Consolidation Phenomena Research Articles

Soil Consolidation Analysis in the Context of Intermediate Foundation as a New Material Perspective in the Calibration of Numerical–Material Models

This paper presents the authors’ research results from an analysis of intermediate foundations as well as slab and pile foundations in the context of soil consolidation. Looking at soil as a building material that changes its properties over time is very important from the point of view of the safety of construction, implementation, and operation of building structures. In addition, soil can be parameterized in such a way as to accurately describe its possible behavior under service loading. Of great interest is the phenomenon of consolidation, which is based on the reduction of soil volume over time under constant loading. This study explores existing piles and replicates soil conditions to understand individual and grouped pile behavior in combined pile–raft foundations (CPRF). To assess pile settlement from primary and secondary consolidation phases, 13 field measurements on concrete columns in gyttja clay were conducted. Analyzing data from these tests allowed engineers to accurately calibrate a numerical model. This calibrated model was instrumental in designing high-rise buildings, ensuring stability and safety. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding soil behavior, particularly consolidation phenomena, in optimizing foundation design and construction practices.

Prediction Analysis on Coefficient of Consolidation Values in Improved Soft Clays

Consolidation is a phenomenon in soil mechanics that often causes geotechnical problems. One solution to overcome consolidation phenomena is by speeding up process of pore water pressure dissipation. The type of soil improvement to upgrade the performance of soft clay is by applying pre-fabricated vertical drain (PVD) and pre-compression simultaneously. Geotechnical instrumentations such as settlement plates, piezometers, and inclinometers were installed at the field of study to monitor magnitude of settlement during consolidation process. After the final settlement was achieved, the consolidation parameters such as coefficient of consolidation, and rate of settlement, were back calculated. Prediction analysis of consolidations parameters was performed by means of Asaoka method. The results of this study is very interesting and provide useful engineering information. It is interesting to note that this case study may be beneficial use to practicing engineers and researchers.

A novel numerical strategy to analyse the installation and set-up effects of sand compaction piling

Sand compaction piling has been long recognized to exert considerable influence on the treated soils in various aspects. One noteworthy regard is the strength set-up or the set-up effect in soil due to the sand compaction pile installation. However, due to its complex nature, it is extremely difficult to numerically model the actual piling process, which is characterised mainly by the repeated withdrawal and re-driving of the casing tube and by the gradual expansion of the sand column. Crude simplifications of various forms had thus to be adopted in the past. This paper reports the development of an innovative approach that can replicate not only the actual sand compaction pile installation process but also the post-installation soil consolidation phenomenon. With that, the set-up effect can be realistically reflected by numerical means.

Методологические координаты осмысления феномена толерантности и этноконфессиональной идентичности

In this article, the authors explore the problems associated with the search for the most adequate methodological approaches to the study of the phenomenon of tolerance and ethno-confessional identity. The article proposes to analyze the most realistic methodological variations, according to the author. The author's main attention is paid to the methodological concepts of foreign researchers. The authorsbelieve that, unfortunately, there are no fundamental scientific papers related to the development of methodological foundations that allow the most effective investigation of the nature of the phenomenon of ethno-confessional identity and tolerance in the Kazakh scientific space yet. In addition, the authors note that such research work is mainly related to scientific research conducted by scientists of the Institute of Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies, as well as individual domestic scientists of the regions. In the presented work, the authors use a qualitative and quantitative methodology in studying the main contours of the ethno-confessional palette of society. This approach to the study allowed the authors to study the world around them as a stable system built in a strictly logical and rational way. The authors argue that the high scientific effectiveness of the qualitative and quantitative methodology is determined by the possibility of a panoramic study of the phenomenon of ethnicand confessional consolidation and identity.This article presents some theoretical and methodological developments carried out within the framework of the implementation of research work on the intra-university grant project NIR No. 14-VG–23 on the topic“Ethno–confessional identity of student youth:problems, prospects (on the example of students of the Karaganda University named after E.A.Buketov)”.

Consolidation Assessment of Marine Clay Using Electrokinetic Coupled with Constant Load

In Marine clays, the consolidation phenomenon is a significant issue of concern. For this, an innovative electrokinetic consolidation method was adopted by coupling the conventional consolidation technique with a constant voltage gradient. A series of tests were performed on reconstituted marine clay samples for constant loading intensity of 4kg/cm² coupled with a constant DC voltage of 2, 4 and 6V. Various parameters such as deformation, void ratio, current, pH, voltage and moisture content were continuously monitored to compare with test results of conventional Incremental loading (IL) and constant loading (CL) techniques. In the case of electrokinetic (EK) coupled loading, with an increase in voltage gradient, the values obtained for voltage and current were also increased to maximum and then decreased afterwards. Microfabric changes were also visible in soils collected at anode and cathode, which were evidenced with the images of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data obtained before and after EK consolidation tests when compared with original marine clay. The constant loading intensity of 4kg/cm² with a 4V electric gradient resulted in higher compression and better consolidation characteristics than other loading conditions.

Flurbiprofen axetil alleviates the effect of formalin-induced inflammatory pain on the cognitive function of rats with mild cognitive impairment through the AMPKα/NF-κB signaling pathway

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as a prestage of dementia shares the most risk factors with dementia. In the present study, we explored the effect of flurbiprofen axetil on reducing the response of the central nervous system to inflammatory factors and anti-inhibiting apoptosis with the aim of developing a formalin-induced inflammatory pain model using MCI rats. Rats were subjected to sham operation (Sham group) or formalin-induced inflammatory pain, with or without flurbiprofen axetil (10 mg/kg). MCI rats were administered D-galactose (1,000 mg/kg) for 7 days subcutaneously. Thereafter, formalin was injected subcutaneously into the hind paws of rats, while sham group was injected with only normal saline. In the formalin/flurbiprofen group (F/F group), flurbiprofen axetil was injected into the tail vein 15 min before formalin was given, and the formalin/saline group (F/S group) used normal saline instead of the drug for injection. The pain score was recorded, and the time-score curve was drawn. The escape latency time and the number of times crossing the platform were recorded. The expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), AMP-activated protein kinase-α (AMPKα), and nuclear factor-κB p65 (NF-κB p65) in hippocampal tissue was determined. Varying degrees of pathological changes in the hippocampal CA1 region were observed. The II phase pain score of rats in the F/F group was lower than that of the F/S group rats (P<0.05). The evasion incubation period and the number of platform crossings increased in both the F/F group and the F/S group (P<0.05), and were more significant in the F/S group. The relative content of AMPKα increased sequentially in the 3 groups, and the difference between the two comparisons of each group was statistically significant (P<0.05). The relative content of IL-6, TNF-α and NF-κB in the F/S group was greater than that of the F/F group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Pathological morphological observations can be seen that the phenomena of nuclear consolidation, deep staining, and neuronal apoptosis occur, and the F/S group is more obvious. Flurbiprofen axetil can reduce the inflammatory response and cognitive function of an inflammatory pain model using MCI rats through the AMPKα/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Electrical conducting properties of Na2Zn2TeO6 thick films fabricated by aerosol deposition

• Na 2 Zn 2 TeO 6 (NZTO) thick film formed on a metal substrate by aerosol deposition. • As-deposited NZTO thick film showed ionic conductivity of ∼1 × 10 −5 S cm −1 at 27 °C. • Electronic conductivity of NZTO thick film is four orders lower than ionic conductivity. We fabricated Na 2 Zn 2 TeO 6 (NZTO) ceramic electrolyte thick films by aerosol deposition (AD) method without applying any thermal treatment. Ball-milled NZTO powders are directly splayed onto a metallic substrate to form the thick film via impact consolidation phenomena at room temperature. NZTO film formed by AD has a thickness of 25 µm and an identical crystal structure with base powder. Ionic conductivity of as-deposited NZTO thick film was estimated to be 0.74 × 10 −5 S cm −1 at room temperature. On the contrary, electronic conductivity of the film was four orders lower than the ionic conductivity. Although the ionic conductivity of as-deposited NZTO film by AD is more than one order of magnitude lower than that of sintered NZTO, obtained electrical conducting property is acceptable level for thin film sodium-ion battery application.

Compressibility of Fly Ash and Fly Ash-Bentonite Mixtures

Environmental protection, one of the most important issues nowadays, forces civil engineers to look for alternative solutions to the known ones. The use of substitute materials as an embankment fill or a ground material under the embankment instead of natural soil follows these trends. A great amount of fly ash is disposed of in landfills. It is a cost-effective material that can be used in construction instead of natural soil. The geotechnical properties of fly ash as a construction material in place of soil need to be examined. It includes laboratory tests to determine the chemical composition and geotechnical characteristics. In the present work, one-dimensional consolidation tests have been conducted to examine the compressibility behaviour of compacted fly ash and fly ash-bentonite mixtures used in the earth structures like road embankments. The analysis of the consolidation phenomenon is useful for predicting the magnitude and rate of settlement of the structure. Materials compacted at OMC to their MDD, according to Standard Proctor, were tested in Rowe-Barden type consolidometer on saturated and non-saturated samples. Coefficients of consolidation have been compared between values derived from log-time and square-root-of-time methods and direct hydraulic conductivity tests. Bentonite amount in fly ash-bentonite mixtures influences the vertical deformation of the sample.

Elastoplastic Coupled Model of Saturated Soil Consolidation under Effective Stress

Soil’s consolidation is a geotechnical problem resulting from a stress-transfer process that initiates when the load is applied to the water contained in the soil, producing a reduction in pore water pressure and rearranging the solid particles, and thus causing a decrease in soil volume. Therefore, consolidation is a coupled flow–mechanical problem. Coupled models have been developed to simulate this phenomenon while considering different theories, providing consistent results. This paper presents an elastoplastic coupled model of consolidation under Terzaghi’s effective stress formulated using the equations of transient flow, balance moment, motion, and the critical state model that considered elastoplastic strains. The coupled model algorithm provided fast and easy results due to its flexibility, as it allowed combinations in loading and boundary conditions. Additionally, it considered the external/internal water flow as an inflow or outflow, which modified the pore water pressure and produced changes in the horizontal and vertical displacements. The numerical results obtained showed an appropriate behavior of the consolidation phenomenon, as well as the evolution of the vertical Uy and horizontal Ux displacements, water pressure pw, volumetric εv and deviatoric εq strain, mean σp and deviatoric σq stress, volumetric variation ∆εv, and elastic/plastic behavior of the finite elements while considering the yield surface of the critical state.

The Effect of the Milling Vial Shape on the In-Situ Consolidation of a Nanocrystalline Al-Li-GNPs Nanocomposite Synthesized by Room Temperature Ball-Milling

Several studies investigating the ball-milling of ductile face-centered cubic metals have reported a so-called in-situ consolidation phenomenon where the milled powder is also consolidated during the milling process. Thus, instead of refined powders or agglomerated particles, the formation of spherical bulk particles of the milled material is reported using a combination of cryomilling and room temperature milling processes. In this study, we studied the effect of the milling vial shape on the in-situ consolidation of a graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) reinforced aluminum-lithium (Al-Li) matrix nanocomposite for the first time. An in-situ consolidated nanometric Al-Li-GNPs nanocomposite with an average grain size of 48 nm and high hardness of 1.48 GPa was attained after only 8 h of room-temperature milling. The results presented suggest that dense nanostructured composites can be prepared by in-situ consolidation during a one-step milling process and subsequently investigated in order to analyze their mechanical behavior. This allows for the intrinsic mechanical behavior of the synthesized material to be examined without the interference of subsequent high-temperature consolidation processes, thus avoiding unwanted structural changes such as grain growth and second phase formations.

Socio-psychological content and structure of consolidation of political groups (empirical model)

The phenomenon of consolidation is studied in various fields of scientific knowledge, which is reflected in the methodological approaches to its research: sociobiological, sociological, anthropological, political, socio-psychological. Solidarity (consolidation) is interpreted as a mechanism, condition, form, level, sign/property of socio-political existence of society. In its extreme variants it can lead to totalitarianism and tyranny or it can be its sign and symptom. The article deals with group consolidation, which is manifested in local group associations of citizens. The connection between the participants in these groups and their joint activities form a resource (social capital), which can be accessed by each participant separately to receive their own benefits. The socio-psychological content of solidarity (consolidation) is reflected in the variants of its interpretation as: support and assistance to the group in solving problems or tasks which it faces; positive attitude towards one's group; coordination of actions of group members, political attitudes they share, identity; the degree of coherence of voters' positions and the depth of political identification. Taking into account the existing theoretical and methodological developments, we believe that consolidation is the process and result of reproduction of the value-oriented unity of the group on the principle of conjunction, which is integrated with socio-political motives, the image of the political future, reflexive capital, group and political identities. It was found that the most significant substantive indicators of group consolidation were: political motive of the need to establish the contact, group identity, common vision of the future of the country, values of patriotism, nationalism, monolithicity, values of individual rights and democracy.

Study on the Solution of Sand Slabbing in the Tailing Sand Bin of Huanggang Iron Ore Mine

In order to improve the tailings utilization rate and realize full tailings’ filling in Huanggang iron mine in Inner Mongolia, a flocculation settlement system was added, which resulted in silting and consolidation of tailings in sand silts. Based on this, the reason for the deposition and caking of tailings was obtained through analysis, and a set of coarse and fine tailings bin filling system was proposed. The tailings of the plant were pumped to the filling station by slurry pump. Firstly, the tailings with large particle size difference were divided into coarse tailings and fine tailings by hydrocyclone so that the fine tailings entered the No. 1 sand bin and the coarse tailings entered the No. 2 sand bin. Then, flocculant was added by automatic flocculant dosing device to flocculate and settle the coarse and fine tailings, and then, it was mixed, stirred, and filled into the well. The results showed the following. (1) The particle size difference of tailings in Huanggang Iron mine increased and resulted in unstable flocs. The coarse tailings settled to the bottom of the silo before the fine tailings, and the compression time was too long, leading to the phenomenon of silting and consolidation. (2) Flocculation and settlement of coarse and fine tailings in different sand silos can avoid deposition and compaction of tailings in sand silos. (3) According to the different requirements of the concentration and ratio of the filling slurry, the proportion of coarse sand and fine sand in the filling slurry can be controlled by controlling the flow size of the coarse sand and fine sand chamber, to achieve the design of reasonable particle size composition and concentration requirements. The research results are expected to provide technical support and theoretical guidance for the construction of full tailings cemented filling system in Huanggang iron mine.

Determination of Consolidation Parameters of Geomaterials Using Modified CRS Consolidation Testing System

Nowadays, the constant rate of strain (CRS) consolidation phenomenon has gained more attention as an alternate testing method to evaluate the consolidation characteristics of finegrained soils based on strain rate criterion. In the present study, a modified consolidation cell has been fabricated indigenously and carried out a series of CRS tests using a conventional triaxial loading frame at four different strain rates on reconstituted samples of marine clay at 0.002, 0.003, 0.004 and 0.005 mm/min, black cotton soil at 0.0025, 0.003, 0.005 and 0.0075 mm/min, red mud at 0.10, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.50 mm/min, and Varanasi local soil at 0.05, 0.075, 0.10 and 0.125 mm/min. Based on the pore pressure ratio (PPR) criterion, the best suitable strain rates for marine clay, black cotton soil, red mud, and Varanasi local soil were found to be 0.002, 0.0025, 0.1 and 0.05 mm/min, respectively. Further, the consolidation parameters namely primary compression index (cc), recompression index (cr), coefficient of consolidation (cv), coefficient of axial compressibility (av) and permeability (k) obtained through proposed CRS consolidation method are compared and validated successfully with the parameters obtained through Incremental Loading (IL) tests using both conventional and modified oedometer cells.

Electron beam sintering (EBS) process for Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) and the comparison with traditional UHTC sintering and metal Electron Beam Melting (EBM) processes

Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are refractory materials with unusual properties making them strong contenders for applications involving adverse and chemically aggressive environments. This paper presents an effort to process UHTCs using an additive manufacturing method, specifically Electron Beam Sintering (EBS) - adoption of the Electron Beam powder-bed fusion (PBF) process. Such a process shows that the processing and consolidation phenomenon of UHTCs are different from what is observed in the traditional sintering process of UHTCs and Electron Beam Melting (EBM) of typical metals or alloys. In this article, the EBS process of UHTCs is studied. The differences between EBS and the two aforementioned traditional processing methods are analyzed. The scientific hypotheses have been backed by experimental results on a ZrB2 – 30 vol% ZrSi2 UHTC mixture using an electron beam via Liquid Phase Sintering (LPS) theory. Efforts to develop processing conditions to fabricate dense and defect-free UHTC components are explored with the help of finite element (FE) simulations. Characterization of the EBS processed samples using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed unique needle-like patterned grains of ZrB2 in a ZrSi2 matrix. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of the EBS process to produce dense layers of UHTCs for coatings, potential three-dimensional, as well as complex-shaped applications.

Altered Sleep-Related Consolidation and Neurocognitive Comorbidity in CECTS.

Our aim is to use neurophysiological sleep-related consolidation (SRC) phenomena to identify putative pathophysiological mechanisms in CECTS linked to diffuse neurocognitive deficits. We argue that there are numerous studies on the association between seizure aspects and neurocognitive functioning but not as many on interictal variables and neurocognitive deficits. We suggest two additional foci. First, the interictal presentation in CECTS and second, neuronal oscillations involved in SRC processes. Existing data on mechanisms through which interictal epileptiform spikes (IES) impact upon SRC indicate that they have the potential to: (a) perturb cross-regional coupling of neuronal oscillations, (b) mimic consolidation processes, (c) alter the precision of the spatiotemporal coupling of oscillations, and (d) variably impact upon SRC performance. Sleep spindles merit systematic study in CECTS in order to clarify: (a) the state of the slow oscillations (SOs) with which they coordinate, (b) the precision of slow oscillation-spindle coupling, and (c) whether their developmental trajectories differ from those of healthy children. We subsequently review studies on the associations between IES load during NREM sleep and SRC performance in childhood epilepsy. We then use sleep consolidation neurophysiological processes and their interplay with IES to help clarify the diffuse neurocognitive deficits that have been empirically documented in CECTS. We claim that studying SRC in CECTS will help to clarify pathophysiological mechanisms toward diverse neurocognitive deficits. Future developments could include close links between the fields of epilepsy and sleep, as well as new therapeutic neurostimulation targets. At the clinical level, children diagnosed with CECTS could benefit from close monitoring with respect to epilepsy, sleep and neurocognitive functions.

Material Characterisation for Preserving Cultural Heritage: Evidence of the 1595 Fire at Pisa Cathedral

ABSTRACT Recent restoration work on Pisa Cathedral provided the opportunity for a multidisciplinary analysis of the monument that identified interesting aspects of its history, preservation, and structural safety. In particular, the study of the matroneum provided clues about the role of the structures in the well-known fire that occurred in 1595. Alteration patterns and damage forms on the stone masonry walls were analysed to better understand their relationship with this catastrophic event. The investigation of the stone specimens enabled textural and mineralogical features typical of fire damage to be identified on the surface. The evidence of fire also provided a terminus ante quem to correctly interpret and diachronically date a damage pattern consisting of cracks in the eastern arch supporting the dome. The cracks were likely to have been induced by a soil consolidation phenomenon related to the renowned leaning of the Pisa tower, centuries before the fire.

Social Education as a Mechanism of Social Consolidation in the Spanish Pedagogical Discourse of the Late 19th and the First Third of the 20th Century

The subject of this study is the understanding and interpretation of the concept of “social education” in the Spanish pedagogical discourse of the late 19th and the first third of the 20th century. Based on the study of scientific and pedagogical works, texts of public speeches and speeches of prominent Spanish teachers, educators found out how they defined the concept of “social education”. In the process of studying a kind of historical and pedagogical source – the Spanish pedagogical discourse of the late 19th and the first third of the 20th century the specific scientific methods were used. Among them: pedagogical-retrospective, method of pedagogical reconstruction, method of hermeneutics. It is established that at the end of the 19th century in the Spanish pedagogical discourse there is a departure from the simple opposition of individual and social education and the filling of the concept of “social education” with a completely new meaning. It is proved that as a result of a certain socio-pedagogical turn of the research search in Spanish pedagogy at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The concept of “social education” has acquired new values, in particular, it became understood as a democratic education, solidarity education, one that contributes to the consolidation of society. The provisions of the Spanish pedagogical discourse of the end of the 19th and the first third of the 20th century, in which social education was considered in correlation with the phenomenon of social consolidation, are characterized. Subjective positions of Spanish educators (H. Ortega y Gasset, M. de Unamuno, R. Ruiz Amado, L. Parral Cristobal, A. Posada, L. Palacios Morini, A. Servera Royo, E. Luis Andre, R. Blanco Sanchez, etc.) are presented and explained on the interpretation of the concept of social education in its connection with the phenomenon of social consolidation.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 31 October 2020 / Accepted: 3 December 2020 / Published: 17 January 2021

ANALISIS TINGKAT KESEHATAN DAN EFISIENSI PERBANKAN TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS BANK MENGGUNAKAN REGRESI BERGANDA DAN ANOVA

In this digital era, the competitiveness of small banks has decreased, and many bank consolidation phenomena have occurred. This study aims to examine the effect of bank soundness and efficiency on profitability in the face of competition and the current bank consolidation or merger phenomenon. Determination of variables refers to Bank Indonesia standards in measuring bank performance using the RGEC method approach consisting of the ratio of LDR, NIM, BOPO, NPL, CAR, and prime lending rate (SBDK), while bank profitability is represented by ROA. The research object is the bank category BUKU 1 - 4 which is supervised by OJK and listed as issuers on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2014 - 2017. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling so that from 102 banks 34 banks were obtained which were used as research objects. The data analysis technique used is multiple regression analysis and Anova comparison test. Based on the results of data testing, it is known that simultaneously and partially the ratios of LDR, NIM, BOPO, NPL, CAR, and SBDK have an effect on ROA. In comparison to the average BOPO, prime lending rate, and ROA variables, there are significant differences with bank categorization BUKU 1-4.

School mediation service as a conflict resolution technique in public schools of Barnaul: state and prospects of functionality

The subject of this article is the state and prospects of functionality of school mediation services in the system of modern Russian education. The object of this research is conflict resolution within the framework of educational institution. The article reviews the theoretical-methodological and cross-disciplinary analysis of conflict resolution in the system of modern Russian education. The increasing propensity towards conflict in school environment resulted in creation of school mediation/reconciliation service. School mediation in Russia is a new phenomenon and just started being established on the legal level. The phenomenon of mediation, its emergence and consolidation as the conflict resolution technique necessitations its further research and comprehension. Methodology of the conducted cross-disciplinary research on the state and prospects of functionality of school mediation services in Barnaul is based on the combination of quantitative (questionnaire, content analysis) and qualitative (expert interview, traditional document analysis) methods of acquisition and analysis of data. The article provides the results of research that allow revealing the specific characteristics of school conflicts and practice of their resolution. Based on the assessments and opinions of respondents, the authors determined the basic difficulties of implementation and functionality of school mediation services faced by the Barnaul schools, as well as developed a number of recommendations for their minimization.

A general analytical solution for one dimensional consolidation of unsaturated soil incorporating impeded drainage boundaries

This paper presents a novel analytical solution for one dimensional consolidation system of unsaturated soil incorporating impeded drainage boundary conditions. Through diagonalizing the coefficient matrix, the consolidation system is firstly transformed into a diagonal one with respect to a new variable vector. Then, using the methods of eigenfunction expansion and undetermined coefficients, the analytical solution is developed through deriving the eigenvalues, corresponding eigenfunctions and undetermined coefficients. Its orthogonality and convergence are proven, and several comparisons against existing solutions and two typical experimental data are performed to verify its validity. Finally, two typical examples are provided to illustrate the consolidation behavior of unsaturated soil with different drainage parameters. The results indicate that the present analytical solution converges rapidly, and it is consistent with existing analytical, semi-analytical and numerical solutions for various drainage boundary conditions. The proposed analytical solution achieves an overall better agreement with experimental data, and the impeded drainage boundary condition is more reasonable to describe the consolidation phenomenon of unsaturated soil. In general, larger drainage parameter accelerates excess pore-pressure dissipation and soil settlement.