Consideration Of Others Research Articles

Associations between maternal reactions to child negative emotions and child social competence: A longitudinal study.

According to a heuristic model of emotion socialization, the implications of parental reactions to child emotions may vary by child characteristics. Children's knowledge about culturally bound, emotion display rules may be one of such characteristics, as it may alter children's interpretations of their parents' behaviors. The interrelationships among parental unsupportive reactions to child negative emotions, child emotion knowledge, and child social competence, however, have rarely been investigated. The present study examined whether Chinese children's emotion knowledge moderated the associations of mothers' minimizing and punitive reactions with changes in children's peer acceptance, social cognition, and aggression over time. On two occasions separated by about 1 year, data were collected from 330 children, their mothers, and class teachers from 10 kindergartens in Hong Kong, China. The age of children in Wave 1 averaged 4.81 years (SD = 0.38), and 56% of them (n = 186) were girls. Multilevel models indicated that maternal minimizing reactions were not significantly linked to changes in child social competence. But, for children with more knowledge about emotion display rules, maternal punitive reactions were linked to increases in child peer acceptance and social cognition and decreases in aggression over time. Theoretically, findings demonstrated the interplay of parental socialization practices and child individual characteristics in shaping child development. Practically, findings pointed to the importance of explaining emotion display rules to children in Chinese communities and helping children to balance self-expression of emotions with consideration of others' feelings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The Expert Paradox: How Team Member Expertise Impacts Leaders’ Information Integration

Today’s organizations have come to view and to use workplace teams as information processors, making the ability to manage knowledge and expertise an essential pre-requisite for effective group decisions. Consequently, an important mandate for leaders of information processing groups is to determine an approach that most benefits the group. This paper addresses this critical area by focusing on the structural and social factors affecting leaders’ behavior when guiding group decisions. Specifically, the research considers the effects of power distribution (i.e., location of expertise) on leaders’ choice to contribute their own unique knowledge or to integrate others’ information. The paper proposes that leaders do not always serve as information integrators, but may instead compete with their team members by focusing on their own position rather than promoting consideration of others’ knowledge. In addition, leaders’ perceptions of threat may mediate this result. Data from two experimental studies support these hypotheses.

Maturation as a Promoter of Change in Features of Psychopathy Between Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

The relationship between psychopathy and negative behavioral, social, and health outcomes has lead to calls to identify factors that promote change in features of psychopathy. Given that maturation has important implications for changes in personality more broadly, it also may be informative of changes in specific personality traits associated with psychopathy. Rocque’s integrated maturation theory was used in the current study to guide the measurement of psychosocial, adult social role, and identity maturation domains among boys and girls from the Pathways to Desistance Study ( n = 1,354). Based on cross-lagged dynamic panel models, within-individual change in temperance (psychosocial maturation), work orientation and consideration of others (adult social role maturation), and moral disengagement (identity maturation) predicted within-individual change in features of psychopathy measured using the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory. Maturation may influence features of psychopathy directly or indirectly through changes in a person’s social environment. Understanding why features of psychopathy change is an important step for developing person-oriented intervention strategies.

System change evaluation: Insights from The Rippel Foundation and its ReThink Health initiative

AbstractThis chapter explores evaluation about and for system change within a case study of The Rippel Foundation's ReThink Health initiative. Their work involves field building to understand and shift what constrains current systems influencing health and well‐being and place‐based efforts to change systems carried out with regionally focused stewards. Guiding questions addressed how ReThink Health envisions, supports, and evaluates system change. Data included document review and group and individual interviews with staff members followed by iterative cycles of descriptive pattern coding and analysis. Seven, interrelated findings depict system change as (1) reframing problems and (2) cultivating stewardship supported by (3) adapted and new tools. Additionally, evaluation (4) fuels learning, (5) uses a developmental theory of system change, (6) assesses changes to system conditions, and (7) seeks to continuously develop value. Authors identify considerations for others engaged in system change evaluation.

성장기 청소년들의 학교폭력 예방 및 대책마련을 위한 태권도 수련효과 탐색; 태권도 지도자를 중심으로

The purpose of this study was to listen to the Taekwondo (TKD) leaders’ opinions in order to prevent school violence and prepare for the countermeasures. To achieve the research goals, in-depth interviews were conducted with the seven TKD masters. The results of this study are as follows. First, mostly, young age students attend TKD program as a sport activity for the first time in their life, which means that the TKD master could be a very important person as an educator to the young kids. Second, the TKD masters must understand the current situations of school violences through various school violence programs, and they need to become an educational counselor. And, third, they also felt that the educational values of TKD in terms of courtesy, considerations of others, cooperation, etc., are very important teaching aspects for the schoolers.<BR>TKD is a world wide sport, and should be a necessary regular curriculum to teach important educational components to the students from the elementary to the secondary schools to prevent from the school violence.

Speech Level Shifts in Japanese Discourse: An Approach from Politeness Theory

“Speech level shift” is a phenomenon in which formal speech is used in casual conversations. This paper aims to clarify when and why this temporary shift occurs and considers whether its functions are unique to the Japanese language by employing the concept of “politeness theory”. According to this theory, a speaker has two choices of strategy for successful communication. The first, namely “positive politeness strategy” attempts to decrease their distance with the listener, while the second, “negative politeness strategy”, tries to maintain this distance. Using examples from a database of Japanese conversations, four functions of speech level shift based on politeness strategies were found. When the shift appears at the beginning or the end of a topic, its function is to reduce the suddenness of conversational transition, while in the case of communicating blame, criticism, or requests, the shift has the function of softening something hard to say. These two functions are based on negative politeness strategy. When the shift is used to emphasize something important in the conversation, its function is to make the speech clearer, while in the case of telling a joke, the shift can create an emotional connection through humor. These two functions are based on positive politeness strategy. In this way, speech level shifts in the Japanese language have four principal functions, which are explainable by theories developed internationally. This fact shows that there is a commonality between Japanese and other languages regarding the function of consideration for others.

Addressing Communication, Coordnation and Cultural Issues in Global Software Development Projects

The field of Global Software Development has been an active area of research for the last two decades due to its enormous benefits such as lower labor cost, faster development and easy access to the skilled labor pool. Apart from these benefits, it faces some challenges like communication, coordination, trust and configuration management etc. These challenges arise primarily due to physical, cultural and time zone differences. The empirical studies highlight that the existing Global Software Development solutions do not fully meet the user needs as there are still several gaps in these solutions. Therefore, to fulfill these gaps, there is a need to develop novel frameworks that address outstanding issues. In this paper, we have attempted to address the aforesaid GSD challenges. The practitioners can benefit from our proposed framework during the execution of GSD projects. The proposed framework mainly focuses on the root causes of the two principal challenges namely the communication and cultural differences. We believe that if the team members of a software project can communicate effectively and show considerations for others by imparting due reverence to the cultural norms, then the other residual issues can easily be reduced and minimized.

Political Humor, Sharing, and Remembering: Insights from Neuroimaging

Abstract Over the last two decades, news-oriented comedy programs have risen to compete with traditional hard news media as sources of information about politics. To the extent that a politically knowledgeable electorate is necessary for a thriving democracy, understanding the mechanisms underlying the extent to which political comedy facilitates or inhibits a well-informed citizenry is critical. Across two studies, we use behavioral experiments and neuroimaging to examine the causal effects of humor on the desire to share and the capacity to remember political information. We find that humor increases the likelihood to share political information with others and enhances people’s memory for information. Humor also increases brain response in regions associated with understanding other people’s mental states (i.e., mentalizing), which advances a theoretical framework that humor may facilitate considerations of others’ views (e.g., how other people will respond to shared political information).

Construction of a social welfare function under consideration of conditional self-interest

Welfare functions have largely been constructed on the assumption that individuals' utilities can be aggregated into collective utility. This paper considers an alternative approach providing implications for the definition of social values and the understanding of welfare. The conditional self-interest will be juxtaposed the consideration of moral sense and benevolence. This will inform further on the limitations of utilitarian assumptions. A kinder approach to human nature generates varied assumptions and an alternative understanding of social phenomena. A de-individualised redefinition of social states is necessary to arrive at a true set of social options. We will demonstrate by parameterising the societal welfare function as a continuous functional relationship whose input variables are society individuals and whose actions or contributions are constrained by intrinsic societal factors. The analysis of the resultant welfare function shows that consideration for others and constrained self-interest will act to enhance societal benefit.

Construction of a social welfare function under consideration of conditional self-interest

Welfare functions have largely been constructed on the assumption that individuals' utilities can be aggregated into collective utility. This paper considers an alternative approach providing implications for the definition of social values and the understanding of welfare. The conditional self-interest will be juxtaposed the consideration of moral sense and benevolence. This will inform further on the limitations of utilitarian assumptions. A kinder approach to human nature generates varied assumptions and an alternative understanding of social phenomena. A de-individualised redefinition of social states is necessary to arrive at a true set of social options. We will demonstrate by parameterising the societal welfare function as a continuous functional relationship whose input variables are society individuals and whose actions or contributions are constrained by intrinsic societal factors. The analysis of the resultant welfare function shows that consideration for others and constrained self-interest will act to enhance societal benefit.

Efecto del modelo de Educación Deportiva sobre la conducta prosocial en escolares de Educación Primaria (Effect of the Sport Education Model on Prosocial Behavior in Primary Education)

This paper examines the effect of Sport Education on prosocial behaviours in primary school children. A single group pre-experimental study with repeated measures (pre-test and post-test) was designed, in which 45 sixth-grade students (27 girls and 18 boys) participated. The content of instruction consisted in a 15-lesson unit of ringol using the Sport Education. In addition to Sport Education, pedagogical strategies related to communication and conflict solving were used to favour social relations among students. To assess prosocial behaviour subscales of the CCP and BAS-3 questionnaires were used. In addition, participant observation was used to collect information on the process and evolution of student’s relationships. The results showed significant improvements in all subescales of prosocial behaviours analysed: consideration for others, social reserve, social anxiety-shyness, leadership, empathy and social relations. Likewise, it was observed a decrease in disruptive behaviours, improvements in conflict resolution processes, relationship between students of different sexes and integration of discriminated students. In conclusion, the MED has the potential to be used as a base model for the improvement of the prosocial behaviour of students, especially when pedagogical strategies are added for this purpose.

Integrating Contemplative and Ignatian Pedagogies in a Buddhist Studies Classroom

The burgeoning application of contemplative pedagogy (CP) in Buddhist studies courses has been widely discussed; yet, how educators incorporate it with other teaching strategies has not attracted much scholarly attention. Drawing from the author’s teaching experience at a Jesuit University, this article demonstrates that integrating CP’s first-person, second-person, and third-person approaches with the Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm (IPP) will create a multidimensional environment in learning Buddhism in higher education. This article first argues that the issue of avoiding even implied proselytizing can be successfully overcome, as it is related to the application of Buddhist-inspired contemplative practice, such as Cognitively-Based Compassion Training®, in class. Next, based on the principles of CP and the IPP, this study shows specific examples of multisensory contemplation activities that expand students’ ways of knowing about Buddhist practice and foster their consideration for others. Third, to complement the Jesuit educational purpose of students’ spiritual growth, and the CP’s advocating for inner growth, this research navigates these concerns in a way that also enhances students’ learning in the course content. In conclusion, a combination of CP and the IPP facilitates the whole-person development as well as deepens students’ understanding of Buddhism.

Hierarchy, “Kreng Jai” and Feedback: A Grounded Theory Study Exploring Perspectives of Clinical Faculty and Medical Students in Thailand

Phenomenon: Institutional learning culture influences how feedback is provided, accepted, and acted upon. The Thai societal culture, characterized by strict hierarchy and collectivism, may have a significant impact on the learning culture and, therefore, feedback conversations between teachers and learners. This study explored: common approaches used by faculty to provide feedback to students; and faculty and student perspectives regarding sociocultural factors that impact feedback seeking, provision, and acceptance. Approach: Using a constructivist paradigm, we explored perspectives of clinical faculty and medical students at an academic medical center in Thailand using focus groups (students) and a focus group and individual interviews (faculty). Sessions were audiotaped, transcribed, and de-identified prior to analysis. Constant comparative analysis was performed on transcripts, focusing on perceived cultural factors that impacted feedback conversations. Findings: Thirty faculty participated in the study, four participated in a focus group, and 27 participated in individual interviews. Twenty-two medical students participated in four focus groups. We identified the following key themes, which could be grouped under three categories: (1) Faculty approaches to providing feedback (1.1) Feedback should be initiated by faculty. (1.2) Feedback is initiated primarily for deficit identification and correction. (2) Factors impacting students’ feedback seeking and acceptance. (2.1) Students are willing to accept harsh feedback when it provides suggestions for improvement. (2.2) Feedback is most credible when faculty have direct knowledge of the student’s effort. (2.3) Feedback seeking is considered a burden on teachers. (3) Cultural factors that influence feedback (3.1) Societal hierarchy perpetuates unidirectional top-down feedback. (3.2) Kreng jai (the balance between consideration for others and self-interests) affects feedback seeking and provision. Insights: Though the value of feedback on learning was emphasized by all participants, the hierarchical culture of Thai society was perceived to have a significant influence on feedback seeking, provision, and acceptance. Identifying and addressing societal as well as institutional cultural factors would be key in designing growth-enhancing feedback initiatives relevant to the local context. One size feedback training does not fit all.

Exploration of Ethical Construing in Clinical Psychology Doctoral Students: An Adaptation of Repertory Grid Technique

A repertory grid method for the investigation of construing of ethical issues is presented. The elements in the grid are ethical dilemmas, and the use of dilemmas from different ethical domains (e.g., personal and professional) can allow investigation of the characteristics of ethical subsystems, as in a previous study of 39 clinical psychology doctoral students recruited from 17 training programs in the UK. In the present paper, a system is developed for categorizing the content of ethical constructs elicited in the previous study. Evidence is provided of the reliability of this system and that third-year students used more constructs concerned with reflexivity and emotional awareness, and fewer concerning the subject of dilemmas, than did first-year students. The implications of these findings, and previous findings with structural grid measures, for clinical psychology training are considered, and it is contended that the Ethical Dilemmas Repertory Grid may be a valuable instrument not only in further research on ethical construing but also in facilitating reflexivity and consideration of others’ constructions in training modules concerning ethical issues.

Inter-temporal and Social Preferences Predict Compliance in a Social Dilemma: An Application in the Context of COVID-19

This paper examines the role of future and social orientation in explaining cooperation in a social dilemma. In the Netherlands, the COVID-19 pandemic raised an acute social dilemma where citizens could decide whether to comply with the precautionary measures recommended by the government. Through an online survey (N=1019), consideration of future consequences (CFC), consideration of others (COO) and compliance with the precautionary measures were measured. Results show that both an increase in COO and CFC are associated with increased compliance. Moreover, COO and CFC interact: the marginal effects of COO and CFC are lower for higher values of CFC and COO, respectively. Gender, age, perceived risk for others, perceived compliance by others and opinion about government response to the pandemic also have a significant association with compliance. These findings emphasize the importance of both social and future orientation in the prediction of cooperation in social dilemmas.

Rejection Sensitivity Hurts Your Open Mind: Rejection Sensitivity and Wisdom in Workplace Conflicts

Six studies (N = 1,617) tested the role of dispositional rejection sensitivity (RS) and manipulated power position for wise reasoning among managers and subordinates in workplace conflicts: intellectual humility, consideration of change/multiple ways a situation may unfold, recognition of others’ perspectives, search for compromise/resolution, and outsider’s viewpoint. RS was systematically related to lower performance on each aspect of wise reasoning, above and beyond other threat-related individual differences. Effects of power position were modest and nuanced: Whereas low-(vs. high-) power position facilitated intellectual humility, consideration of change, and search for compromise, high- (vs. high-) power position facilitated consideration of others’ perspectives. We discuss implications for understanding the influence of rejection-related tendencies and power on reasoning processes in social conflicts.

Commentary: Michael Hand’s ‘on the necessity of school punishment’

Michael Hand maintains that punishment is necessary for school children to insure compliance with the important rules – those he calls moral and scholastic. I make three arguments against this position: First, Hand fails to separate the sorts of behaviors legitimately classified as interfering with teaching and learning from more trivial rules, leaving that determination entirely to the discretion of teachers. While Hand acknowledges a teacher must exercise ‘fine-grained judgement’ in determining the rules, fine-grained can easily become arbitrary; a subjective exercise that transforms a teacher’s preferred practice into a scholastic must-be-obeyed punishable offense. Second, Hand also fails to clarify which, among the vast array of sanctions teachers impose upon students, are to be included in the category of punishment. How is punishment cordoned off from corrections, penalties, and discipline? Third, in assuming that without punishment self-interest (selfishness) will prevail over unselfishness, and that punishment supports moral formation (consideration of others), Hand oversimplifies the complex motives that shape behavior.

Collaboration during times of crisis

PurposeDuring difficult times, it is crucial that organizations can communicate and collaborate to maintain an effective workforce. The purpose of this paper is to share the real-life, practical experience of a business leader in how to successfully collaborate and succeed during times of crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe insights are gathered from real-world experience of the author in his position at his company.FindingsThis paper finds that we have seen some fantastic examples of collaboration amid the crisis landscape we are in, but we can only get to this point through ideation, innovation and collaboration. These three key areas, coupled with kindness and consideration for others, is what will ensure we all emerge from this storm united.Originality/valueIt is taken from the original experience and viewpoints of the author.

Building Collective Capacity for Program Quality Improvement: Boston Beyond’s Certified Observer Network

This article describes Boston Beyond’s effort to develop a network of out-of-school time program partner staff trained in implementing a program quality observation tool. Participant survey (n = 63) and interview (n = 4) feedback demonstrate that the network is meeting its goals of advancing participants’ professional development, positively impacting organizations, and creating a system-level model of peer-to-peer program quality improvement. Areas of improvement are identified for each goal. Questions of sustainability, planned network improvements, and considerations for others seeking to establish similar networks are discussed.

Posthumous planning following fertility preservation: a study of adolescent cancer patients in Israel

In an Israeli qualitative study with adolescent cancer survivors and parents who had considered fertility preservation, practically all participants could not recall any discussions with healthcare providers about plans for cryopreserved biological materials in the case of death. This finding is surprising given recent court struggles in Israel over the posthumous use of cryopreserved sperm. In interviews with these adolescent survivors and their parents, intended future use of cryopreserved biological materials is directed for affected individuals’ reproductive purposes later in life, with hardly any consideration of others' use of these materials for posthumous reproduction. To avoid future ethical and legal quagmires, healthcare professionals should have frank discussions with adolescents and their parents about what to do with such materials in the case of death. This paper discusses the socio-cultural and legal Israeli context and considers the ethical implications of using minors’ biological materials for posthumous assisted reproduction in Israel.