorithm to search for an optimal five-stage constant-current charge pattern is proposed. The goal is to maximize the objective function for the proposed charge pattern based on the charging capacity, time, and energy efficiency, which all share the same weight. Firstly, an equivalent circuit model is built and battery parameters are identified. Then the optimal five-stage constant-current charge pattern is searched using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. At last, comparative experiments using the constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) method are performed. Although the charging SOC of the proposed charging pattern was 2.5% lower than that of the CC-CV strategy, the charging time and charging energy efficiency are improved by 15.6% and 0.47% respectively. In particular, the maximum temperature increase of the battery is approximately 0.8 °C lower than that of the CC-CV method, which indicates that the proposed charging pattern is more secure.

A Review on Battery Charging and Discharging Control Strategies: Application to Renewable Energy Systems

Energy storage has become a fundamental component in renewable energy systems, especially those including batteries. However, in charging and discharging processes, some of the parameters are not controlled by the battery’s user. That uncontrolled working leads to aging of the batteries and a reduction of their life cycle. Therefore, it causes an early replacement. Development of control methods seeks battery protection and a longer life expectancy, thus the constant-current–constant-voltage method is mostly used. However, several studies show that charging time can be reduced by using fuzzy logic control or model predictive control. Another benefit is temperature control. This paper reviews the existing control methods used to control charging and discharging processes, focusing on their impacts on battery life. Classical and modern methods are studied together in order to find the best approach to real systems.

Research on the Battery Charging Strategy With Charging and Temperature Rising Control Awareness

Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries is an essential problem that constrains the large-scale deployment of electric vehicles. To solve this problem, a new charging strategy is proposed in this paper. Three original contributions are made in this paper: 1) development of a novel multistage constant heating rates optimization method that reduces both the charging time and charging temperature increase, with the tradeoff between the charging time and charging temperature increase analyzed using the genetic algorithm (off-line strategy); 2) reduction of the charging time via ensuring a state of charge region by balancing the charge capacity and charge time; and 3) demonstration that the proposed method can be used under different temperatures by comparing the proposed method to the average constant current constant voltage (CCCV) under different temperatures; the comparison results suggest that the charging time of proposed method is reduced by 1.9%, 5.3%, 8.56%, and 9.54% compared to the average CCCV method under ambient temperature, 10 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method temperature rise is reduced by 48.6%, 28.3%, 67.3%, and 17.9% compared to the average CCCV method under ambient temperature 10 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C, respectively.

Search for an Optimal Five-Step Charging Pattern for Li-Ion Batteries Using Consecutive Orthogonal Arrays

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have emerged as the major power source for today's electronic products because they can offer advantages such as high energy density, low maintenance requirement, high open-circuit voltage, low self-discharge rate, and lack of memory effect. The performance and lifespan of Li-ion batteries are closely related to the quality of the charging pattern. Therefore, an optimal charging pattern is essential for Li-ion batteries to achieve shorter charging time and longer cycle life. In this paper, a Taguchi-based algorithm is presented. Consecutive orthogonal array techniques are utilized to determine the optimal charging pattern for the five-step constant current charging method. The problem formulation, implementation procedure, and parameter setting method are described and explained in detail. Experimental results show that the obtained charging pattern is capable of charging the Li-ion batteries to 95% capacity. Comparing to the conventional constant current-constant voltage method, the benefits of the obtained pattern are faster and safer charging and longer battery cycle life.

Search for an Optimal Rapid Charging Pattern for Lithium–Ion Batteries Using Ant Colony System Algorithm

Commercial lithium-ion batteries are playing important roles as supplies for mobile phones, laptop computers, and other electronics. In order to maximize the performance of lithium-ion batteries, an advanced rapid charging pattern is required. In this paper, an Ant-Colony-System (ACS)-based algorithm is presented. The proposed ACS-based algorithm can be integrated into a commercially available battery tester to search for the optimal rapid charging pattern. Experimental results show that the obtained rapid charging pattern is capable of charging the lithium-ion batteries to 70% capacity in 30 min. The obtained pattern also provides 25% more cycle life than the conventional constant current-constant voltage method.

Electrical properties and Auger electron spectroscopy analysis of oxide layers formed by anodization on NbTa and NbTaN films

Anodic oxide films formed on NbTa and NbTaN systems have interesting electrical properties because of the similarity in physicochemical properties of niobium and tantalum. NbTa films were prepared by d.c. sputtering in argon gas and NbTaN films were prepared by d.c. reactive sputtering in an Ar-10%N 2 mixture. Anodic oxidation of these films was carried out in a solution of 80% dimethylsulphoxide and 20% phosphoric acid at room temperature by the constant current-constant voltage method. It was found that the values of tan δ for oxide films formed on the NbTaN system were in the range of 0.006-0.008 for all film compositions. The magnitudes of the leakage currents for NbTaNO films were smaller than those for NbTaO films. It can therefore be concluded that the incorporation of nitrogen into the NbTa alloy system plays an important role in the improvement of the dielectric properties of NbTaO films. From Auger electron spectroscopy analysis of the NbTaO and NbTaNO systems, some relations between the dielectric properties and the thickness of the oxygen-diffused layer were found. It may be suggested that oxide films with a thicker oxygen-diffused layer have a higher donor density and that nitrogen incorporated into these films controls the generation of donors.