Consideration Of Regional Differences Research Articles

Consideration of Regional Differences While using Kangaroo Mother Care During Neonatal Transport

Consideration of Regional Differences While using Kangaroo Mother Care During Neonatal Transport

Medico-Geographical Assessment of the Prevalence of Respiratory Diseases in Northern and Southern Areas of the Russian Far East: Comparison of Kamchatka and Primorsky Regions

Introduction: Diseases of the respiratory system make a significant contribution to the incidence of the Russian population. Consideration of regional differences in the distribution of respiratory diseases contributes to a better understanding of the true extent of this problem. The Primorsky and Kamchatka Regions require stabilization of the demographic situation, which is affected, inter alia, by respiratory diseases. Objective: To study spatial differences and risk factors for diseases of the respiratory system in the Primorsky and Kamchatka Regions. Materials and methods: The assessment was conducted for 2010–2020 based on official statistics on respiratory disease rates in adults and children. To study spatial differences, the epidemiological risk value was estimated for intraregional territories at the first stage of work. The second stage included identification of risk factors for the spread of respiratory diseases using methods of correlation and information entropy analysis. Results: The territories of the regions differing in the level of epidemiological risk (high, increased, moderate and low) were determined. In the Primorsky Region, a high risk of respiratory diseases for adults and children was identified on 9 and 15 territories, respectively, while in the Kamchatka Region, the numbers were found to be much lower (5 and 8). At the regional level, environmental and territorial factors had the greatest impact on respiratory disease rates in the Primorsky Region while in Kamchatka healthcare, weather and climate factors were found to be of major importance. Conclusion: The results of the assessment of long-term respiratory disease rates in the Kamchatka and Primorsky Regions show that the local situation remains difficult and tense. It is of concern since the main part of the population resides within the territories of high and elevated risk. As a rule, these are northern, distant districts both in Kamchatka and Primorye. The risk factors analyzed have regional differences.

Regional Differences in Added Sweetener Knowledge, Consumption and Body Mass Index in People with HIV in the United States.

This analysis of U.S.-based survey data reports regional differences (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West) in sweetener knowledge, consumption, and body mass index (BMI) among 877 people with HIV (PLWH; median age 54years). BMI was lowest in the West and highest in the Midwest. Respondents in the West reported greater sweetener knowledge than in the Northeast, Midwest, and South. Respondents from the West reported lower sweetener consumption than the Midwest and South. Regional differences in BMI, sweetener knowledge, and consumption were demonstrated. Findings support consideration of regional differences when providing nutrition education.

«Оставленные дети» как субъекты родительского труда в Китае: теоретико-методические основы социологического изучения

The article is devoted to the study of a unique phenomenon of Chinese socio-economic reality – the phenomenon of "left behind children". It proposes a specific approach to the study of such children, which consists in considering them in adulthood as subjects of parental labor already implemented by them. The purpose of our study is to develop the theoretical and methodological foundations of the sociological study of "left behind children" as subjects of parental labor in China. The study is planned to identify the specifics of the organization of work of Chinese subjects of parental labor, who are "left behind children", to conduct a comparative analysis of the motivation of parental work in various subjects of this type of labor in China, to assess the satisfaction with parental work of its subjects, who themselves were "left behind children". The following methodological principles of their study are proposed: application of an interdisciplinary approach; the use of a differentiated study of the characteristics of various subjects of parental labor, who are "left behind children"; consideration of regional differences; a combination of various methods of collecting information and a set of statistical methods for analysis; labor approach to the study of this phenomenon and based on the results obtained in the study of parental labor. The article presents a set of empirical indicators for the sociological study of the phenomenon of parental labor, the subjects of which are the Chinese "left behind children". We divide the system of empirical indicators into three levels: 1) research objectives are the three contents of the research plan; 2) blocks of empirical indicators include: conditions for the implementation of parental labor, the time it takes to implement parental labor; internal needs, external incentives; the expectations of the subjects of parental labor, the perceived quality of parental labor, satisfaction with the relationship between parents and children, confrontation between parents and children; 3) multiple empirical indicators under the block of empirical indicators.

Intestinal P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) Contribution to Talinolol Pharmacokinetics in Human

ObjectiveUnderstanding the mechanisms of intestinal secretion and recirculation is important to the realm of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK). P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), one of the major efflux transporters in the intestine, has broad substrate specificity and could contribute to the intestinal secretion/recirculation of drugs. The pharmacokinetic (PK) model incorporating intestinal P‐gp contribution will be able to accurately capture the interactions for the compounds of P‐gp substrate, allowing the model to aid in determining first in‐human (FIH) dose predictions as well as related potential drug‐drug interactions (DDIs). Talinolol, a beta‐adrenergic receptor antagonist utilized for cardioprotective and antihypertensive treatments, is a good substrate of P‐gp, and a double peak of plasma concentration has been observed. We hypothesize that intestinal secretion/recirculation by P‐gp could contribute to this unique plasma concentration‐time profile of talinolol. The aim of this study was to assess whether the double peak of plasma concentration of orally administered talinolol can be captured using physiological‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling.MethodsThe plasma concentration‐time profiles of talinolol were obtained by digitizing literature data. The P‐gp‐mediated transport kinetics of talinolol were also obtained from Caco‐2 assays present in literature. Using the plasma concentration of talinolol data after intravenous (IV) administration, the intestinal secretion clearance (CLGI) was estimated using SimCYP (v19). After estimating CLGI, the regional absorption of talinolol affected by intestinal P‐gp was assessed using plasma talinolol concentration data after oral administration and the advanced dissolution, absorption, and metabolism (ADAM) model was subsequently generated utilizing SimCYP.ResultsCLGI of talinolol was estimated through using plasma concentration data of the drug after IV infusion reported by Schwarz et al., and CLGI was estimated to be 12.6 L/hr. This CLGI value was validated by capturing another plasma concentration‐time profile of talinolol after IV infusion reported by Westphal et al. The dual‐peak of the plasma talinolol concentration after oral administration was captured using ADAM model, but this model will be further refined to better capture this dual‐peak after oral administration of talinolol in human with consideration of regional differences of absorption and/or recirculation (i.e., more P‐gp in ileum compared to duodenum and jejunum).ConclusionA model was successfully generated to accurately capture the PK profiles of talinolol after IV administration. Further refinement of the model will be required for oral administration. The outcomes from the investigation essentially broaden our overall understanding of the processes underlying intestinal secretion and recirculation.

The price of resource consumption using the Ecopoint concept under consideration of regional differences

The Ecopoint concept was developed to control the worldwide resource consumption. Resource shares are distributed to the world’s population and freely traded among individuals. The number of shares limit the amount of resources that can be used. In this work, the question is investigated how plastic production is affected by such a system under special consideration of local difference in the energy generation and way of goods transportation. The polymerization of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was modelled using a combination of the databases Ecoinvent 3.4 and Exiobase 2.2 for different feedstocks: fossil fuel in Brazil, the USA, and Germany; sugar cane in Brazil and India; maize in the USA; and grass in Switzerland. As a result, regional conditions have a strong impact on the resource consumption and the Ecopoint price. Using mainly fossil fuels for energy production increases the Ecopoint price by 30%. The combination of renewable energy and biomass as feedstock can significantly reduce the resource consumption. The resource consumption of the combination of fossil fuel for energy production and biomass as feedstock for HDPE is comparable to the use of renewable energy and fossil fuel as a feedstock. An Ecopoint price of 0.07 to 0.12 US$ would make HDPE from biomass competitive to such from fossil fuel.

Decoupling of impact factors reveals the response of German winter wheat yields to climatic changes

Yield development of agricultural crops over time is not merely the result of genetic and agronomic factors, but also the outcome of a complex interaction between climatic and site-specific soil conditions. However, the influence of past climatic changes on yield trends remains unclear, particularly under consideration of different soil conditions. In this study, we determine the effects of single agrometeorological factors on the evolution of German winter wheat yields between 1958 and 2015 from 298 published nitrogen (N)-fertilization experiments. For this purpose, we separate climatic from genetic and agronomic yield effects using linear mixed effect models and estimate the climatic influence based on a coefficient of determination for these models. We found earlier occurrence of wheat growth stages, and shortened development phases except for the phase of stem elongation. Agrometeorological factors are defined as climate covariates related to the growth of winter wheat. Our results indicate a general and strong effect of agroclimatic changes on yield development, in particular due to increasing mean temperatures and heat stress events during the grain-filling period. Except for heat stress days with more than 31°C, yields at sites with higher yield potential were less prone to adverse weather effects than at sites with lower yield potential. Our data furthermore reveal that a potential yield levelling, as found for many West-European countries, predominantly occurred at sites with relatively low yield potential and about one decade earlier (mid-1980s) compared to averaged yield data for the whole of Germany. Interestingly, effects related to high precipitation events were less relevant than temperature-related effects and became relevant particularly during the vegetative growth phase. Overall, this study emphasizes the sensitivity of yield productivity to past climatic conditions, under consideration of regional differences, and underlines the necessity of finding adaptation strategies for food production under ongoing and expected climate change.

Efficiency estimation and reduction potential of the Chinese construction industry via SE-DEA and artificial neural network

PurposeThe objective of this study is to evaluate the overall technical efficiency, labor efficiency, capital efficiency and equipment efficiency of 30 Chinese construction sectors to foster sustainable economic growth in the construction industry.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed the super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (SE-DEA) and artificial neural network model (ANN) to evaluate the industrial performance and improvement potential of the Chinese regional construction sectors from 2000 to 2017.FindingsResults showed that the overall technical and capital efficiencies displayed relatively stable patterns. Equipment efficiency presented a relatively huge fluctuation during the sample period. Meanwhile, labor, capital and equipment efficiencies could potentially improve in the next five years. A spatial examination of efficiencies implied that the economic level was still a major factor in determining the efficiency performance of the regional construction industry. Beijing, Shanghai and Zhejiang were consistently the leading regions with the best performance in all efficiencies. Shandong and Hubei were critical regions with respect to their large reduction potential of labor, capital and equipment.Research limitations/implicationsThe study focused on the regional efficiency performance of the construction industry; however, it failed to further deeply discover the mechanism that captured the regional inefficiency. In addition, sample datasets used to predict might induce the accuracy of prediction results. Qualitative policy implications failed to regress the efficiency performance of the industrial policy variables. These limitations will be discussed in our further researches.Practical implicationsEnhancing the overall performance of the Chinese construction industry should focus on regions located in the western areas. In comparison with labor and capital efficiencies, equipment efficiency should be given priority by eliminating outdated equipment and developing high technology in the construction industry. In addition, the setting of the national reduction responsibility system should be stratified to account for regional variations.Originality/valueThe findings of this study can provide a systematic understanding for the current and future industry performance of the Chinese construction industry, which would help decision makers to customize appropriate strategies to improve the overall industrial performance with the consideration of regional differences.

Institutional aspects of development of regional PPP Projects

The relevance of research into institutional aspects of public-private partnership (PPP) is evidenced by the continuously increasing role of research-and-technology, information technology, territorial and socioeconomic factors of influence on the development and implementation of regional PPP projects aimed at improving social welfare and accelerating the rate of socioeconomic development of Russia’s regions. Systemic impact of technical, technological, territorial and socioeconomic factors stipulates the need for the development of institutional environment of PPPs, which implies taking measures for protecting private investments and interests of private investors. This impact also predetermines the necessity to improve the currently existing institutional models of informational-legal base that ensure integration processes of managing PPP projects, with taking into consideration of regional differences and excess investment risks. In this regard, the present paper is aimed at detecting problems of development of PPP’s institutional environment at the regional level. The solution of these problems will allow elaborating models of institutional environment having integrated legal and regulatory framework, transparent and intelligible procedures and standing orders that are necessary when implementing complex socioeconomic projects of public importance for the development of regions. The authors of the paper have defined the role of institutional environment of public-private partnership (PPP) and municipal public-private partnership (MPPP) in the development of a region. The paper provides the results of generalized analysis of factors of development of institutional environment and regulatory-legal framework at the regional level. There were defined problems entailing the performance risks concerning the support of regional projects by public partners and risks of integrated models of interagency interaction at the stages of elaboration, selection and making decisions on implementing PPP and MPPP projects, performing measures of control, maintenance, monitoring and maintaining a register of PPP projects. The results of the research given in the paper are of applied importance for both academicians and practical workers, especially in using the assessments of a development level of institutional environment and legal framework when preparing or implementing projects on improving a region.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PROSTATE CANCER IN THE VORONEG REGION: SPATIO-TEMPORAL STATISTICS

The article presents the analysis of morbidity from prostate cancer with consideration of regional differences in the level of the health and environmental safety. Analysis was conducted of the level of incidence of prostate cancer in the Voronezh region for the period 2001 to 2015. The Model of conditionality of distribution of oncological diseases has provided a number of results, significantly expanding the scope and use of medical and environmental monitoring. The incidence of cancer of the prostate in the Voronezh region remained high for the past decade. The use of space-time statistics in conjunction with traditional statistical methods reveals the territorial medical and environmental contrast (group of regions with a different rating, the quality of public health), the territorial heterogeneity of incidence of prostate cancer, and the presence of "hot spots" of disease. The results can serve as a basis for the directional analysis of factors causing increase risk of cancer and development on these basis strategies for monitoring and prevention of cancer diseases in the Voronezh region.

“Let’s not reinvent the wheel”: A qualitative investigation of collaboration in the Australian GP education and training sector

Introduction: E-learning collaboration in the Australian GP education and training sector represents one way to improve sustainability, innovation and reuse of existing data sources. However, few collaborative e-learning projects are currently undertaken within the sector, with previous joint ventures resulting in variable success. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of increased e-learning collaboration, with specific focus on exploration of the beliefs and perceptions of key stakeholders within the GP education and training sector. Methods: A total of 78 personnel and 16 CEOs participated in focus groups and interviews held at training sites across Australia. Independent and group qualitative analysis was used to derive key themes. Results: Six key themes related to e-learning collaboration were identified: benefits of e-learning collaboration, maintaining focus on educational outcomes, competitiveness within the RTP sector, individual identity and regional differences, establishing relationships and enablers to promoting collaboration. Conclusions: Considerable goodwill and enthusiasm towards collaboration exists within the sector. Congruent with established literature regarding collaboration, key recommendations are detailed for the advancement of prospective collaborative e-learning projects, including a need for early and ongoing stakeholder engagement, a focus on educational outcomes, respect for matters of individual identity and consideration of regional differences.

Epidemiology of prostate cancer in the Rostov region. Spatio-temporal statistics

The article presents the analysis of morbidity from prostate cancer with consideration of regional differences in the level of the health and environmental safety. Analysis was conducted of the level of incidence of prostate cancer in the Voronezh region for the period 2001 to 2015. The Model of conditionality of distribution of oncological diseases has provided a number of results, significantly expanding the scope and use of medical and environmental monitoring. The incidence of cancer of the prostate in the Voronezh region remained high for the past decade. The use of space-time statistics in conjunction with traditional statistical methods reveals the territorial medical and environmental contrast (group of regions with a different rating, the quality of public health), the territorial heterogeneity of incidence of prostate cancer, and the presence of hot spots of disease. The results can serve as a basis for the directional analysis of factors causing increase risk of cancer and development on these basis strategies for monitoring and prevention of cancer diseases in the Voronezh region.

An empirical analysis of effects of gasoline price change on transportation behavior in Japan, with consideration of regional differences

This empirically analyzes the effect of gasoline price change on various aspects of surface transport behavior comprehensively, with consideration of regional differences as to whether or not the region includes a major metropolitan agglomeration area (hereafter, “megalopolis”), by means of carefully arranging yearly time-series data from fiscal 1987 to fiscal 2008 in Japan. The aim is to look at common as well as different effects among regions and to draw policy implications relating to fuel price, as well as to fuel tax, towards developing a low-carbon transport system, which are applicable to other countries including emerging countries where a demographic disparity between megalopolis areas and rural areas might be increasing. The methodology includes the multiple regression models complemented by the 1st order auto-regressive models of error terms, where the elasticities of gasoline price and those of income regarding usage of personal automobiles, of public transport and of passenger railways with or without periodic tickets, and fuel consumption on cars, as well as ownership of various types of cars, are estimated for individual gross-regions. In both gross-regions, higher gasoline prices are commonly shown to be related to lower ownership of larger private passenger cars, higher ownership of light cars, lower ownership of the total private passenger cars, lower passenger-km per capita in cars, lower fuel consumption on cars and higher transit ridership. The result suggests general automobile-fuel-price policy implications, the extent of which is differentiated by spatial characteristics, and estimates the adverse effect of the possible abolition of the provisional gasoline tax rate on the emissions in both gross-regions. The application of result is also tried in exploring effect of other policy measures such as expressway tolls.

Liver function test by gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with consideration of intrahepatic regional differences.

To accurately quantify liver function using gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced MR imaging. A total of 105 patients with suspicion of a hepatic tumor (Child–Pugh scores: 5 in 56, 6 in 26, 7 in 20, and 8 in 3) who underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging and an indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min (ICG-R15) evaluation were retrospectively analyzed. The hepatobiliary images were taken at 20 min after Gd-EOB-DTPA injection. The quantitative liver–spleen contrast ratio (Q-LSC) was measured by calculating the signal intensity of the spleen and 12 intrahepatic points consisting of each central zone (near the porta hepatis) and peripheral zone (near the subcapsular zone) in the two main liver lobes. Each averaged Q-LSC of six points in the central zone or right lobe was significantly higher than that in the peripheral zone or left lobe regardless of hepatic function. The mean Q-LSC of the 12 points was significantly correlated with the ICG-R15 and significantly decreased with elevation of the Child–Pugh score. The hepatic enhancement by Gd-EOB-DTPA is influenced by zonal and lobar differences. This method with consideration of regional differences is valid for estimation of liver function by Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging.

Estimation of upper limit of China’s energy demand in consideration of regional differences: Using current energy demands of Japan and USA as references

Estimation of upper limit of China’s energy demand in consideration of regional differences: Using current energy demands of Japan and USA as references

地域差を考慮した中国の銅需要に関する考察

Following the Chinese economic reform program at the end of the 1970s, the Chinese economy started growing steady, and around 2001, when China joined the WTO, the economic growth accelerated. This economic growth also rapidly increased the demand for almost every kind of metal. In particular the demand for copper in China is considered to be one of the main factors driving the world copper price in recent years.The recent economic growth rate in China has continued to stay above 10%, and the demand for copper is high too. However, copper consumption shows regional characteristics, that is, copper is not consumed uniformly across this large country that has a huge population of nearly 1.3 billion. In this paper, the demand for copper in China was analyzed in consideration of regional differences. First, the overall consumption of copper in China was surveyed as compared with other important copper consuming countries. Next, by using regression analysis, regional future demands were estimated by the territory of China into 6 large divisions. Finally, future regional trends of copper demand were projected on the basis of these estimations.It was estimated that industrial production will increase copper consumption future in the industrial areas, while copper consumption in buildings will not increase as much in either rural or urban areas.

Influence of regional-scale soil heterogeneity and land use on water discharge formation in the “Stettiner Haff” catchment in North-East Germany

The influence of regional soil distribution and land use on discharge formation in the “Stettiner Haff” catchment (8,456 km2) was investigated. The model ABIMO was used to calculate mean discharge for a long period (1961 – 1990) in consideration of regional differences in hydrological site conditions and soil heterogeneity. The highest discharge was found on settlement areas (276 mm a−1), on devastated plots (319 mm a−1) and on the non-hydromorphic agriculturally used sandy soils (214 mm a−1). Due to their small size these sub-areas were found to influence regional discharge for a limited extent only. On loam and clay soils only about 100 mm a−1 of discharge was formed. However, this share proved to be most important for the height of regional discharge because of the high area proportion in the region. Mineral soils of comparable parent material produce lower discharge under hydromorphic conditions than under non-hydromorphic conditions. With increasing clay content of the soils these differences decreased. The agriculturally used areas were found to be most important for the region's water discharge. They accounted for 83% of the discharge, i.e. they originated 119 mm a−1 on average. At forest sites, the discharge height was about 52 mm a−1. Sites close to groundwater table (groundwater level <1 m) proved to act as depletive areas.

Complex regulation of mucosal pentraxin ( Mptx) revealed by discrete micro-anatomical locations in colon

Recently a mucosal pentraxin, Mptx, regulated by heme and calcium was reported in rat gut mucosal scrapings using microarray strategies. Considering the heterogeneity of gut mucosa scrapings and the widespread use of the rat as a model to study colon pathologies this study was undertaken to generate detailed mapping of micro-anatomical locations of Mptx and gain further insight into potential functions of this mucosal pentraxin in rat colon. Differential regulation was also examined in colon from different rat strains and rat models of oxidative stress and in pre-cancerous colon tissue. Different regional patterns of expression and discrete localisation in epithelial cells within transverse and distal colon crypts and an absence of expression in proximal colon were confirmed by regional PCR analysis and in situ hybridisation studies of colon. This study demonstrates that consideration of regional differences in Mptx gene expression and micro-anatomical location is necessary in the interpretation and deciphering of its regulation in colon.

Effects of electric vehicles (EV) on environmental loads with consideration of regional differences of electric power generation and charging characteristic of EV users in Japan

In order to evaluate the reduction effect of electric vehicles (EVs) on various atmospheric environmental loads, we have performed a life-cycle inventory analysis (LCI), including the installation of charging stations and regional, seasonal and temporal difference of the energy mix of electricity generation. For an EV converted from a small gasoline vehicle, a regional LCI analysis was carried out in the following steps: (1) location of the charging stations, (2) modeling of charging characteristics of station users, (3) calculation of temporal life-cycle emission intensities of CO 2, NO x and SO x by region, season and day. Assuming that total traveling distance is 100,000 km, the electricity consumption rate is 0.119 kWh/km and the charging/discharging efficiency is 70%, the average life-cycle emission of CO 2 for that EV was 3.6 t-C throughout Japan. However, if we took regional difference into account, the emission ranged over 70–160% of the average amount. It was revealed that the regional difference of the primary energy mix significantly affected the emissions of EVs during the operation phase.

Elsevier's dictionary of environment in English, French, Spanish and Arabic

The main objective of Elsevier's Dictionary of Environment is to assist those involved in environmental activities in their attempt to make the world cleaner and to sustain its natural resources for future generations. It will help with the production of documentation for meetings and conferences as well as for drafting papers for training, information and communication purposes. Environmental concerns are important items on the political and economic agendas of most countries, whether developed or developing. In a world conscious of its environmental problems, studies in this domain have become an established discipline. Every new branch of science needs to define relevant terms to be used through the medium of language. The subject of environment is global because it touches everyone. Individuals, specialists or institutions concerned with the health of our planet need to mean the same thing when communicating with each other, notwithstanding language differences. The compilation of a multilingual dictionary on environment is not easy. The inclusion or omission of certain terms is an important question. However, the choice of terms, in this text, is based on two assumptions: the most commonly used terms, and their translatability into other languages without losing their intended meaning. Consideration of regional differences of the same languages has been taken into account. This dictionary contains terms covering the following fields and subfields: air pollution, biological diversity, biomass energy, biosafety, biotechnology, climate change, coastal environment, deforestation, desertification, endangered species, energy conservation, environmental economics, environmental impact assessment, forest conservation, freshwater pollution, global warming, greenhouse gases, human settlements, living marine resources, marine environment, mountain ecosystems, ozone layer, resources management, soil degradation, sustainable development, tropical ecosystem, wetland ecosystem. The layout of this dictionary is such that each language included may be used as a target as well as a source language.