Consideration Of Audience Research Articles

Autonomy Behind the Paywall: Subscription-Chasing and Journalistic Freedom at the Level of Practice

ABSTRACT Addressing the growing phenomenon of datafied paywalling, an ethnographic case study examined journalistic autonomy at the level of day-to-day activities in Finnish tabloid Iltalehti, which launched a chargeable service Iltalehti Plus in March 2021. Created “from scratch,” the service formed a unique laboratory to scrutinise paywalling and the connected use of audience metrics in a tabloid context. Against the backdrop of Henrik Örnebring and Michael Karlsson’s interpretation of journalistic autonomy, the article examines the boundaries of financial and audience considerations, the Iltalehti Plus journalists’ agency, and the ways in which they legitimated autonomy. The findings suggest that in certain conditions paywalling may lead to thoroughly metrics-driven journalistic practices and a remarkably strong market orientation in journalism. In Iltalehti Plus, journalists accepted and internalised the market orientation even on individual level, considering it as developing their professional skills. The legitimation of market-oriented journalism was based on the idea of securing the future of journalism.

Who does Neuroethics Scholarship Address, and What Does it Recommend? A Content Analysis of Selected Abstracts from the International Neuroethics Society Annual Meetings

Much neuroethics literature concludes with a set of normative recommendations. While these recommendations can be a helpful way of summarizing a proposal for a future direction, some have recently argued that ethics scholarship has devoted insufficient attention to considerations of audience and real-world applications. To date, however, while scholars have conducted topic analyses of neuroethics literature, to our knowledge no study has evaluated who neuroethics scholarship addresses and what it recommends. The objective of the present study therefore was to provide a preliminary characterization of recommendations offered in neuroethics scholarship and an assessment of their target audiences. Rather than attempting to demarcate what constitutes “neuroethics scholarship,” we analyzed text that authors’ had self-identified as being neuroethics-related: abstracts presented at the International Neuroethics Society (INS) annual meetings and published as top abstracts in AJOB Neuroscience in the last decade (2011–2020). We found that a majority of abstracts utilized conceptual methods (62.2%) and provided conceptual recommendations (68%). Roughly 77% of all abstracts did not explicitly address a target audience, yet nearly all of these were implicitly directed at other scholars. The remainder specified a target audience of scholars (12.2%), regulators (6.7%), healthcare providers (6.7%) and industry (2.6%). Only a subset of abstracts provided practical or policy recommendations (19.7%). Of those, the majority (61.5%) did not specify a target audience. Among the subset with actionable recommendations, a clarification of target audience may help increase the impact.

Audience Considerations: Ten Tips, Crafting a Hook, and the Writing Process

This editorial focuses on writing academic articles that appeal to researcher audiences. I offer 10 tips for audience considerations in writing research articles. One tip is to develop a hook. What is a hook and how does one craft it? I help to answer these questions by encouraging authors to move beyond the over-utilized claim that “very little research exists on this topic.” That is a challenging claim to substantiate after decades and centuries of existing studies on most topics, and it is unnecessary. More than likely in this contemporary year, there are many studies relevant to the topics of any article. Their lack is probably more a reflection of the author not thoroughly looking than whether they exist. But why make such a challenging claim? There are many other interesting reasons to pay attention to a topic than lack of attention. Be more creative than only “filling a gap.” The editorial concludes with attention to the writing process and an affirmation of the inverted triangle for organizing the structure of each section in an article.

한국, 미국, 유럽의 국제공통기술문서 Module 1 제출양식 중 의약품 표시에 관한 자료 비교 연구

National efforts to enhance the readability and utilization of drug labeling information are ongoing, emphasizing the pivotal role of effective systems influenced by regulatory frameworks. A comparative analysis of drug labeling submissions within the administrative context of Module 1 of the Common Technical Document revealed the potential to discern disparities in managing drug labeling information across distinct nations. Consequently, this study scrutinized the structure of drug labeling submissions in Module 1 within the jurisdictions of Korea, the United States, and Europe. Significantly, the United States and Europe require data assessing the consumer’s understanding of drug labeling, subject to regulatory review. In contrast, the Korean regulatory framework overlooks audience considerations and lacks data evaluating labeling appropriateness. These differing submission practices result in significant disparities in drug labeling content and format. Regulatory specifications heavily shape drug labeling, leading to differences in the depth of oversight due to submission format disparities. While the administrative content encompassed within Module 1 of the Common Technical Document acknowledges national discrepancies, we aspire to establish a more sophisticated and consumer-centric drug-labeling system in Korea.

The Drivers of Change for Future Learning: How Teachers Were Taught in the COVID-19 Crisis and What Will Come Next?

The COVID-19 pandemic wreaked havoc on education and resulted in huge changes. This research paper investigates on the factors driving change for future learning by studying the training of teachers during the COVID-19 crisis and their perceptions regarding the future of teaching. The study employed the methodology of opportunistic or emergent sampling to collect data from teachers aged 30–50 years who had experience in conducting online classes in different schools in KSA. The study suggests that effective virtual education depends on careful instructional design, audience consideration, and a systematic implementation model that produces various forms of teaching tailored to educational objectives. The research findings can guide future decisions about implementing online teaching, and the dimensions identified in this research can be compared with previous studies to derive key learning axes for future schools. The pandemic transition presents an opportunity to develop sustainable paradigms for future generations.

Much more than ‘Danny Boy’: bringing Irish traditional music to the USA

ABSTRACT Performances in the USA during the 1970s by three semi-professional groups – The Chieftains, the Siamsa Céilí Band, and Siamsa Tíre – present opportunities to understand developments in Irish traditional music during that period. These developments led to increased commercialisation of the music and tours by Irish performers to the USA in subsequent decades, providing access to a significantly larger market for the genre, within and beyond the diaspora. Underpinning the study is a critical consideration of audiences’ understanding of Irish identity and culture and the reception of Irish cultural performances in the USA at this time. These tours contributed to a reconceptualization of Irish traditional music that engaged new audiences in the USA and incorporated repertoire beyond what American audiences typically associated with Ireland at the time. Developing a professional approach, the groups presented repertoire from the dance music and harp music traditions, Irish language song, and traditional styles of dance. We examine the motivations for the tours, the itineraries and venues, and the material presented, as well as the impact of Northern Ireland politics on each of the groups and their performances.

Neutralising Tendency in Subtitling Chinese Culture-Specific References into English

Culture-specific references (hereafter CSRs) feature prominently in films by Chinese fifth- and sixth-generation directors. Based on the observation of 25 English-subtitled Chinese films made by four directors between 1984 and 2017, this paper identifies that the CSRs in the original Chinese dialogue are neutralised in their English subtitles through various translation strategies. The CSRs examined in this study encompass CSRs of customs in Zhang Yimou’s films, CSRs of local arts in Chen Kaige’s films, slang in Jia Zhangke’s films, and humour in Feng Xiaogang’s films, respectively embodying the quintessence of each director’s filmmaking style. A textual analysis is conducted to demonstrate how and why the neutralising tendency emerges in subtitling these Chinese CSRs. It is revealed that the strategies of explicitation, substitution, transposition, compensation and omission are employed to neutralise the CSRs. From a linguistic perspective, such a neutralising tendency can be attributed to the lack of equivalence in English culture, the polysemy of the Chinese CSRs, the compactness of the Chinese language, and sometimes the mistaken intralingual Chinese subtitles. As a constrained translation activity, the subtitling itself aggravates the neutralisation of the CSRs due to technical constraints and target audience considerations. As these films are representative Chinese films, the neutralisation indicates a product norm on the best practice of subtitling high-profile Chinese films. Meanwhile, it is a linguistic explanation for the cultural discount in translating Chinese audiovisual productions (Díaz-Cintas & Zhang, 2022).

Persuasive Communication Practices of Engineers in Cross-Boundary Decision-Making

ABSTRACT Engineers rely on communication skills to collaborate and make decisions across boundaries. This research seeks to examine an under-explored communication practice of engineers in work environments – persuasive communication. Research on persuasive communication (i.e. practices seeking to influence) includes extensive explorations within laboratory settings and certain contexts (e.g. healthcare, politics), yet should be further expanded within the engineering context. Using a multiple case study approach, we explored engineers’ communication practices across three organizations as they sought to negotiate, build consensus, persuade, and make decisions across boundaries. Engineers within this study commonly used persuasive communication to gain access to resources, align goals, and influence design decisions. These practices are presented through three narratives constructed based on the analysis of interviews and meeting observations as well as a rich understanding of the context. The narratives illustrate six emergent features of persuasive communication: (1) emotional engagement, (2) credibility of those involved, (3) audience consideration and power dynamics, (4) timing, (5) adaptability, and (6) shared situation awareness. These results highlight the pervasiveness of persuasive communication within engineering practice, providing a foundation for future work. The findings also have implications for supporting the development of engineering students and early career engineers.

КОМУНІКАЦІЙНІ СТРАТЕГІЇ ОРГАНІВ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ ПРИ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ

The article looks into theoretical aspects of public authorities’ communication strategies aimed at interaction with business entities. The essence of communication strategy and its place in public authorities’ activities are defined. The main functions of communication strategies are outlined: policy formation, efficiency analysis, resources optimization, influence on business community, increasing the efficiency of public administration. The key types (informing, dialogue, consultation and partnership) and means of authorities–business communication are analyzed. It was found that informing and dialogue belong to the tactical level of interaction, consulting can be regarded as tactical-strategic level depending on the existing circumstances, while partnership reflects the strategic level of communications. The peculiarities of authorities’ cooperation with mass media in establishing communications with the business community are revealed in two directions: influence on the target audience through mass media and building ties with the journalistic community to obtain informational support for political activity. The principles of establishing effective communication between authorities and business are summarized: transparency, democracy, making a plan, regulatory support, willingness to interact, information flows coordination, target audience consideration. The stages of a communication strategy development for public policy implementation by a government body in interaction with the business community are defined: definition of the purpose and objectives; stakeholders identification in the business environment for the implementation of the government's economic policy; analysis of the current positioning of the public administration body, its role and place in the information space; development of individual information messages for prior and secondary stakeholders; assessment of the communication capacity of the authority; choosing forms and methods of communication and interaction with stakeholders; determination of the most effective communication channels for each group of stakeholders; development of a working plan for the implementation of the communication strategy; diagnosis of the expected effectiveness of communication strategy.

Local Media Editorial Policy in Yogyakarta in News of Covid-19 (Case Study Editorial Policy in Harian Jogja and Tribun Jogja in News Of Covid-19)

Local mass media play a role in disseminating information about Covid-19. The news of Covid-19 is included in the editorial policy of the media because it contains important news value (significance). Editorial policies are important to research because the Covid-19 problem affects all aspects of life in society from politics, economy, social and culture. This study will look at the editorial policies of local media in Yogyakarta, Jogja Daily and Tribun Jogja in reporting on Covid-19. Researchers want to see how local media play an active role as a source of information that educates and improves the welfare of the community through its editorial policies. The editorial policy will be seen through the Gans story selection approach. The method in this research is a case study by conducting in-depth interviews with the editor. The editorial policy is seen from the period March 2021 to April 2021. The results show that the two local media prioritize the Covid-19 prevention agenda. Daily Jogja and Tribun Jogja saw that the local government did not have readiness in mitigating the pandemic, thus making the two local media editors have different sharpening in each aspect of choosing Gans stories, namely (1) source considerations, (2) substantive considerations, (3) product considerations, (4) value considerations, (5) commercial considerations, (6) audience considerations, and (7) political considerations.

Portraying Trans People in Children’s and Young Adult Literature: Problems and Challenges

The last twenty years have seen a proliferation of books for young people dealing with trans experience and issues. This article charts the emergence of transgender fiction for children and young adults, and its development during that period. It will address several questions arising from this phenomenon. How does the representation of trans experience differ when presented for a child readership rather than adults, and for younger children rather than adolescents? How are the representations of gender identity, gender expression and sexuality affected by considerations of audience? What are the tropes (or clichés) of trans fiction, and how have they changed? Whose points of view do the stories represent? Does it matter whether their authors are themselves trans? Is it more possible today than twenty years ago to assume some knowledge in child readers, or must every story “start from scratch”?
 There is no single answer to any of these questions, but the article will note some of the trends discernible over a range of texts published in English since the start of the century, and describe some of the challenges in writing texts about trans experience in the future.

Audience role in mathematical proof development

The role of audiences in mathematical proof has largely been neglected, in part due to misconceptions like those in Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (The new rhetoric: A treatise on argumentation, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, 1969) which bar mathematical proofs from bearing reflections of audience consideration. In this paper, I argue that mathematical proof is typically argumentation and that a mathematician develops a proof with his universal audience in mind. In so doing, he creates a proof which reflects the standards of reasonableness embodied in his universal audience. Given this framework, we can better understand the introduction of proof methods based on the mathematician’s likely universal audience. I examine a case study from Alexander and Briggs’s work on knot invariants to show that we can fruitfully reconstruct mathematical methods in terms of audiences.

독자 고려 유형에 따른 논설문 표현 전략 비교 - 상위담화 분석을 중심으로 -

독자 고려 유형에 따른 논설문 표현 전략 비교 - 상위담화 분석을 중심으로 -

The Cruft of Fiction: Mega-Novels and the Science of Paying AttentionThe Long and Short of It: From Aphorism to Novel

The Cruft of Fiction: Mega-Novels and the Science of Paying AttentionThe Long and Short of It: From Aphorism to Novel

STUDENTS’ CHOICES ON TOPICS PUBLISHED IN PROJECT IBUNKA AND THEIR RATIONALES (A CASE STUDY )

For novice writer, choosing a topic to write can be a difficult stage process since there are many factors to consider. The process of choosing topic and factors contribute to those choices are important to investigate since it can inform the writing teachers and lecturers about possible topics they may bring to the writing class. In addition, the students’ topic choices and their motives provide valuable information for writing teachers and lecturers to understand the students’ writing process, especially pre writing stage, which is very important to consider in teaching writing. This case study reveals students’ choice on topics and their rationales for choosing those topics. Fifteen English department students who took part in an online writing forum for more than twelve weeks, Project Ibunka, were observed and interviewed. The results show that campus activities and friendship were the top two topics chosen by students regarding school life. Meanwhile, entertainment and Events&Spots dominated students’ choice when they were asked to write about cultural topics. On the subject of social theme, majority of students chose educational issues for their topic. Various rationales of students topics choices were also discovered such as students’ interest on the topic, students’ consideration of audience and familiarity on the topic.

Differences between National and Local Media in News Coverage of the Zika Virus

ABSTRACTDo national and local papers report on health threats in the same way? This question is investigated in an important and increasingly common context: the outbreak of an infectious disease. Although there is a large literature on how to measure the quality of health reporting, scant attention has been devoted to the role of audience considerations. We address this gap by comparing coverage of the 2016 Zika outbreak in the New York Times, a prestigious national newspaper, and the Tampa Bay Times, a well-regarded Florida newspaper. Based on an original content analysis, we find that audience considerations led to higher quality coverage in the local paper, particularly as it relates to avoiding infection. However, certain features of reporting, such as sensationalist language and imprecise risk information, were indistinguishable across the two outlets, which illustrates the challenges faced by reporters at both kinds of papers when it comes to accurately portraying risk.

A study on Audience Consideration and Perception of Elementary School Students' according to Audience Specification of Writing Assignment

A study on Audience Consideration and Perception of Elementary School Students' according to Audience Specification of Writing Assignment

Is It a Man's World? Reconceptualizing the Right to Be Heard in the Aftermath of the Charlottesville Tragedy

This forthcoming Essay draws upon the racial conflict spurred by the “Unite the Right” rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, to explore the unspoken relationship between gender, protest, and violence in contemporary American society. It posits that the anemic response from the ACLU and government to the threat posed by the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville stems from various gendered limitations in traditional First Amendment analysis. Armed with insights from masculinity studies, feminist legal theory, and Critical Race Theory, the Essay highlights some of these limitations. It aims to prompt more searching inquiry into the ways gender constructs inform seemingly gender-neutral areas of First Amendment law. The Essay identifies two problems revealed by the responses to the Charlottesville events. First, it posits that our free speech jurisprudence was, as a matter of history, created in a “man’s world” with limited female participation. As a consequence, First Amendment doctrine encodes certain gendered cultural assumptions that assume a close relationship between passionate political protest and violence. This standard appeared to have required Charlottesville officials to protect protestors’ speech up to and until it constituted a call for immediate violence, or amounted to a concrete threat of tangible harm. This approach, in effect, subsidizes the interests of a specific identity construct called “protest masculinity,” which sociologists have recognized as a threat to minority communities and society more generally. The Essay argues that free speech doctrine focused on incitement and “true threats” of violence as the primary threats to democracy fails to adequately credit the harms inflicted by other forms of political intimidation. Second, the essay shows that our traditional doctrinal focus on individual rights—rather than community concerns—is masculine-gendered, and has tangible consequences for the quality of American political debate. It argues that First Amendment law needs more nuanced constructs that can accommodate the various fiduciary duties government officials have to local residents, stemming from captive audience considerations, including being used as props, foils, or forced witnesses to intentionally demeaning and traumatizing public speech. It emphasizes the need for a doctrine that permits a historically contextualized inquiry into targeted attempts at intimidation, as this approach would far better subsidize the expression of free speech interests that are valuable to democracy. The Essay concludes by examining areas of First Amendment doctrine that could be reimagined with more sensitivity to the risks posed by hidden masculinity norms. It shows that existing underdetermined and underdeveloped First Amendment doctrinal concepts can be interpreted to address fiduciary and communitarian interests. More broadly, the Essay claims that the time has come for First Amendment scholars to face the hidden gender norms in our doctrine, and to raise questions about how these standards compromise political debate. Once these norms are revealed, scholars can have far richer conversations about how First Amendment doctrine can be improved to ensure full participation by a broader range of speakers. https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Rich-05.28.18.pdf

Inside the writer’s head: embodying reflection on creative writing processes

Inside the writer’s head is a response to Ian Macdonald’s discussion of alternative approaches to assessing screenwriting within Higher Education (2001). Macdonald argues for consideration of the reflective work of students when assessing their screenplays. As both an assessor of student screenplays and a doctoral student engaged in creative practice-led research, this prompted me to consider how my own narrative comedy screenplays might be assessed as research outputs. My methodology of writing narrative comedy screenplays mirrored McKee’s (1998) writer’s method and occurred within an action research cycle of ideation, planning, writing, analysing, reflecting and evaluating (Christie et al. 2015). Reflective and creative writing processes such as idea generation, concept development, research and critical feedback were documented in a reflection journal. This action research cycle generated numerous ideas for screenplays. The screenplay discussed in this paper uses characters to explore the often competing rational, intuitive and emotional aspects of screenwriting and in doing so, contributes to the body of screenplays-as-research artefacts (Baker and Beattie 2013; Baker 2013, 2016; Batty 2014). The characters in Inside the writer’s head articulate thought processes behind ideation, the role of research and consideration of audience in developing screenplays. Inside the writer’s head challenges learners of screenwriting to consider why we write. The screenplay embodies critical reflection and demonstrates how reflective and creative perspectives can be integrated within the screenplay form. In doing so, Inside the writer’s head illustrates a hybrid form of screenplay for how screenplays might be assessed within an academic context.

‘The pumpkins are coming…vienen las calabazas…that sounds funny’: Translanguaging practices of young emergent bilinguals

In this paper, we utilize the theory of translanguaging to make sense of the biliterate activities of young emergent bilinguals in a before-school program for Latinx students at an elementary school. Our findings show that even early writers are able to draw from their full linguistic repertoire, utilizing orthographic and syntactic resources consciously, and continue to do so with increasing complexity as they get older and gain greater competence. The children in our study show how emergent bilinguals exhibit exceptionally sophisticated considerations of audience as they write across linguistically and culturally-diverse communities, navigating these in their writing, as they do in their daily lives. Opportunities for students to demonstrate and develop these skills are critical, especially in monolingual settings.