Consolidation Of Human Rights Research Articles

Analysis of the role of education in tackling violence against women

This article aims to analyze the role of education in building and directing actions and methods to combat violence against women at different levels and in different spaces. This approach is extremely important, given the incidence of domestic and intra-family violence against women in the country, in different spaces and contexts. It reflects the need for changes in social dynamics, especially in the field of education, in the search for transformation and the construction of an awareness and conduct based on gender equality, the observance of fundamental human rights, as well as the creation of instruments to prevent and confront violent and oppressive acts against women. The problem is: What is the role of education in combating domestic and family violence against women? Based on a bibliographical study, it is concluded that projects, programs and studies focused on gender identity and equity, and their roles in society, the consolidation of human rights, violations and their consequences, are indispensable and crucial in school and academic contexts, in order to build a new culture, values and understanding of the world.

Mediation as a Tool for the Consolidation of Human Rights

Mediation as a Tool for the Consolidation of Human Rights

Somatic Human Rights – the Result of the Legal Regulation Scope Expansion?

The processes of formation and further consolidation of human rights, including somatic ones, presuppose their initial existence in the form of legal claims. The relationship between somatic legal claims and the expansion of the scope of legal regulation has a complex dialectical character. The emergence of certain legal claims and their further consolidation as subjective rights is not always the result of expanding the scope of legal regulation. All somatic claims can be divided into three groups according to their relationship with the sphere of legal regulation. The first group is somatic legal claims, which appeared as the result of the expansion of the scope of legal regulation, due to scientific and technological progress, giving rise to qualitatively new forms of social relations, including those directly affecting the legal status of the individual in society and the state. The second group is somatic legal claims, which are the result of a change in the vision of the sphere of legal regulation, due to the development of human civilization and the change in moral, ethical and value dominants in society. The third group is legal claims arising from social relations that do not have a legal nature, as the result of the designation of which an artificial expansion of the scope of legal regulation is possible. The moral and ethical component that accompanies the somatic claims of a person complicates the processes of their formal consolidation and causes the lack of a unified approach to the legal regulation of these issues, due to the historical, religious, mental features of the individual societies and states development. Each state in the transition of somatic legal claims to the normative legal form of subjective rights must consider them from the point of view of their compliance with the criterion of moral correctness. Responsibility for making such decisions, together with the state, should be assumed by society, by using of deliberative procedures in the process of law formation.

Il diritto umano all’ospitalità sinodale: oltre la contrapposizione tra demos ed ethnos nell’era della globalizzazione

The recognition of self as other and others as self continues to be one of the greatest challenges to the ethos necessary for institutions, public and private, engaged in hospitality. Indeed, hospitality is an intrinsic part of the recognition of the common and communal bond in which each human person can rediscover a sense of belonging and his or her own specific creaturality, the fruit of mutual and diverse encounters in the relationship between peoples and among peoples. Inspired by papal words and documents, as well as philosophical and political debates of jus, here we defend the value of experiences of mutual bonds of memory and humanitarian revelation, in which a clear distinction between demos and ethnos can be established. By questioning globalization in its economic and financial promises, unrelated to human dignity and hospitality, it reveals how paths to peace are sustained by the synodal consolidation of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Thus, a distinction must be made between claims of ethnic recognition, on the one hand, and the promises of global recognition of civil rights and pseudo-cultural acquisitions, which have in recent years risen to legal protection and political guarantee; on the other hand, it is pointed out that true recognition of the human person as constituted in a relational, social and community dignity is only beyond the economic-financial constraints of globalization.

Plural Linguístic Education for the Consolidation of Human Rights for Diversity

Propomos, neste artigo, girar problematizações em torno do lugar e do espaço dos seres não contemplados com a humanidade, os excluídos do frame válido da modernidade, com suas línguas e epistemologias, a partir dos quais visamos refletir sobre as estratégias de manutenção do modelo de humano e de humanidade herdado à cristandade, e dos valores herdados à patriz de poder da modernidade conferidos às línguas e aos conhecimentos válidos. A discussão está ancorada no entrelaçamento dialógico de pensadores(as) da área ao dizer de uma mulher surda insurgente do silêncio moderno-cristão-colonial. Esse dizer é a potente palavra analética chamando à escuta.

Human rights in information society in the context of globalization

Problem setting. The problem of human rights in the context of globalization is complex and requires concerted and effective actions, which should be applied not only at the level of nation states, but also at the global level. Globalization has opened new challenges, related to the implementation, development and transformation of human rights, accelerated their universalization, and set new challenges for the world community. The purpose of the article is to analyze the essence of globalization and the impact of globalization processes in the world on the definition of the essence and approaches to human and civil rights and freedoms, analysis of the legal basis for their consolidation and guarantee. Analysis of resent researches and publications. Today, the interest of scientists to globalization in general and legal globalization has increased significantly. The problem of human rights has a worldwide character, it has been studied by such leading foreign specialists as Z. Baumman, in. Beck, K. Omaye, S. Strahej, E. Toffler, M. Foucault, Y. Habermas, J. Rola, F. Fukuyama, etc. Certain aspects of legal globalization were studied by domestic scientists – O. Petrishin, P. Rabinovich, O. Dashkovskaya, L. Wasechko, I. Zharovskaya, N. Onishchenko, O.Uvarova and others. However, consideration of the problem of human rights transformation requires a solidise analysis and a comprehensive approach. Articles main body. The issues of interaction between globalization and law at the present stage of society development are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the factors of interaction between globalization changes and human rights in modern society. The following signs of transformation of the institution of rights and freedoms are singled out: change of the content of human rights under the pressure of global problems of the present; emergence and legal development of new human rights and freedoms; universalization and regionalization of human rights; complicating the system of international legal regulation of human rights. It is determined that in the context of globalization processes human rights standards in the sphere of digital technologies and further development of human rights to prohibit discrimination in all spheres of relations, in particular on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity, also deserve special attention. Conclusions. Analyzing the different approaches to the legal opportunities of people in the era of globalization, it can be stated that given the diversity of relations of which everyone in the world is a member, international organizations and each country should not dwell on developing and improving the legal framework to guarantee and protect human interests and rights. . But they are obliged to continue the legal policy on the recognition and consolidation of human rights and freedoms that appear in the changing conditions of today in the modern world under the further influence of scientific and technological progress, as well as geopolitical challenges.

MAINSTREAMING HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH THE ENLARGEMENT POLICY: THE CASE OF THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES

The EU enlargement has been considered as the EU’s most efficient foreign policy instrument in terms of its ability to transform communist countries into functional democracies and open market countries. Since the beginning of 1990s, the promotion of human rights has become prominent topic either for the consolidation of human rights within the EU or outside. The argument of this paper is that the EU enlargement policy has influenced Western Balkan countries to improve their domestic legislation in the area of human rights. The paper demonstrates, firstly, how has evolved the EU human rights actorness from the establishment of the EE Community and secondly, discuss strategies and instruments used by the EU to export its norms and values in the Western Balkan countries. The paper addresses the following research question: how, whether and to what extent, the EU has promoted human rights in the Western Balkan countries. Throughout this paper, a doctrinal legal research has been used to analyze EU primary and secondary sources. The value of this paper lies in its comprehensiveness in drawing a complete picture of EU role in promoting human rights in Western Balkan countries through enlargement policy and to discuss the impact of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in the candidate countries.

Jusnaturalism as the foundation of the concept of international protection of human rights in H. Lauterpacht’s works

Prominent international law scholar H. Lauterpacht devoted most of his exploratory work to the issue of human rights in international law.This article reveals H. Lauterpacht’s views on the role of international law in the recognition and consolidation of human rights and the role of jusnaturalism as the basis of international human rights law. Analyzing the works by H. Lauterpacht, we can say that the scholar was the founder of international human rights law. Natural law and natural human rights, according to H. Lauterpacht, have been the unchanging basis of human rights of all times.The origins and periodization of jusnaturalism in the works of leading international law scholar are considered. The main statements of the representatives of the natural law concept of different times, in particular, the basic ideas in the works of Socrates, Aulis Aarnio, Francisco de Vitoria, Francisco Suarez, Alberico Gentili, Thomas Hobbes, Samuel von Pufendorf, Hugo Grotius are outlined.The views of prominent philosophers are the foundation of the concept of jusnaturalism. 
 Numerous supporters of the concept of natural law in different periods of history testify to its importance at every stage of human rights development.International law in this matter is a kind of second stage of recognition and protection of human rights, after recognition in the national law of states.International law is designed to consolidate the rights granted by nature to the human in the international arena.H. Lauterpacht saw the real recognition and protection of human rights by enshrining them in an international document signed by all countries of the world.The scientist proposed a draft international document on the recognition of human rights at the international level called International Bill of the Rights of Man. The provisions proposed in this document were later enshrined in international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966.

TYPOLOGY OF THE FOURTH GENERATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

The article examines the approaches of foreign and Ukrainian scientists to the division of human rights into three generations and the adoption of the category «fourth generation of human rights» into the scientific turnover. It has been established that both the initiative to put the said proposal into practice and the legislative consolidation of human rights defined as belonging to the fourth generation of human rights at national and international levels are ambiguously perceived by representatives of different nations. It is emphasized that human rights are a complex of natural and indestructible freedoms and legal possibilities, which have emerged due to the fact of human existence in society. Jurisprudence acknowledges the existence of three generations of human rights, each of which had arisen from the need to meet needs that arose alongside the course of human evolution. Nowadays, we can say that a radically new generation of human rights is emerging. Its appearance is related to the technological progress of humanity. The rights of the fourth generation are a category of rights that is ambiguously perceived by society in different countries. A large number of such rights is criticized both by religion and by morality. At the same time, notwithstanding the ongoing scientific debate on the formation of the fourth generation of human rights, it is necessary to acknowledge the existence of human rights, which include the right to die, the human right to dispose of the organs and tissues of his body, sexual rights, reproductive rights, the right to change sex, digital rights. The fourth generation of human rights is in its formation, and therefore the scientists’ proposed approaches to the classification of human rights based on exhaustive lists cannot fully reflect its actual state. In our opinion, at the present stage of its formation, the catalog of human rights of the fourth generation should include digital rights and somatic rights. It is important to emphasize that the doctrinal discussion of the fourth generation of human rights will not provide a complete overview of the topic. Therefore, there is a need to conduct a comprehensive analysis of specific human rights of the fourth generation at the international level, taking into account the consequences that their introduction or refusal to be recognized and implemented may result.

К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ ИСЛАМСКОГО КОНСТИТУЦИОНАЛИЗМА

The purpose of the article is to consider the features of Islamic constitutionalism as one of the options for the development of world constitutional and legal thought. Materials and methods. This article is based on the studies of Arab, Russian and foreign legal theorists, allowing to consider the historical path of development of Arab constitutionalism, its characteristic features and development problems. To achieve this goal, the author used a systematic approach to considering the legal aspects of the development of the theory of constitutionalism, as well as the methods of legal retrospection, the comparative legal method, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the critical legal method. Results. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the conclusion is formulated that Muslim constitutionalism can be regarded as one of the main legal doctrines of our time, which substantiates the basic principles of regulating social relations in the Islamic world. The foundation and the main component of the Islamic constitutional doctrine are the religious institutions and precepts of Islam, as well as the moral and legal norms organically connected with it. In contrast to the Western liberal concept, which sees the main meaning of the consolidation of human rights in the protection of the individual from encroachments by the state, in the Arab world, power is viewed as an institution created according to divine laws and playing a major role in the implementation of the principles of social life, which determines the peculiarities of consolidating the fundamental principles of Islam in constitutions. Conclusion. The conclusion is formulated that constitutionalism in its "Arab version" is a multidimensional phenomenon of state and socio-political life, which is based on the idea of the supremacy of the Divine principles of organizing society, enshrined in the sources of Arab constitutional law and which at different stages of development of constitutional statehood acquired various forms and filled with different content.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENT, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Introduction. At the present stage of development of the world political process, one of the main problems has been to ensure the effective operation of human rights protection mechanisms, both at the national and international levels. The main vocation of legal science in this area is to provide expert assessments of problematic issues and scientifically developed recommendations for improving the mechanisms of human rights protection in modern international relations and especially in crisis situations that have become almost permanent in the life of the world community. The purpose of this publication was to implement a retrospective analysis of the evolution of the development of legal consolidation of human rights at the international level and the thorny problems in this area. Summary of the main research results. Thus, this publication considers the main stages of human rights, highlights the main problems of development, outlines the place of human rights in modern international relations and presents the main characteristics of the challenges facing states in the implementation of cooperation in the field of human rights. Finding the specifics of human rights and identifying mechanisms for their formation is a separate problem for jurists. The legal aspect of enshrining human rights in international legal instruments is important in the context of modern reality. It is through the disclosure of this issue that it is possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the consolidation of human rights in international law. Conclusions. The development of international legal consolidation of human rights has significantly influenced the evolution of international law as a whole. Under the influence of these processes, national sovereignty, as a basic principle of international law, began to take on new forms, and the individual acquired many features of international legal personality. Thanks to non-state rule-making, the sphere of consolidation and protection of human rights tends to self-development and constant adaptation to the changing needs of society in the social and moral spheres. Human rights are a cultural phenomenon that reflects the system of value orientations of a person rooted in a particular historical epoch and depends on the ideology of the world legal community. The problem of human rights, their protection from external and internal threats requires an immediate solution, making it a priority to consider legal issues among a wide range of global problems of mankind. At the same time, it must be emphasized that the democratic development of modern society and human rights are inextricably linked. This connection also implies that human rights must be recognized as legitimate as a result of democratic procedures, but outside the national legal systems there is a moral justification necessary to convince the subjects of international law that everyone, even outside the national legal system must enjoy all guaranteed rights and freedoms.

Liberalism and Democracy: Human Rights and Equality at the Foundation of Human Development

Liberalism and Democracy: Human Rights and Equality at the Foundation of Human Development Jaime Espejel Mena Abstract Western liberal democracy is currently responding to the dramatic change in the economic system, the growing discussion between right and left ideologies and the coronavirus pandemic, this raises the follow-ing questions: is this a change in Western democracy or is it the end of democracy and what is the role of human rights in this process? The objective of this document states that by guaranteeing human rights, conditions are created for the flourishing of citizenship, which is essential to promote the development of a nation with a democratic rule of law. The proposals are formulated through the review of the great moments that have been the basis of the constitution and consolidation of human rights. Finally, it is concluded that a liberal political order coincides with human rights by seeking their protection and material guarantee for the benefit of the indi-vidual and for the benefit of the citizenry. Social, political and civil rights are something that people have in order to develop capacities and make their lives valuable as individuals, in a democratic context. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jppg.v8n2a3

DIREITOS HUMANOS E A DOUTRINA SOCIAL DA IGREJA CATÓLICA: APROXIMAÇÕES E DIFERENÇAS

O presente trabalho trata de uma analise sobre o desenvolvimento e consolidacao dos direitos humanos a partir de uma relacao eurocentrica historica de sua existencia e a atual pretensao de universalidade, mas que em verdade demonstram sua selecao de direitos a serem garantidos pautados nos valores economicos e sociais caracteristicos da etica burguesa resultando numa pos-colonialidade com marcas de dominacao e exclusao. Em seguida, observar-se-a a composicao do direito canonico e sua relacao com as formas de Estado e sua atual posicao enquanto defensora dos direitos humanos, porem credula do direito natural, o que, dentro de sua relacao de fe e verdade, implica em influencias religiosas nos Estados seculares. A partir disso, entao, busca-se aproximar as visoes acerca dos direitos humanos numa perspectiva religiosa e num vies juridico civil, analisado pontos de divergencia e espacos comunhao de ideias. Esse trabalho busca problematizar e agregar elementos de compreensao quanto a questao da espiritualidade (religiosidade), inseridas tanto em questoes legislativas quanto no campo da politica. Metodologicamente esse trabalho parte de analise teorica, desde revisao bibliografica, utilizando metodo dedutivo e tendo como material dessa pesquisa analitica a literatura tanto da religiosidade catolica e seus postulados constantes nas enciclicas e doutrina social, quanto da definicao tanto liberal quanto critica de direitos humanos.

Філософія захисту прав людини з позицій сучасного правового мислення

Purpose. The article highlights the issue of formation of humanistic philosophy of legal protection in modern Ukraine. In connection with the assertion of democratic principles of life, a need to rethink the essence of law, its forms and manifestations, including philosophy of legal protection, has been raised. The methodology. The article has been written using the principle of complementarity of philosophical methods: hermeneutic, dialectical, axiological; general scientific methods: objectivity, systematization, analysis and comparative legal method as a special legal, which has ensured the integrity of the study and vision of legal protection as a human phenomenon. The scientific novelty is: the article emphasizes the need to overcome the legist interpretation of legal protection, which has been reduced to the problem of legislative consolidation of human rights. The idea is proposed that it is now necessary to shift the emphasis from enshrining human rights in national legislation to their real protection. To do this, under the philosophy of human rights protection it is necessary to bring new worldview-philosophical, jusnaturalistic principles, while abandoning the legist ones. Modern philosophy of human rights protection must also use a modernized conceptual apparatus. The principle of the rule of law as a mega- principle should become a reliable basis for human rights activities, an effective method of establishing a person as a subject of law. Conclusions. The state-centric philosophy of law protection is incompatible with the modern philosophy of human rights, thus it should be replaced by a humanistic philosophy of legal protection. Each of us is responsible for the state of law in the country, for himself, his self-realization, ultimately for his destiny, his descendants, the whole country. Therefore, taking care of an effective system of legal protection, of its effectiveness is a matter for everyone – state, citizenship, people, each of its representatives. Keywords: protection of law; philosophy of protection of law; legist doctrine; jusnaturalism; legal principles; legal concepts; universal values; rule of law.

الأساس الدستوري والقانوني لحق السكن في العراق وبعض الدول

The right to housing is one of the most basic needs of human beings that s/he cannot be dispensed with under any circumstances. Since this right is a human right and a fundamental freedom, especially the personal freedom, this right requires protection for as long as this right is protected and guaranteed, the more the private life will be flourished for all. This will lead to the prosperity of the society, otherwise, if this right is violated, other rights will also be violated because of the interdependence between the right to housing and other rights and as a result, the confidence of the individual in his society will be shaken. This has been established throughout the ages, which witnessed revolutions aimed at the consolidation of human rights, so this right has received wide attention by all States, especially Iraq, which stressed this right in all successive constitutions, especially Iraq's permanent constitution of 2005. The enactment by the Iraqi constitutional legislator of this right in the constitutional document gives this right a force to prevent any violation or aggression by the legislative and executive authorities. But, nevertheless, the executive authority may attack this right, so the constitutional legislator must protect it by providing it with the guarantees necessary for its maintenance. But this right may, however, be restricted when there is justification for that, such as the maintenance of public order, public morals and exceptional circumstances such as wars and natural disasters.

European convention on human rights in the mechanism of implementation of the main constitutional obligation of Ukraine

After gaining independence, Ukraine has chosen a European democratic model for the formation of public and public life. A large number of appeals of citizens of Ukraine to the European Court of Human Rights testify to the effectiveness of this European institution. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to study the significance of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms for both the world community and for Ukraine in particular, as well as determining the factors that influence the slow pace of implementation of its provisions. Method. The method includes a detailed comprehensive analysis and synthesis of available scientific and theoretical material on selected topics. Scientific novelty. On the basis of this, grounded generalizations and recommendations for disclosing the essence of the investigated aspects of the protection of human rights and freedoms in Ukraine are made. Results. The article establishes that the adoption of the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms has an epoch-making significance for the whole world community as well as for Ukraine in particular. Its ratification in our country, in essence, has shifted from the place the process of transition from declarative consolidation of human rights and freedoms in the legislation to the introduction of effective mechanisms that would give a real opportunity to realize and protect them if necessary. The driving force behind this process is the European Court of Human Rights, in which Ukrainian citizens can claim Ukraine. And as practice shows, this process is quite active. In order to improve its image in the field of protection of rights and fundamental freedoms Ukraine needs to eliminate as much as possible the reasons that affect the non-enforcement of ECHR judgments and to take into account the recommendations made by the Council of Europe in this area. Practical significance. The results of the study will contribute to correcting the situation towards the real fulfillment by Ukraine of its primary duty, as provided for in Part 2 of this article. 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine.

<b>Sociedade e qualidade de serviços: direitos fundamentais das pessoas em situação de rua sob o enfoque teórico-metodológico Servqual

Este trabalho avalia a visão dos usuários do Centro de Referência Especializada para População em Situação de Rua (Centro Pop), de Vitória, em relação a qualidade dos serviços prestados, utilizando o método de Parasuraman, Zeithaml e Berry, o Servqual. Examina a Matriz Importância versus Desempenho como ferramenta para análise dos dados em relação às dimensões da qualidade: Confiabilidade, Empatia, Garantia, Receptividade e Tangibilidade. A metodologia deste estudo possui caráter descritivo-quantitativo com o uso do método de coleta survey. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa evidenciam que os usuários consideram a dimensão Tangibilidade importante, mas, insatisfatória em termos da infraestrutura precária e mobiliário sucateado. As considerações finais trazem uma reflexão acerca da importância e da validade do método Servqual na esfera pública e sobre sua utilização como ferramenta para a tomada de decisão na gestão de serviços, corroborando com as ações de resgate da cidadania e consolidação dos direitos humanos.

The mechanisms of realization and protection of human rights in Ukraine

Problem Setting . There is no doubt that the institution of human rights development degree in the country is the indicator of the development level of the state itself, and the proper mechanism for the implementation of the norms reinforcing the human rights, shows democracy, the rule of law, legality and the proximity of the state to being a rightful state. Despite the consolidation of human rights as statutory regulations in international instruments and the laws of separate states, they do not get proper implementation. Obviously, the only reduction of the human rights to the status of statutory regulations is not enough for them to work in a given society, so there must be a mechanism of their implementation. Analysis of the recent researches and publications . The problem of the implementation of constitutional and legal regulations governing the human rights was addresses by such scholars as: Y.u Barabash, L. Zavadska, Ye. Zakharov, O. Zaichuk, V. Kolisnyk, A. Kolodii, M. Koziubra, A. Lukashova, A. Oliinyk, V. Pohorilko, P. Rabinovych, V. Rechytskyi, A. Skrypniuk, T. Slinko, Yu. Todyka, M. Havroniuk, V. Yavorskyi and many others. Paper objective. The article presented aims to investigate the components of the problem of legal mechanism for the implementation and protection of the civil and human rights in Ukraine. Paper main body . The problems of the mechanism for the implementation and protection of human rights in the last quarter of the twentieth and early twenty-first century have become, without exaggeration, of the world, global significance and came in first place in the international system of the criteria for the evaluation of democracy development level in a particular country and around the globe. It is necessary to focus on the fact that the concept of the implementation of the human rights is closely connected with the concept of enforcement of the latter. The enforcement of human rights is defined as a system of their guarantee by public institutions operating in legal regime; this system includes the following elements: competence, protection, defense, creating the conditions for actual implementation by persons of their rights. From the information given above it follows that the implementation of the human rights falls within their enforcement, since a number of conditions of the last precedes the appropriate implementation. Conclusions . We can highlight the following issues concerning the rights of human and citizen: low level of legal culture and legal consciousness of the majority of our society members; unsatisfactory level of external educational influence on each person by the society and self-education in the possession by many people of the real sense of personal honor and dignity; low level of adherence to the rule of law (legality) in the society and the state and unconditional responsibility of every person, without exception, to themselves and the environment for the process and the results of their activities; inequality and branches of state and local governments and the imperfection of local self government and territorial communities functioning in real life; low level of professionalism in the political and public management and its exclusive reliance on personal and group (clan) interests; lack of clear structuring of the civil society and civil control over the activities of public authorities; high level of corruption at all levels and stages of public life and the lack of political will in its reduction; lack of direct mutual dependence between the human and the citizen and the state and the society without the liability of officers and the citizens themselves.

Educación inclusiva = Inclusive education

The consolidation of human rights, known like ethical perspective, and the social model of disability constitute the theoretical and ideological bases of inclusive orientation. The educative practices and setting shave evolved from an approach focused in segregation to another one which is centred on a standardized integrating education, from special educational needs to teaching to diversity. Inclusive education represents a new way to eliminate social exclusion. The term educative inclusion has not a unique meaning, it is used to refer to different aims and situations in different contexts. That is, it is not limited to the field of education but to all fields of life. Concerning the characteristics of inclusive schools we can find the following ones: school-wide approaches, emphasis on the sense of community and membership, services based on need rather than location and support provided in the ordinary classroom, principle of natural proportions, education adapted to the student, enhanced instructional strategies, and standards and outcomes for students with disabilities drawn from that expected of students in general.

Avaliação psicológica: Passado, presente e futuro

O presente artigo tem como objetivo contribuir para a discussão da questão da avaliação psicológica que se faz hoje e a que se deseja realizar no século XXI, tendo como ponto principal as contribuições que a Psicologia Sócio-Histórica tem trazido, bem como os desafios a serem superados para uma prática cada vez mais transformadora dentro do contexto social. Acreditamos que a avaliação psicológica utilizada dentro de um processo que considere em sua análise os fatores sociais e históricos que afetam a vida das pessoas possa contribuir para o fortalecimento das potencialidades e autonomia das mesmas. Utilizando os dados obtidos na avaliação psicológica de forma construtiva, como ferramenta de informação e transformação, os sujeitos atendidos podem ter acesso a instrumentos necessários para o enfrentamento de suas dificuldades, passando a avaliação psicológica a contribuir de forma significativa para a consolidação dos direitos humanos e o respeito à identidade dos indivíduos.