Consistent Patterns Of Behavior Research Articles

Structure Determination of F4TCNQ on Ag(111): A Systematic Trend in Metal Adatom Incorporation.

A structure determination of the commensurate phase formed by 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) absorbed on Ag(111) is reported. Initial characterization was performed using low-energy electron diffraction and synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy, with quantitative structural data being provided by normal incident X-ray standing waves (NIXSW) and surface X-ray diffraction (SXRD). NIXSW data show the F4TCNQ molecule to adopt a "twisted" conformation on the surface, previously found to be associated with metal adatom incorporation into a 2d-metal-organic framework for F4TCNQ on Au(111), Ag(100), and Cu(111). SXRD results provide direct evidence of the presence of Ag adatoms that are found to occupy near-bridge or fcc hollow sites with respect to the underlying surface, at an adsorption height of 2.69 ± 0.10 Å. The results show a consistent pattern of behavior for F4TCNQ adsorption on the (111) surfaces of Cu, Ag, and Au.

Articulating a Philippine grand strategy: Policy continuities on the South China Sea

AbstractDoes the Philippines have a grand strategy? The question is biased in favor of a negative answer. Odds are stacked against detecting a grand strategy in non‐great‐power states. Operationalizing grand strategy as a consistent pattern of behavior reduces bias, but odds are also stacked against observing policy continuities in the Philippines. Increasing the level of analysis, emphasizing outcomes over intentions, and enlarging the time scale can help. Applying these analytical techniques, I argue that a Philippine grand strategy is evident in continuities in the country's foreign and security policies on the South China Sea from 1995 to 2022 under the successive administrations of Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, Aquino III, and Duterte. The grand strategy has five component policies: (1) bilateral diplomacy with China, (2) multilateral diplomacy through the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), (3) grounding in the law of the sea, (4) maintaining the alliance with the US, and (5) modernizing the military.

NAVIGATING THE LAW OF KARMA: UNDERSTANDING, MANAGING, AND INTEGRATING SPIRITUAL WISDOM

The concept of Karma, rooted in various spiritual and religious traditions, embodies the principle of cause and effect, suggesting that our actions, intentions, and choices ripple through existence, shaping our present and future experiences. This paper delves into the multifaceted dimensions of the Law of Karma, exploring its intricacies and implications for personal and collective growth. At its core, the Law of Karma emphasizes the significance of intentions, highlighting the notion that the quality of our actions is intimately tied to the purity of our motives. Additionally, it underscores the importance of conscious choices, recognizing that each decision carries profound consequences that reverberate throughout the cosmos. Furthermore, the Law of Karma elucidates the role of habits in shaping our destiny, emphasizing the power of consistent patterns of behaviour in shaping our reality. Drawing upon strategic management principles, this paper proposes practical frameworks for navigating the Law of Karma effectively. By cultivating mindfulness and awareness, individuals can align their intentions with higher principles, thereby steering their actions towards positive outcomes. Moreover, strategic planning and foresight enable individuals to make informed choices, mitigating potential karmic repercussions and fostering growth-oriented trajectories. Moreover, this paper examines diverse religious perspectives on Karma, elucidating how different spiritual traditions interpret and apply this universal law. By synthesizing insights from Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, a holistic understanding of Karma emerges, enriching our appreciation of its profound wisdom. In essence, this paper serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding, managing, and integrating the Law of Karma into our lives, empowering individuals to navigate the complexities of existence with wisdom, purpose, and grace. KEYWORDS: Karma, Law of Intentions, Law of Choices, Law of Habits, Strategic Management, Religious Perspectives

Multigenerational effects of alcohol: A behavioral study in three zebrafish populations

Fetal alcohol exposure can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral impairments. Although zebrafish have been used as a reliable model to study FASD, little is known about the ontogeny of this disorder and population differences in subsequent generations not directly exposed to alcohol. In this study, we evaluated the behavioral outcomes of zebrafish populations AB, Outbred (OB), and Tubingen (TU), offspring of parents exposed to alcohol during embryonic development. The offspring of adult fish with FASD (exposed to 1 % alcohol at the embryonic stage) was compared to the offspring of unexposed parental fish (0 % alcohol at the embryo phase). The behavioral profile of the offspring was assessed at 6 days post-fertilization (dpf) and 45 dpf. At 6dpf, the AB FASD offspring exhibited hyperactivity and increased time at the edge of the tank, while the TU and OB FASD offspring showed hypoactivity. At 45dpf, TU fish maintained the larval locomotor pattern, characterized by decreased average speed and total distance traveled and increased immobility. However, AB and OB fish did not show alterations in locomotor activity and anxiety-related responses at 45dpf. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that FASD zebrafish offspring display behavioral differences, which were most evident during the early ontogenetic phase (6dpf) but may vary throughout animal ontogeny. TU fish exhibited the most consistent behavioral pattern across different developmental stages. These findings provide insights into the multigenerational and persistent behavioral consequences of embryonic alcohol exposure in zebrafish. Further research should focus on other features that can be inherited and the development of treatments for the offspring affected by it.

Influences of past moral behavior on future behavior: A review of sequential moral behavior studies using meta-analytic techniques.

Experimental research on sequential moral behavior (SMB) has found that engaging in an initial moral (or immoral) behavior can sometimes lead to moral balancing (i.e., switching between positive and negative behavior) and sometimes to moral consistency (i.e., maintaining a consistent pattern of positive or negative behavior). In two meta-analyses, we present the first comprehensive syntheses of SMB studies and test moderators to identify the conditions under which moral balancing and moral consistency are most likely to occur. Meta-Analysis 1 (k = 217 effect sizes, N = 31,242) revealed that engaging in an initial positive behavior only reliably resulted in moral licensing (i.e., balancing) in studies that measured engagement in negative target behaviors (Hedges' g = 0.25, 95% CI [0.16, 0.44]) and only resulted in positive consistency in foot-in-the-door studies using prosocial requests (Hedges' g = -0.44, 95% CI [-0.59, -0.29]). Meta-Analysis 2 (k = 132 effect sizes, N = 14,443) revealed that engaging in an initial negative behavior only reliably resulted in moral compensation (i.e., balancing) in studies that measured engagement in positive target behaviors (Hedges' g = 0.27, 95% CI [0.18, 0.37]). We found no evidence for reliable negative consistency effects in any conditions. These results cannot be readily explained by current theories of SMB effects, and so further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms that drive moral balancing and consistency under the conditions observed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Personality dimensions and treatment adherence among glaucoma patients: the role of self-transcendence

Background Cloninger’s psychobiosocial model of personality proposes that consistent patterns of health behavior are determined by the complex interaction of different neurobiological processes of the patient’s temperament and character dimensions. Poor medication adherence is a pervasive problem among glaucoma patients and can lead to increased morbidity and disability. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between Cloninger’s personality dimensions and medication adherence among glaucoma patients. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted among 113 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. The treatment adherence was assessed through a valid and reliable self-administered questionnaire, the Culig Adherence Scale (CAS). Personality dimensions were evaluated using the abbreviated version of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-140). Statistical analyses were performed using TIBCO Statistica 14.0.1. The study protocol was registered in the DRKS – German Clinical Trials Register; (DRKS-ID: DRKS00022081). Results According to CAS, only 39.8% of patients were adherent to glaucoma treatment. Adherence was significantly negatively related only to the character dimension of Self-Transcendence (p < 0.05). No other TCI-140 dimension was significantly associated with medication adherence (p > 0.05). Conclusions The results suggest that POAG patients with higher scores on the Self-Transcendent personality dimension are more likely to experience difficulties adhering to medication regimen. The study highlights the importance of a holistic approach to glaucoma treatment, which takes into account not only the biological aspects of disease but also the psychosocial factors that influence patient behavior. Healthcare providers may need to consider glaucoma patients’ personality dimensions, beliefs and values when developing treatment plans and strategies to improve medication adherence.

Course Design Approaches and Behavioral Patterns in Massive Open Online Courses for Professional Learning

Despite their growing importance, differential, process-oriented research on Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) for professional learning is scarce. This paper explores learner behavior in Enterprise MOOCs using lag sequential analysis. Data from 13 MOOCs on business and technology-related topics with a total of N = 72,668 active learners were examined. Starting from consistent high-level behavioral patterns, a deeper analysis reveals variations in interaction sequences according to the underlying course design approach. Lecture-oriented, system interaction-oriented, and discussion-oriented courses share a set of common patterns but also differ in various interaction sequences. Results point towards an isolated role of video playbacks across all course clusters, consumerist patterns in lecture-oriented courses, and a positive influence of metacognitively oriented interactions on learning outcomes. Accordingly, initial design recommendations include integrating interactive instructional elements in videos, promoting learner engagement in lecture-oriented courses, and fostering metacognition. Connecting interaction and achievement data may uncover promising behavior patterns that can be further supported by course design. Based on the initial findings, implications for future research and development are discussed.

Followership styles scrutinized: temporal consistency and relationships with job attitudes and self-efficacy.

While followership has been repeatedly acknowledged as an important part of leadership, key questions are still awaiting empirical testing. In our two studies, we test Kelley's prominent concept of followership styles for the first time in a longitudinal design. Specifically, we use a latent-state trait approach to examine the degree to which followership behaviors (i.e., active engagement [AE] and independent, critical thinking [ICT]) reflect rather stable or rather dynamic behaviors. Furthermore, we examine the relationships of followership behaviors with job attitudes (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational commitment) and self-efficacy in latent states cross-lagged models. We first test our hypotheses in a sample of N = 184 employees from eleven German service organizations, which were surveyed twice with a time lag of nine to 12 months. To replicate and extend our findings from Study 1, we conducted Study 2 with a sample of N = 570 participants from a German open-access panel, which were surveyed twice with a time lag of four months. In Study 2, we additionally test leader humility and perceived organizational support (POS) as potential moderators of the relationships between followership and job attitudes. While our findings support Kelley's conceptualization of followership styles as rather consistent behavior patterns, mixed results were found for the relationships with the other variables. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings as well as the relevance of time in followership research.

Proposition of an Energy Intake Estimating Scale through Item Response Theory.

Traditional methods for assessing individual energy consumption often involve lengthy and intricate procedures. This study aims to introduce an Energy Consumption Estimation Scale, utilizing Item Response Theory (IRT) for adolescents aged 18-19 years. This psychometric investigation applies IRT to 93 items extracted from a validated food frequency questionnaire. The study encompasses a representative sample of 2515 adolescents from the São Luís birth cohort in Brazil. The latent trait, energy intake, is derived using IRT and subsequently validated through hierarchical multiple linear regression modeling. Significance was established at p < 0.05. A Samejima's model was successfully fitted (CFI and TLI > 0.9 and RMSEA < 0.08), effectively capturing variations across all energy consumption levels. Factors associated with the latent trait demonstrate consistent behavioral patterns. Adolescents with higher energy intake exhibited increased consumption of dairy products, artificially sweetened beverages, and seasonal fruits and vegetables. The proposed Energy Consumption Estimation Scale demonstrates a reliable measurement of energy intake and serves as a practical and concise alternative for assessing energy consumption among adolescents. These findings suggest the potential for adapting similar models for different age groups and incorporating diverse food items based on the obtained results.

Ayurvedic Management Along with Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Conduct Disorder - A Case Report

A consistent pattern of behaviour that violates others fundamental rights or disregard social norm is considered to be an indication of conduct disorder. As listed in the DSM-V, symptoms typically include aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft and serious violation of rules. These behaviours are typically displayed by children and adolescents in a variety of settings- at home, at school, and in social situations and they cause remarkable impairment in his or her social, academic or occupational functioning.&#x0D; A 10 year old boy presented with lying, lack of concentration, skipping school, running away from home and stay out night, sexual talks, stealing money, increased anger, disrespect towards elders and suicidal talks from last 4 years was admitted in Government Ayurveda Research Institute for Mental Health and Hygiene, Kottakkal. Based on Dosha predominance, it was diagnosed as Vata-Pitta Unmada. Accordingly he was treated with Ayurvedic internal medication and procedures including Virechana, Shirodhara, Snehapana, Abhyanga, Ushmasweda and Pratimarsa nasya for 21 days along with 1 session of CBT. Conduct disorder rating scale parent version was used to evaluate symptoms before and after treatment. Problems caused by him in school and home reduced from severe to mild. Internal medication continued for 3 months and monthly review was taken. On assessment after 3 months his anger got reduced, he is going to school regularly and did not run away from home over night. This case report shows that conduct disorder can be treated effectively with Ayurvedic management along with cognitive behavioral therapy.

THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND JOB SATISFACTION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: A LITERATURE STUDY

Performance as a company benchmark to increase its profitability. This study aims to determine the effect of organizational commitment, organizational culture and job satisfaction on employee performance. This research uses a literature study method with a qualitative approach. The research used secondary data, which totaled 20 journals with a period of 2018-2023. The results of the research show that a measure of employee commitment to the organization and vice versa will create a good organizational atmosphere. Organizational commitment can be viewed from a behavioral perspective, where commitment is characterized by consistent patterns of behavior. The higher an employee's level of organizational commitment to the organization, the more likely they are to demonstrate improved performance. Organizational culture plays a significant role in coordinating job-related matters and minimizing the occurrence of errors within the organization. For employees, a supportive organizational culture can contribute to the achievement of their individual goals, as it serves as an internal mechanism for aligning the company's operations with the employees. Consequently, a positive organizational culture fosters adaptation and enhances employee performance. Job satisfaction also holds considerable influence over various aspects of work, particularly in relation to improving job performance. An increase in job satisfaction tends to be accompanied by improved performance. These three variables namely, organizational commitment, organizational culture, and job satisfaction have been empirically proven to exert a significant impact on employee performance.

The utility of using a top-down conduct-of-life-based approach for explaining energy consumption behaviour: evidence from Switzerland

Programmes for reducing household energy consumption have so far shown only minor effects. The literature offers many explanations for this, such as rebound effects, efficiency paradox and culturally rooted daily routines. In addition, interventions are often designed in a one-size-fits-all manner and do not account for societal differences through segmentation and tailored interventions. One of the challenges associated with the implementation of tailored interventions is the lack of agreement on how to identify societal segments, and the lack of clarity on which segment should be addressed by which type of intervention. Against this backdrop, we explore the applicability of the theory-driven Otte conduct of life segmentation with three energy consumption behaviours. Utilizing survey data from 5015 respondents, we demonstrate that there are significant conduct-of-life-specific differences in showering, endowment with information and entertainment electronics and air travel. The only two conduct of life groups who demonstrate consistent behavioural patterns across the three behaviours are the reflexives, who consistently over-consume, and conventionalists, who consistently under-consume energy. We put forward suggestions on how to apply our findings to tailor interventions.

The State and Dilemma of Post-Colonial Nigeria: An Explanatory Perspective of Security Governance Failure

The post-colonial Nigerian state has experienced series of internal political altercations due to the consistent and persistent behavioural patterns of the political elites, whose inordinate political ambitions have often revolved around appropriating state apparatuses as well as primordial forces for their personal aggrandisement, against the majoritarian vital primary interest of the downtrodden. To this effect, governance has suffered over the years in the hands of the recycled dominant political class that has produced and manipulated institutions of government, thereby deepening copiously and rapaciously spatial social and economic inequalities between the elite and masses. In view of this circumstance, the study is aimed at x-raying the explanatory contradictions responsible for security governance failure in Nigeria after decades of political independence. The study adopted qualitative-descriptive method and relied on secondary sources of data collection. The ‘‘theory of post-colonial state’’ is employed as the main underpinning analytical construct that scientifically studies the society as a whole, and takes into consideration the convergence of ‘unity of the opposites’.

Long-term behavioral alterations following embryonic alcohol exposure in three zebrafish populations

Fetal alcohol exposure may lead to a condition known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which comprises a set of consequences, including cognitive and behavioral impairments. Although zebrafish has been applied as a reliable model for studying FASD, there is no approach to the disorder’s ontogeny and population differences. Here, we evaluated the behavioral outcomes of AB, Outbred (OB), and Tübingen (TU) zebrafish populations embryonically exposed to alcohol throughout the development to the adult stage. We exposed 24hpf eggs to 0 %, 0.5 %, or 1.0 % alcohol for 2 h. Fish were let grow and locomotor and anxiety-like behaviors were tested in a novel tank at larval - 6dpf, juvenile – 45dpf, and adult- 90dpf stages. At 6dpf, both AB and OB treated with 1.0 % alcohol showed hyperactivity, while 0.5 % and 1.0 % TU fish exhibited hypolocomotion. At 45dpf, AB and TU fish maintained the larval pattern of locomotion. At the adult stage – 90dpf, both AB and TU populations showed increased locomotor activity and anxiogenic responses, while the OB population did not show altered behavior. Our results show for the first time that zebrafish populations exhibit behavioral differences in response to embryonic alcohol exposure and that it varies along animals' ontogeny. AB fish showed the most consistent behavioral pattern through developmental stages, TU fish showed behavioral changes only in adulthood, and OB population showed high interindividual variability. These data reinforce that different populations of zebrafish are better adapted to translational studies, offering reliable results in contrast to domesticated OB populations obtained from farms, which exhibit more variable genomes.

Modeling complex interactions in a disrupted environment: Relational events in the WTC response

AbstractWhen subjected to a sudden, unanticipated threat, human groups characteristically self-organize to identify the threat, determine potential responses, and act to reduce its impact. Central to this process is the challenge of coordinating information sharing and response activity within a disrupted environment. In this paper, we consider coordination in the context of responses to the 2001 World Trade Center (WTC) disaster. Using records of communications among 17 organizational units, we examine the mechanisms driving communication dynamics, with an emphasis on the emergence of coordinating roles. We employ relational event models (REMs) to identify the mechanisms shaping communications in each unit, finding a consistent pattern of behavior across units with very different characteristics. Using a simulation-based “knock-out” study, we also probe the importance of different mechanisms for hub formation. Our results suggest that, while preferential attachment and pre-disaster role structure generally contribute to the emergence of hub structure, temporally local conversational norms play a much larger role in the WTC case. We discuss broader implications for the role of microdynamics in driving macroscopic outcomes, and for the emergence of coordination in other settings.

When are puppies receptive to emotion-induced human chemosignals? The cases of fear and happiness

We report an observational, double-blind, experimental study that examines the effects of human emotional odors on puppies between 3 and 6 months and adult dogs (one year and upwards). Both groups were exposed to control, human fear, and happiness odors in a between subjects’ design. The duration of all behaviors directed to the apparatus, the door, the owner, a stranger, and stress behaviors was recorded. A discriminant analysis showed that the fear odor activates consistent behavior patterns for both puppies and adult dogs. However, no behavioral differences between the control and happiness odor conditions were found in the case of puppies. In contrast, adult dogs reveal distinctive patterns for all three odor conditions. We argue that responses to human fear chemosignals systematically influence the behaviors displayed by puppies and adult dogs, which could be genetically prefigured. In contrast, the effects of happiness odors constitute cues that require learning during early socialization processes, which yield consistent patterns only in adulthood.

Analytic Background in the Neuroscience of the Potential Project "Hippocrates".

This paper reviews the principles identified in analytic neuroscience that could be used in the setup of an international project, "Hippocrates" (H-project), named after the author of the endocrine theory of temperaments. The H-project can aim to summarize the findings in functional neurochemistry of consistent behavioural patterns (CBPs) in health (such as temperament traits) and psychopathology (symptoms of psychiatric disorders); to have systematically structured neurochemical investigations; to have an analysis of CBPs that include all ranges of behavioural histories and to have these modules complemented by regional contrasts related to climate, diets and other bio-environmental factors. The review highlights the benefits of constructivism and illustrates the contrast between constructivism and current approaches in terms of analytic and methodological aspects. (1) "Where" the neurochemical biomarkers should be measured: the review expands the range of needed measurements to out-of-brain systems, including environmental factors, and explores the concept of Specialized Extended Phenotype. (2) "What" should be measured but is missing: the review points to the need for measurement of the "Throw & Catch" neurochemical relays; behavioural and neuronal events contributing to the consistency of the CBPs but not documented in measurements. (3) Structuring the H-project's setup: the paper briefly describes a proposed earlier neurochemical framework, Functional Ensemble of Temperament that that accommodates the neurochemical continuum between temperament and symptoms of psychiatric disorders. This framework is in line with documented "Throw & Catch" neurochemical relays and can also be used to organize data about the personal and professional history of an individual.

Identity and Relational Factors Associated with Sexual Role and Positioning for Anal Sex among Colombian Sexual Minority Men

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify Top, Bottom, and Versatile sexual role identities and anal sex behavior profiles using latent class analysis in a sample of 942 sexual minority men living in Bogotá. A Versatile-insertive and receptive class (52.2%) was the most prevalent of the four resulting classes, whereas the least common was a class (1.7%) that did not use labels and had a low probability of anal sex. We examined whether identity and relational factors (i.e., sexual orientation, LGBT collective identity, and partner type) were associated with profiles. Gay identity was associated with versatile and receptive classes and bisexual identity was associated with insertive and versatile classes. LGBT collective identity was associated with the class characterized by Bottom identity and receptive positioning. Partner type was not associated with class membership, but versatile behaviors were more common among encounters with a main partner. Models using data at different timescales offered consistent patterns of behavior between the last encounter and the past three months, though the versatile class in the three-month model split into two classes based on frequency of versatile positioning. Findings highlight the relationship between sexual identity and positioning and can inform interventions for sexual health education and identity development.

The socio-cognitive theory of personality and its clinical applications

Personality is a cognitive-affective processing system, which, according to the socio-cognitive theory, creates four dimensions. They are reflected in the skills, beliefs, standards and goals of the individual, which are consistent and consistent patterns of behaviour.&#x0D; Self-efficacy judgments and self-patterns determine the choice of goals and persistence in achieving them. On the other hand, the emotions preceding and accompanying the achievement of goals affect coping with stress and problems.&#x0D; The review of the clinical and therapeutic applications of this theory included stress inoculation training, REBT rational emotive therapy, Beck's cognitive depression therapy, schema therapy and modelling methods. The great advantage of this theory is the possibility of verifying its theoretical assumptions and confirming their huge amount of research.&#x0D; Besides, it has a practical application as many types of cognitive-behavioural therapies have been developed on its basis.

Sub-units in the webs of Dictyna meditata (Arachnida: Araneae: Dictynidae): implications for studies of spider web evolution

Studies of web evolution in spiders generally focus on the overall designs of webs in the field. As has been typical for dictynids and several other cribellate families with “irregular” webs, this study detected few discernable patterns in the field regarding the spatial organization of the highly variable, three-dimensional and largely aerial webs of the dictynid Dictyna meditata Gertsch, 1936. Nevertheless, there were three consistent sub-unit designs in the additions that spiders made to their webs in captivity, and in webs that they built from scratch in captivity: “silk ladders”, with a cribellum line that zig-zagged between a pair of approximately parallel non-sticky lines; “twig ladders”, with a cribellum line that zig-zagged between a non-sticky line and the substrate; and long non-sticky lines that each supported a long, slightly looped cribellum line. I suggest, using examples from dictynids and other families with long-lived, geometrically irregular webs, that this pattern of using consistent behavior patterns to add geometrically regular “modules”, is widespread and ancient, but has often been missed due to damage and additions to webs in the field, and to lack of direct behavioral observations. Recent attempts to link web evolution to studies of spider phylogeny could benefit from a change of emphasis, focusing on the additions that spiders make to their webs, rather than on the currently common but necessarily vague characterizations of overall web designs seen in the field.