Consonant System Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Azerbaijani and English Phonetic Systems

This article provides a comparative analysis of the Azerbaijani and English phonetic systems, focusing on key differences and similarities between the two languages. The study examines the vowel and consonant systems, as well as intonation and stress patterns, to highlight the challenges faced by Azerbaijani speakers learning English and English speakers learning Azerbaijani. Through phonetic data collection and analysis, common pronunciation errors and their impact on language acquisition are identified. The findings offer insights into how these phonetic differences influence second language learning and propose strategies for mitigating phonetic interference through targeted teaching methods and pronunciation exercises.

The Phonology of Tailue Tribe in Dontan Village, Xienghone District, Sayyaboury Province

This study focused on the phonetic system of Tailue tribe in Donton village, Xienghon District, Saiyabouly Province by applying the qualitative research through the interview, reading, observation, analysis, and classification of its system. The objective of this study was to examine the phonetic system of consonants, vowels, and tone marks of local Tailue tribe according to the list of vocabulary from Li (1977) which included 1107 Tai words and the list of phonetic tone marks of local Tai from Gedney (1959). The result of this study was that, there are 20 of beginning consonants as /k/, /kh/, /N/, /c/, /s/, /ø/, /d/, /t/, /th/, /n/, /b/, /p/, /ph/, /f/, /m/, /j/, /l/, /w/, /?/, /h/, 2 mix consonants as /kw/, /khw/ and 8 of ending consonants as /-p/, /-t /, /-k /, /-m /, /-n /, /-N/, /-w /, /-j /. There are 18 of root vowels as /a/, /aù/, /i/, /iù/, /µ/, /µù/, /u/, /uù/, /e/, /eù/, /E/, /Eù/, /o/, /où/, /«/, /«ù/, //, /ù/. Based on this research, any of the mixed vowels were not found. For the tone mark, 6 types of it were found - low-up (25) sounds, middle-up (34) sounds, middle (33) sounds, low-up (23) sounds, middle-down (32) sounds, low-up (24) sounds.

Language Competence in The Digital Disruption Era: A Psycholinguistic Case Study of 2-Year-Old

Abstract: The research aims to identify and describe competencies related to language acquisition of 2-year-old children in the digital disruption era. This research is based on the phenomenon of the times that triggered the digital disruption era to affect children's language acquisition. This research focused on a case study of a 2-year-old child's language acquisition at the phonological and morphosyntactic levels. This research design is descriptive qualitative with a theoretical approach, psycholinguistics. The subject and data source was a 2-year-old boy with the initials DBS. The data collection technique was conducted using participant and non-participant observation techniques, while the data analysis technique included condensation, display, and conclusion/verification. The research results showed: (1) DBS phonology acquisition competence consists of 9 vowel phonemes with minimal vocalic system dominance, 18 consonant phonemes including trill sounds with minimal consonantal system dominance, two diphthongs from national and foreign languages phoneme, one foreign language cluster phoneme which is replacing with the closest mother tongue phoneme; (2) DBS morphosyntactic acquisition competence is dominated by word function in the form of subject, word role in the form of actor, and word category in the form of the noun. In conclusion, the language acquisition competence of two-year-old children in the digital disruption era is quite varied from the previous era, in line with the acquisition of Javanese, Indonesian, English, and Malay lexicons.Keywords: Digital Disruption, Language Competence, Psycholinguistic, Two-Year-Old Child

Procedes D’adaptation Phonetique De L’emprunt : La Dynamique De Systeme Phonologique De L’arabe Jordanien En Contact Avec L’anglais Et Le Français

Objectives: This study aimed at analyzing a number of Jordanian Arabic lexical units borrowed from French and English Particularly, we attempt to answer the following questions: What are the mechanisms adopted by the target language in the process of integrating the phonic forms of borrowed units? What is the impact of these adaptation mechanisms on the dynamics of the phonological system of the target language? Methods: This study adopted the methodology of functional phonology to analyze an oral corpus made up of approximately 300 units. Results: The findings of the analysis show that language contact offers explanations for the observed phonetic variations. In essence, the consonant system of Jordanian Arabic is characterized by a rather weak correlation of voiced and voiceless consonants insofar as certain voiceless consonant phonemes do not have corresponding voiced counterparts, e.g., /k/ and /f/, which favored the integration of corresponding voiced phonemes like /g/ and /v/. The results of the study also show the emergence of new vowel sounds. Conclusions: This study found effects of phonetic adaptation strategies and their contribution to the evolution of the phonological system in the target language, revealing that borrowing in such manner introduces new phonetic variations which gradually get integrated within the system of the language in ways that would fit its phonetic rules.

The consonant system in the accents of the Kangarli district

The consonant system in the accents of the Kangarli district

Проблема палатальности и палатализованности в разносистемных языках Сибири (по данным МРТ)

The paper considers the phonetic characteristics of nasal palatalized and non-palatalized sounds of the German Mennonite language (self-name Plautdietsch) and the Altai language and nasal forelingual and oral backlingual sounds of the Russian language. Given the strong influence of Russian on Altai and Plautdietsch, the objective is to determine if Russian palatalization, which structures the whole consonant system and is a constitutive-differential feature, influences the other languages under study. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify the articulation features and reveal the constitutive differential parameters characteristic of the phonetic subsystem of palatalized phonemes. Nineteen tomograms with target sounds were described and analyzed following the methodology of the V. M. Nadelyaev Laboratory of Experimental Phonetic Researches of the Institute of Philology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The MRI images demonstrate that the articulation of palatalized sounds involves the elevation of the middle and back parts of the tongue towards the boundary between the hard and soft palate. The production of palatalized sounds in the Russian language is found to be characterized by the advancement of the tongue body to the front part of the oral cavity. The study findings indicate that palatalization may not always produce an acoustic effect of softness. This research contributes to the understanding of the articulatory mechanisms and phonetic features of palatalized sounds in the languages under consideration, highlighting the interplay between language contact and phonetic adaptation.

Changes in the consonant system of the English language in different historical periods

Changes in the consonant system of the English language in different historical periods

Сопоставительная характеристика кубачинского и ицаринского идиомов даргинского ареала: фонетические данные

The paper aims to identify common and distinctive features in the phonetic system of the Kubachi language and the Itsari dialect of the Tsudakhar-Sirkhin language (the Dargin branch of the Nakh-Dagestanian languages). Based on extralinguistic observations, the Dargin languages were considered as a single language during the Soviet era, although they had many differences at all linguistic levels, including phonetics. They have a rich and complex system of both vowel and consonant systems. Meanwhile, the common properties and differences in the sound system of almost all Dargin lects remain unexplored, which complicates the problem of creating a final classification of Dargin languages and dialects. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the sound composition of the Kubachi and Itsari lects and the phonetic processes occurring in them. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that a significant amount of new material on the phonetic level of the compared linguistic units has been introduced into scientific use. As a result of the study, the issues of formation and functioning of long vowels, pharyngealized and labialized sounds, geminate consonants, as well as the sound processes occurring in the Kubachi language and the Itsari dialect were investigated. The common features and differences in the compared lects were revealed, sound correspondences were determined, the principles of the stress position were investigated.

Proto-Nivkh Accent System

Abstract The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the Proto-Nivkh accent system and vocalism with the help of loanword analysis and internal reconstruction. It is shown that the place of the Proto-Nivkh accent depended on vowel height and syllable structure. The paper also argues that the unstressed vowel loss, which led to a radical change in Nivkh phonotactics, consonant system and morphophonology, occurred after the breakup of the last common ancestor of modern Nivkh varieties.

Variation of <i>k’</i> / <i>t’</i> as a Characteristic Feature of the German Mennonites Language in Siberia

The article is based on the material of one of the Germanic languages represented in Siberia, known in the world as Plautdietsch or the Low German language (dialect) of the Mennonites. One of the striking features of the Plautdietsch consonant system is considered – the variation of the k’/t’ sound types in certain positions in the word, primarily in combination with the vowels of the front row (k’int / t’int ‘child’, k’oak’ / t’oat’ ‘church’), as well as in some consonant combinations (for example, drin’k’ә / drin’t’ә to ‘drink’, ma:lk’ / ma:lt’ ‘milk’). The use of k’ or t’, respectively, was considered by some researchers to be the markers of two dialects within the Mennonite language: k’ – Chortiza and t’ – Molotscha. From a diachronic point of view, these sounds go back to the common German k; they appeared as a result of the so-called Frisian palatalization. Archival dialectological material confirms the use of these two sounds in the Mennonite colonies of southern Russia at the beginning of the last century.In the settlements of Siberia, where there are a large number of Plautdietsch speakers, according to our observations, the forms with t’ were used according to the Molochna type (t’oat’ ‘church’, t’int ‘child’, veat’ ‘week’).A new impetus to the exploration of this alternation was given by the material collected during the last linguistic expedition to the village of Apollonovka in the Omsk region, where a large isolated community of Plautdietsch speakers is located. In the speech of the inhabitants of this village, the use of t’ (Molochna type) prevails in all these positions, however, the forms on k’ used by some carriers were also recorded (so, you can hear ma:lk’ / ma:lt’ ‘milk’, k’in’a / t’in’a ‘children’ and so on). At the same time, both forms are recognized by the informants as correct.The assumption is made that these sound types cannot be regarded as consonants marking different dialects, but rather as optional variants.A sound was also recorded that was not mentioned in the studies earlier (s’t’), which appears in preposition to sonorants, especially before -l: k’lɔid / t’lɔid / s’t’lɔid ‘dress’. The consonant under consideration can be tentatively designated as a soft medial-occlusive spirant. Most likely, its appearance represents the third stage of mitigation in the considered alternation according to the scheme k > k’ > t’ > s’t’.The observations presented in the article, based on the analysis of actual field material, can be the beginning of further study of the variability of the Mennonite language in Siberia.

Историческая фонетика бурятского языка в русскоязычной документации XVII в. (к постановке проблемы). Часть 1

Introduction. It is in the mid-to-late 18th century at latest that the main phonetic characteristics of Buryat that distinguish the latter from other Mongolic languages — reflected in its western and eastern dialects — took shape. The initial period that had witnessed the formation of these specific elements still remains somewhat unclear. The paper analyzes authentic sources and attempts to show a possibility that the areal phonetic features of Buryat emerged within local population groups of Baikalia as far back as the early-to-mid 17th century. Goals. The article analyzes ethnonyms (and other onyms) relating to the Buryat population and recorded in seventeenth-century Russian-language documents to identify spelling (pronunciation) specificities characteristic of Buryat dialects. Materials and methods. Part One of the study deals with discussions over some general chronology of phonetic changes that have resulted in the shaping of Buryat, and distinguish the latter from other Mongolic languages. The paper examines major related works, analyzes methods and approaches employed by the researchers. Results. Our insights into scholarly publications conclude there is no compromise view on the lower chronological limit that would serve as terminus a quo for Buryat phonetic features. According to some researchers, key processes that fundamentally rebuilt the Buryat consonant system had begun in the 17th century and proceeded to completion by the early 18th century, while others insist those had emerged only in the late 17th century to culminate throughout the 18th century. Conclusions. Scholars that have dealt with Buryat phonetics tended to focus on eighteenth-century linguistic materials and rarely turned to other sources, such as Russian loanwords in Buryat, Mongolian loanwords in Evenki and Yakut, chronological attributions of the latter be further explored in historical contexts of phonetic systems of recipient languages, with due account for actual circumstances of interaction with native speakers of Mongolic languages. The absence of original written sources shall definitely leave these questions unanswered. So, historical linguistics can independently serve as a promising tool for such historical reconstructions.

Regional connotations in the school environments in Deçan

This research belongs to the field of sociolinguistic, trying to bring linguistic changes in relation to society and emphasising the power of sociolinguistic factors in the appearance of these changes. The object of this study are the lectures of some teachers with special word stress, and some regional connotations which came out during this process. The gathering of material to conduct this research was made in the school environments in Deçan, during teaching hours while maintaining the adherence of the research, therefore this has brought out the real state of Albanian language in those environments. The work has been done drawing out only dialectal forms which we have noticed during the lecture of subjects, which we have analyzed in the phonetic aspect and in morphological aspect, comparing them with standardized forms. Phonetic analysis involve word review in the vowel and consonant system, vowel groups and consonant groups, and some more highlighted phonetic occurences. The results have proved that the traditional speech does not disappear without leaving its trace despite the rise in the standard language level. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the regional connotations in the lectures ofthe teachers in the school environments in Deçan. Within this paperwork we will see some dialectal forms which remained in use. The identification and gathering of the material was done by participating as an observer in teaching hours of the teachers, always, not telling them the true purpose of our presence, so that we could get the material in the most natural way. While gathering the material we have used technical tools to record teachers voice. The collected material is used to highlight the regional connotations, on the other hand for their theoretical explanation we used the literature in the field of sociolinguistic.

FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE OLD HIGH GERMAN CONSONANTISM

The article examines the main processes associated with the formation and development of writing in the Old High German period of the formation of the German language. The Old High German period is primarily the period of the formation of the German nation, first within the Frankish state, and later the East Frankish state, ending with the proclamation of the German Empire in 962. Actually, the written tradition of the German language is connected with church life. In the monastery cells, theological treatises, prayers, and psalms were translated into German, historical works were written, and biblical commentaries were compiled for the school and for the education of priests. Monasteries became the centers of education and spiritual life of the early feudal society. At this time, a new form of existence of the German language was formed in the form of a set of territorial dialects. The article notes that The Old High German dialects differ from each other in phonetic, morphological, lexical, and even syntactic aspects. In other words, almost every dialect had its own spelling and phonetic features. However, the unity of the German language was always ensured by the kinship of the dialects, the general trends in the development of their phonetic and grammatical structure, and interaction with a particularly strong influence of the Frankish dialect on others. The development of the graphic system in this period is complex due to the adaptation of the Latin alphabet to German pronunciation. At that time, there was not only a single orthographic norm for the German language in general, but also a single spelling of certain words or morphemes within the framework of a single written document. The main written works of that time are analysed, taking into account the dialectal features of each of them. It has been found that under the influence of Latin, the German script undergoes significant changes, but retains its linguistic independence, particularly in the consonant system.

Phonological Features in the Consonant System in the Swiss Variant of the German Language

Phonological Features in the Consonant System in the Swiss Variant of the German Language

The Mechanisms of Rendering Lithuanian Proper Names in Belorussian-Lithuanian Chronicles

The article examines the strategies of rendering Lithuanian proper names in fifteen Belorussian-Lithuanian chronicles created in the 14th–18th centuries. Thirteen of them are written in the literary language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, based on East Slavic dialects, the other two are in Polish and Latin. The language of the chronicles was hardly influenced by Lithuanian, but each contains Lithuanian proper names, since the subject of the chronicles is the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Most of the proper names are pre-Christian Lithuanian two-stem personal names with some occurrence of toponyms, hydronyms and ethnonyms. The spelling of proper names can be explained by referring to the history of the Lithuanian language and dialectology. Scribes of Slavic origin typically replaced “foreign” Lithuanian sounds with approximate sounds of their native language. This allows the author to consistently trace the logic of rendering the Lithuanian vowels o and a, vocal diphthongs ai and au, mixed diphthongs an, al, and ir and several elements of the consonant system. Apart from that, the reflection of Lithuanian dialect features makes the Belorussian-Lithuanian chronicles a valuable source for the study of Lithuanian historical phonetics and dialectology. Even though in most cases the name rendering strategies reflect real phonetic phenomena, sometimes the form of a name is bound by tradition and the language of the translation source, which is supported by the fact that chronicles are written in both Cyrillic and Latin.

O Proto-Tupi-Guarani não tinha uma oclusiva velar palatalizada

Abstract This paper addresses one of the open issues in the reconstruction of Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) segmental phonology: The status of the *k -*kʲ opposition. We argue that the contrast is artifactual and that the presumed evidence in favor of PTG *kʲ can be considered as secondary developments of PTG *k in Kayabí, Guarayu, Kagwahiva, Tenetehára, Kamayurá, and Ka’apor. We establish additional facts regarding the structure of PTG and the historical phonology of TG languages, also showing that this finding eliminates the need for an unmotivated split in Pre-PTG history, a problematic feature of current reconstructions of the Proto-Tupian consonant system.

The cycle in language change

Abstract Language change can be conceptualized as a cyclical process of continuous renewal of the involved elements which somehow change their nature, with respect to phonological or lexico-grammatical features. A crucial aspect of such diachronic evolution is that cyclical change takes place systematically and follows regular and unidirectional patterns of development. Once the change is complete, the same developmental path will be undertaken by new linguistic items in the same cyclical fashion. In this paper, we illustrate the concept of cyclical change by discussing two examples of linguistic cycles. A first instance of cyclical development is displayed at the phonological level by the diachronic changes in the obstruent consonant system taking place from Indo-European to German through the First and the Second Sound Shift: the cycle is completed in the Cimbrian dialects. A second instance is provided by the diachronic process known as Jespersen’s cycle ([1917] 1966): sentential negation, initially expressed through a single negative marker, is later reinforced by an additional one; eventually, this second element becomes the only negative marker available in the sentence while the original marker is deleted. The discussion of the negative cycle takes also into consideration the results of an empirical research conducted on two varieties of an Italo-Romance dialect spoken in northern Italy.

ВОКАЛСКИ СИСТЕМ ГОВОРА СЕЛА СТАЈКОВЦА

In addition to the great study of the Prizren-Timok speaking area, there are still unknowns and misconceptions about them, which obliges us to continue working on their study. Encouraged by that, we decided to dedicate ourselves to studying the vocal system of speech in the village of Stajkovce in the municipality of Vlasotince. In this municipality, three speech types of this speech area face each other, so it is attractive for dialect studies. Stajkovce is the largest village in this municipality and is located in its lowland part. The Prizren-South Moravian dialect is represented in the speech of its inhabitants. We chose this part of the municipality of Vlasotince because there are no works in the literature that dealt with the study of this area and we believe that such research is necessary. The aim of this research is to examine the basic features of the vocal system of the speakers of this part of the municipality. The village of Stajkovce was chosen for the study of the vocal system as the largest village in the municipality. For the purpose of researching the speech of Stajkovcе, older speakers were selected, who linked their life and work to the village and rarely left it, which is necessary in order to determine the authentic features of the folk speech. The material was collected by recording spontaneous speech. It was determined that the vocal system of the inhabitants of the village of Stajkovce is extremely rich. This is evidenced by the existence of 11 categories within which the collected material is classified. These categories are: semivowel, posterior nasal, jat, vocal r, vocal l, vocal groups, vocal compression, vocal reduction (within which we singled out subgroups: aphresis, syncope, apocope and elision), moving vocals, vocal substitution and haplology. Exhaustive analysis confirmed the existence of all these categories in the speech of the residents of Stajkovcе. Тhe research can be extended to the consonant system, as well as to prosodic, morphological, syntactic, and even lexical characteristics of this speech. In addition, a sociolinguistic approach is also possible. Keywords: Serbian language, Vlasotince municipality, Prizren-South Moravian dialect.

Активные процессы в системе вокализма и консонантизма британской орфоэпической нормы RP

The aim of the study is conditioned by significant changes in British Received Pronunciation (RP) and the need to determine its modern norms. The paper presents an attempt to define new permissible norms in the vowel and consonant systems based on data from the authoritative British learner’s dictionaries “Cambridge Dictionaries Online”, “Collins Dictionary”, “Macmillan Dictionary”, “Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries”, “Longman Pronunciation Dictionary”, “The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English”. A coherent analysis of these norms together with the norms of the so-called Conservative or Traditional RP is also carried out. Scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying new orthoepic norms, as well as the phenomena that were not previously characteristic of the vowel and consonant systems of British English (the use of the neutral vowel /ə/ in an unstressed syllable). The obtained results have demonstrated that in Modern RP, there is an active process of gradual replacement of the Conservative RP norms by the norms of the so-called Advanced RP, which was typical only for the representatives of the younger generation until the early 2000s. As the study shows, the former orthoepic norms are often completely replaced by the new ones when teaching English Received Pronunciation to foreigners.

VOCALISM AND CONSONANTISM IN THE COLLECTION OF POEMS ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE STREAK BY JAGODA KLJAIĆ

This paper analyses the vocal and consonant system in the collection of poems On the Other Side of the Streak by Jagoda Kljaić. The language in this literary work is a reflection of the archaic Banija idiom, which is no longer spoken, and which the poet activates to preserve it from oblivion. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the researched linguistic features, compare them with previous scientific knowledge about this and other western Serbian dialects, and complete the picture of the Banija dialect which is an integral part of the Herzegovinian-Krajina dialect.