Consequences Of Use Research Articles

A Content Analysis of Behavior Change Techniques Employed in North American Vaping Prevention Interventions

Vaping among North American youth has surfaced as a concerning public health epidemic. Increasing evidence of harms associated with E-cigarette use, especially among the young, has prompted urgency in addressing vaping. Although a number of individual behavior change campaigns have arisen as a result, little is known about which behavior change techniques are being employed to influence youth vaping behavior. In this study, we aimed to code all North American vaping prevention campaigns using the behavior change technique taxonomy (Version 1) to determine which behavior change techniques are being used. We identified the sample of campaigns through systematic searches using Google. After applying the exclusion criteria, the campaigns were reviewed and coded for behavior change techniques. In total, 46 unique vaping prevention campaigns were identified, including 2 federal (1 from Canada, 1 from the U.S.), 43 U.S. state-level, and 1 Canadian provincial-level campaign(s). The number of behavior change technique categories and behavior change techniques in a campaign ranged from 0 to 5 (mean=1.56) and 0 to 6 (mean=2.13), respectively. Of the 16 possible behavior change technique categories, 4 were utilized across the campaigns, which included 5. Natural consequences (89%), 6. Comparison of behavior (22%), 13. Identity (20%), and 3. Social support (11%). Only a small number of behavior change techniques were used in North American vaping prevention campaigns, with a heavy and often sole reliance on communicating the health consequences of use. Incorporating other promising behavior change techniques into future campaigns is likely a productive way forward to tackling the complex and multifaceted issue of youth vaping.

To be, or not to be, happy? That's the question: a study on three levels of the digital divide and individual happiness in China

PurposeThis paper according to the logic of the “digital access divide--digital capability divide--digital outcome divide” aims to systematically discuss the impact of the digital divide on individual happiness in China, accounting for the variations that exist across different groups, as well as the corresponding mechanisms.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents cross-sectional analyses of the relationship between the digital divide and individual happiness in China. The analyses are based on data from the Chinese General Social Survey 2017, which academic institutions run on the Chinese Mainland. This database contains information on respondents' Internet access, skills and consequences of use, which can measure the digital divide of Chinese individuals at three levels.FindingsFirst, individual happiness declined when they experienced the digital access divide in China. For the digital capability divide, the lower the usage skills, the more individual happiness declined. When analyzing the digital outcome divide, the greater the negative consequences, the more individual happiness declined. Second, the impacts of digital access, capability and outcome divide vary according to age, gender, education degrees, hukou, region and sub-dimensions. Third, the digital access and capability divide reduce individuals' happiness by lowering their self-rated social and economic status, whereas the digital outcome divide reduce individual happiness by lowering their fairness perception and social trust.Originality/valueThe authors believe that this is the first study to examine the impact and its variations among different groups of the three-level digital divide on individual happiness, as well as its mechanisms.

Understanding students’ continued use of electronic medical records in hospital: task technology to performance chain approach

One of the main goals of research on information systems is to help end users and organizations use information technology effectively. Fieldwork practice trains students to apply their knowledge and work skills based on the standards of the health ministry in electronic medical record regulations. This activity also prepares students to live in their health information management profession. This study examined the willingness and ability to use electronic medical records in hospitals to determine how well students understand electronic medical records and what influences their use. This study was conducted at a hospital in Mojokerto, East Java, where students practice fieldwork. An institutional-based crosssectional study was conducted to assess the acceptability of the EMR system among students at Mojokerto Hospital from July 1-31st, 2022. The sampling method used simple random sampling of 136. A structured questionnaire was adopted from the previous studies. The questionnaire consists of 16 questions from the TTF, the expected consequences of use (COU), Facilitating Condition (FC), utilization (UI), and Performance Impact (PI) constructs. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS version 3.0. The result is that Task-technology fit is associated with the expected consequences of use (P=0.00), Consequences of Use (COU) are associated with Utilization (P=0.000), and the Facilitating condition is related to Utilization (P=0.00). We can conclude that task technology fit is indirectly associated with Utilization because of the Consequences of Use (COU). Task-technology fit, and Utilization does not affect the performance impact. This study can continue by testing the construct variables by the students on the field trips and by healthcare providers such as nurses and doctors.

Normalization of Prevention Principles and Practices to Reduce Substance Use Disorders Through an Integrated Dissemination and Implementation Framework.

Major research breakthroughs over the past 30years in the field of substance use prevention have served to: (1) enhance understanding of pharmacological effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems and the health and social consequences of use of psychoactive substances, particularly for children and adolescents; (2) delineate the processes that increase vulnerability to or protect from initiation of substance use and progression to substance use disorders (SUDs) and, based on this understanding, (3) develop effective strategies and practices to prevent the initiation and escalation of substance use. The challenge we now face as a field is to "normalize" what we have learned from this research so that it is incorporated into the work of those involved in supporting, planning, and delivering prevention programming to populations around the world, is integrated into health and social service systems, and helps to shape public policies. But we wish to go further, to incorporate these effective prevention practices into everyday life and the mind-sets of the public, particularly parents and educators. This paper reviews the advances that have been made in the field of prevention and presents a framework and recommendations to achieve these objectives generated during several meetings of prevention and implementation science researchers sponsored by the International Consortium of Universities for Drug Demand Reduction (ICUDDR) that guides a roadmap to achieve "normalization."

MACHINE OVER MIND? THE CLASH OF AGENCY IN SOCIAL MEDIA ENVIRONMENTS

Underlying many social media platforms are personalization engines designed to give people instant content and social recommendations to keep them engaged, yet understanding of their cognitive and behavioral impacts remains limited, particularly how user agency may be altered during interactions with these tools. In interviews and focus groups, a diverse sample of 45 participants offered their experiences with these tools where they reflected on how they responded and reacted to them, and how they felt they preserved their agency or had it eroded by the technology. Participants also reported several novel outcomes that occurred that they attributed to the tools, including falling down "rabbit holes" where time and conscious thinking appeared to dissolve -- outcomes they did not anticipate happening. Drawing from social cognitive theory, this dissertation advances an explanatory model that demonstrates the interactional dynamic between individuals and these choice recommendation engines, as well as identifies core agency, and related cognitive and behavioral, processes that appear to be activated during the interaction. As a practical contribution, this work demonstrates individuals can have the upper hand in these environments, so long as they have a clear understanding of the consequences of use of these tools. The model provides that guidance, building on past social cognitive work that sought to empower individuals to be free, non-constricted agents who can attain any realistic goal they desire, so long as they exercise their internal capacities to achieve it and have an awareness of the environments that may thwart it.

Adolescent substance use outcomes in response to social consequences of use: the role of empathy.

Evidence suggests empathy deficits have a temporal relationship with substance use severity by late adolescence theorized to decrease use via recognition of social consequences. However, this has yet to be tested empirically along with differences in cognitive and affective empathy. Adolescents admitted to substance use treatment (n= 3,382) were followed through treatment and 12 months after treatment. Variable trajectories were fit using growth curve models; and cross-lagged effects of cognitive and affective empathy on response to social consequences of use were tested along with how response to social consequences affected the mean trajectory of substance use. Results indicate higher cognitive empathy predicted greater response to social consequences of use and response to these consequences at the end of treatment predicted a steeper decrease in substance use. This evidence highlights the importance of cognitive empathy for responding to social consequences of use for motivating less substance use in adolescents.

Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol: a scoping review and commentary.

Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a psychoactive substance from the Cannabis plant that has been rising in popularity in the United States since the 2018 US Farm Bill implicitly legalized it. This study reviewed research from peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed (e.g. anecdotal and news) reports related to delta-8 THC to summarize current knowledge and implications for public health and safety. A scoping review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Google as search engines, leading to the identification of 103 documents that were summarized. The themes that emerged were (1) legality, (2) use (popularity, motives, psychoactivity/potency, benefits/consequences), (3) synthesis (byproducts, laboratory testing) and (4) retail (availability, price, packaging, youth-oriented marketing). A second author independently coded 20% of the documents, which verified the categorization of articles by these emergent themes. Most research used animal/cell models or focused upon ways to identify the chemical structure of delta-8 THC in various products. Findings suggest that people often use delta-8 THC as a substitute for other substances. Anecdotally, delta-8 THC is a less potent psychoactive than delta-9 THC; however, several negative consequences have been reported. There is no federal age restriction for purchase/possession of delta-8 THC products. Delta-8 THC is readily accessible on-line, is typically less expensive than delta-9 THC and is often marketed in ways that would seemingly appeal to children. There are no regulations on synthesis, resulting in products being contaminated and/or yielding inconsistent effects. There have been thousands of calls to US poison control centers due to accidental delta-8 THC exposure among minors. Most research on delta-8 THC is largely anecdotal, not peer-reviewed and does not involve human subjects. Future research should examine delta-8 THC use using nationally representative samples to more clearly understand the prevalence and consequences of use. Laws are needed to mitigate the risks of using delta-8 THC, particularly quality control of synthesis and minimum purchase age.

Comparative demography of a specialist and generalist fruit fly: Implications for host use and pest management

AbstractHost plants used by phytophagous insects can have significant consequences on demography parameters, overall lifetime fitness and their subsequent population dynamics. Here, we conduct a comparative demographic study between the specialist Zeugodacus cucumis (French) and generalist Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to determine whether the host plants used by these fly species play any role in their overall lifetime fitness and explains current host use patterns. These two fly species are pests within the north‐eastern region of Australia and we further aimed to use complete life‐history data to determine the population parameters and models that would help identify the sensitive life‐history stage that could be targeted for effective field management. Eggs collected from laboratory‐reared flies were inoculated into organically grown fruits of both the primary and alternate host plant cultivars of both fly species. The proportion surviving each life stage from egg through to adult and fecundity were monitored for all cohorts from the different plant cultivars. Complete stage‐base life‐tables for cohorts of each fly species developing from each fruit cultivar were constructed, and the key demographic parameters and population models were analysed using PopTools matrix model programme. Our results showed that the host used by each fly species had significant consequences on fly demographic parameters and hence their overall lifetime fitness. The generalist B. tryoni was able to compensate for the fitness loss experienced at the pre‐adult stage by having adults with higher fecundity, but this was not the case for the specialist Z. cucumis. Stage‐base population models revealed that the population growth rate of both species was highly sensitive at the adult reproductive stage, indicating that manipulating probability of survival at this life stage would effectively manage populations of these pest species. This study provides the empirical evidence of undertaking complete life history demography studies of phytophagous insects to accurately understand their lifetime fitness consequences of using a certain host, their observed host use patterns, and overall population dynamics. We suggest that any efforts to manage dacine fruit fly pest population should consider life‐history consequences of host use.

Nicotine replacement therapy for vaping cessation among mono and dual users: A mixed methods preliminary study

Many adults express interest in e-cigarette cessation; however, there are few empirically tested interventions for quitting vaping. This study seeks to (1) evaluate reasons for quitting e-cigarettes in treatment-seeking adults, and (2) assess the feasibility and acceptability of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for e-cigarette cessation. Adult daily e-cigarette users completed qualitative interviews about quitting e-cigarettes, then were randomized to either 28-day supply of combination NRT (21 mg patches, 4 mg lozenges) + supportive booklet or Quitline referral. Primary aims were feasibility (number who enrolled) and acceptability (NRT use, adverse side effects). Exploratory aims evaluated abstinence (7-day point-prevalence) at end of treatment. Of the 30 participants who were enrolled, 50 % (n = 15) were dual users, and 50 % (n = 15) were mono-vapers, 26.6 % (n = 8) of whom were former smokers. Participants reported seeking treatment due to health concerns, dependence, stigma, and cost. Anticipated challenges of quitting vaping were withdrawal, negative mood, sensorimotor habits, and convenience. Most completed the end of treatment survey (n = 24; 80 %). Participants who received NRT reported using the patch M = 10.89 days and lozenges M = 6.39 days, with few days of adverse effects (M = 2.67). At end of treatment, 6/18 (33.3 %; 6 mono and 0 dual users) in the intervention group reported abstinence from vaping, compared to 0 in the control group (Fisher = 5.00, p =.057). In conclusion, adults are interested in quitting e-cigarettes due to negative consequences of use and are willing to use pharmacotherapy. Future research should confirm these results in a larger trial, address cigarette smoking in dual users, and aim to disseminate treatments.

DRUG UTILIZATION STUDY IN A RADIOTHERAPY UNIT OF A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN RURAL WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Objective: Drug utilization studies lay special emphasis on the medical social and economic consequences of use of medications in special settings. This study was undertaken to identify the pattern of drugs prescribed frequently among patients attending the radiotherapy department. Methods: This is a prospective study undertaken between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2018. Prescriptions and patient records were reviewed and analyzed using the World Health Organization (WHO) indicators for drug utilization studies. Results: We encountered a total of 618 patients during the study period. Among them, 340 (55.01%) were female. The most common age groups presenting were between 21 and 60 years. Carcinoma breast was the most common type encountered (total cases 181, 29.28%), followed by carcinoma lung (total cases 92, 14.88%), carcinoma cervix, hematological malignancies, carcinoma prostate, and carcinoma rectum. Total number of drugs prescribed was 3008 in total 618 prescriptions making it 4.86 drugs per prescription on average. Among them on average per prescription, 2.82 drugs were cytotoxic drugs (1745 total), whereas 2.04 drugs were supportive or adjunct drugs (1263 total). Among the drugs prescribed, 96.24% were in generic names, 6.95% prescriptions contained antibiotics, and 96.44% (596) prescriptions contained injections. About 85.23% of drugs were prescribed from essential drug list. Average consulting was 8.2 min and dispensing time for adjunct drugs was 4 min on average. On average, 52.42% of patients (324) had complete correct knowledge of the dosage and schedule prescribed. Adverse drug reactions were common, out of 618 patients, 542 (87.7%) experienced ADRs most common being gastrointestinal and dermatological ADRs. The most common implicated drug was cisplatin. Six serious adverse events were encountered. Conclusions: This study provides a clear picture of drug use in this special clinic in rural Bengal and paves the way for larger and long-term study.

Disturbing aspects of smartphone usage: a qualitative analysis

ABSTRACT There is little research in the field of problematic smartphone use, which directly enquired with users about what they find disturbing about smartphone usage behaviour. This qualitative study addressed sub-critical issues which may be a precursor to more severe problems such as problematic smartphone usage. Ninety-nine participants completed an online questionnaire with open questions regarding disturbing smartphone usage behaviour. Using the method of ‘thematic analysis’, we identified eight themes that we clustered into two overarching themes: reasons for use and consequences of use. Five themes related to reasons for use, including inevitability, habitual use, avoiding unpleasant circumstances, need satisfaction and fulfilling social expectations. Three themes referred to consequences of smartphone usage (i.e. life management, social life, and online life). Across all themes it appeared that the different aspects of disturbing smartphone usage were triggered and sustained by contextual factors and complex social dynamics, suggesting that participants lack control over their actual usage. Therefore, this research provides a holistic view of the sub-critical issues disturbing participants as well as identifies several mechanisms perpetuating these problems. The listing and description of such sub-critical issues and the different mechanisms are of high importance for prevention and the design of interventions.

Development and initial validation of an MDMA/Ecstasy motives assessment

ObjectiveMDMA/Ecstasy motives differ from those of other substances such as alcohol, cannabis, and methamphetamine. Previous literature on alcohol and cannabis use identified social, expansion, enhancement, coping, and conformism as primary motives for use. MDMA/Ecstasy users also report using the drug for increases in self-awareness and energy. The development of an MDMA/Ecstasy use motives assessment has potential to inform treatment interventions and public policy on harm reduction. MethodAn MDMA/Ecstasy use motives assessment was developed from alcohol and cannabis motives measures and qualitative feedback from MDMA/Ecstasy users. Participants included an international sample of adults (N = 1754) who completed an online questionnaire regarding their motives for using recreational MDMA/Ecstasy. ResultsExploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported a 4-factor MDMA/Ecstasy motives scale. The four motive scales showed good internal consistency reliabilitySocial (α = 0.88) Expansion (α = 0.81), Coping (α = 0.82), and Energy (α = 0.75). Conformity and Enhancement did not emerge as significant factors. Analyses demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity with relevant constructs including quantity/frequency of use, MDMA use disorder, sensation seeking personality, and positive and negative consequences of use. ConclusionsMDMA/Ecstasy use motives differ from those of other substances due to the distinctly stimulating, emotional, and empathic effects sought by users. By identifying salient MDMA/Ecstasy motives, this study highlights the unique aspects of recreational MDMA/Ecstasy use. This research has utility for informing clinical practice and contributing to public health harm reduction efforts.

Drugs of Misuse: Focus on Vascular Dysfunction.

Common drugs of misuse, including cannabis, opioids, stimulants, alcohol, and anabolic steroids, have strikingly disparate acute and chronic vascular effects, leading to a wide range of clinical cardiovascular presentations. Acute cannabis smoking has been associated with increased risk for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke in otherwise healthy young people. However, it remains uncertain if people who exclusively smoke cannabis have increased risk for accelerated atherosclerosis similar to that found in people who exclusively smoke tobacco cigarettes. Cocaine and methamphetamines, both stimulants, increase risk for stroke, myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, and accelerated atherosclerosis, but only methamphetamine use is strongly linked to pulmonary hypertension. Chronic alcohol use is strongly associated with chronic hypertension and hemorrhagic stroke, but perhaps confers a lower risk for myocardial infarction. Finally, anabolic steroid use, presumably through adverse effects on circulating lipids and the hematopoietic system, is associated with increased risk for accelerated atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Physicians, especially cardiologists, emergency medicine, and internal medicine physicians, should be familiar with the short- and long-term vascular consequences of use of these substances, thereby ensuring appropriate, specific, and informed counselling and treatment.

Policing Pot: State-Level Cannabis Arrests Increase Perceived Risks and Costs but Not Use.

Legal sanctions are purported to play a role in cannabis use and related consequences. General models of deterrence suggest that increases in arrests should decrease consumption by heightening perceptions of the negative consequences of use as well as the likelihood and severity of penalties. The present study examined if arrests resulting from cannabis possession relate to cannabis consumption, perceptions of use, and likelihood and severity of related penalties. Combining data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health with the FBI Uniform Crime Report (2002-2013) allowed for the estimation of a series of fixed- effects models that compare rates of arrests and perceived risks of aggregate rates of self-reported use at the state-level over time. Forty-nine states reported data (N = 592 state-years). Cannabis-related arrest rates (ratio of possession arrests for state/state population times 1,000) ranged from 0.04 - 5.63. Increases in cannabis-related arrests were associated with heightened perceptions of risk from use (b = .80 [-.16, 1.8], p < .05); but this association was non-significant in the model omitting states that legalized recreational cannabis in 2012. Arrests related to greater perceptions of the severity of potential penalties, including community service (b = .54 [.24, .85], p < .05), probation (b = .85 [.44, 1.3], p < .001), and prison sentences (b = .25 [.02, .5], p < .05). Arrest rates were not associated with cannabis use (b = -.25 [-.52, .05], p > .05) or the proportion of new initiates (b = -.02 [-.08, .05], p > .05). We conclude that increased arrests are associated with perceptions of negative consequences and penalty but appear unrelated to actual use. This study highlights the need to re-examine the utility of punitive approaches to reduce the public health burden posed by substance use.

Young People's Knowledge of the Consequences of Using Toxic Cosmetics

Introduction: A study on the knowledge of young people on the consequences of the use of toxic cosmetic products was carried out at the Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales of Kisangani with the objectives of analysing young people's knowledge of the use of toxic cosmetics, determining the consequences of abusive use of these products and evaluating the treatment in the event of irritation or intoxication.&#x0D; Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on face-to-face interviewing of students in the period from 1 January to 15 October 2021. Based on a Simple random sampling. Thus, 60 young people were recruited from a population of 1,865 students.&#x0D; Results: It was shown that the majority of young people (81.7%) were not aware of the chemical agents contained in toxic cosmetics, skin cancer was the consequence of the abusive use of toxic cosmetic products (50.0%), changing products considered toxic was the management observed in case of allergies or skin irritations (53.3%).&#x0D; Conclusion: Young people's lack of knowledge about the chemical agents in toxic cosmetic products is a real public health problem. The need and importance of raising awareness among young people about not using toxic cosmetic products that can cause harmful and damaging consequences on the skin is essential. This is where the role of the authorities in charge of controlling and regulating the conformity of products released for consumption comes in.

Expert responsibility in AI development

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the responsibility of AI experts for guiding the development of AI in a desirable direction. More specifically, the aim is to answer the following research question: To what extent are AI experts responsible in a forward-looking way for effects of AI technology that go beyond the immediate concerns of the programmer or designer? AI experts, in this paper conceptualised as experts regarding the technological aspects of AI, have knowledge and control of AI technology that non-experts do not have. Drawing on responsibility theory, theories of the policy process, and critical algorithm studies, we discuss to what extent this capacity, and the positions that these experts have to influence the AI development, make AI experts responsible in a forward-looking sense for consequences of the use of AI technology. We conclude that, as a professional collective, AI experts, to some extent, are responsible in a forward-looking sense for consequences of use of AI technology that they could foresee, but with the risk of increased influence of AI experts at the expense of other actors. It is crucial that a diversity of actors is included in democratic processes on the future development of AI, but for this to be meaningful, AI experts need to take responsibility for how the AI technology they develop affects public deliberation.

Social norms and club drug use of young adult college students during Music Week

Background: Young adult college students have high rates of substance use, theoretically related to social norms. Behavioral norms refer to the quantity of substances that students think others use, and attitudes refer to how much students or others approve of substance use. Prior research has shown a relationship between behavioral norms, student attitudes, and perceived parental attitudes and alcohol and marijuana use. However, the relationship between social norms and use of club drugs (e.g., MDMA) has not been studied.Objective: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to expand knowledge about young adult college student social norms and club drug use.Methods: 200 young adult undergraduates (Women = 97, 49%) were recruited from a campus recreational facility on a large private Southeastern university in April 2019. Students self-reported behavioral norms, student attitudes, parental perceived attitudes, club drug use during a typical week and during music week, and substance use consequences.Results: Logistic and negative binomial regressions showed that student attitudes were significantly related to club drug use in a typical week (OR = 2.07, p = .005), during music week (OR = 2.08, p = .001), and consequences of use (RR = 1.23, p < .001), but behavioral norms and perceived parental attitudes were not.Conclusions: Findings build on social norms research with alcohol and marijuana use. Attitudes may be more important to consider than behavioral norms or perceived parental attitudes for interventions to reduce club drug use. Young adults (18-25 years old) have a high risk for substance use; both alcohol and drug use increase throughout adolescence and peak in young adulthood. 1–3 Young adults have high heavy episodic drinking (35% past month) and illicit drug use (25% past month), with greater MDMA use (10% vs 7%) and marijuana use (35% vs. 15%) than other adults. 4 Alcohol and marijuana use has been linked to many negative consequences, such as blackouts, physical injuries, unprotected sex, and even death. 5 , 6 Club drug use is also linked to negative consequences, such as memory lapse, headaches, loss of energy, trouble sleeping, depression, confusion, anxiety, irritability, nausea, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure. 7 , 8

0652 Associations Between Anhedonia and Maladaptive Beliefs About Sleep in Middle Age and Older Adults with Insomnia Disorder

Abstract Introduction Comorbid depression often exacerbates dysfunctional beliefs about sleep in those with insomnia disorder. Anhedonia, a core symptom of depression, may be mechanistic in this association. Previous research suggests that, when appraising potential decisions, individuals with anhedonia regularly overestimate the probability of negatively valenced outcomes and underestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes. This study explores the relationship between anhedonia and sleep-related cognitions in patients with insomnia disorder. Methods Adults 50 years and older (N = 241) who met DSM-5 criteria for insomnia disorder were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of a stepped care approach to delivering Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia. At baseline, participants completed the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale, Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale (cognitive subscale), Beliefs about Medications Questionnaire (Subscales assess the belief that hypnotics are necessary and concern regarding consequences of use), and PROMIS sleep-related impairment short form. A t-test was used to compare participants who did and did not endorse anhedonia on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). We also correlated the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) anhedonia item with sleep-related cognition measures. Results Participants reporting anhedonia (GDS) endorsed greater dysfunctional beliefs about sleep (p &amp;lt; .001, d = 0.44) and sleep-related impairment (p &amp;lt; .01, d = 0.39). Groups did not differ significantly regarding belief in the necessity of sleep medications and concern with hypnotic use, nor in pre-sleep arousal. Higher anhedonia (PHQ-4) was correlated with more severe dysfunctional beliefs about sleep (r = .20, p &amp;lt; .01), belief in the necessity of hypnotics to manage sleep disturbance (r = .22, p &amp;lt; .001), and greater pre-sleep arousal (r = .18, p &amp;lt; .01). Conclusion Endorsement of anhedonia was associated with stronger dysfunctional beliefs about sleep in this sample of middle age and older adults with insomnia disorder. Participants reporting anhedonia also reported greater sleep-related impairment. Exploring anhedonia as a transdiagnostic symptom that influences interpretation of sleep-related difficulties may elucidate underlying mechanisms that sustain maladaptive cognitions. Prospective, multi-method studies will be essential to clarify predictive interactions between reward system dysfunction and sleep-related beliefs in those with insomnia disorder. Support (If Any) 1R01AG057500

Psychosocial Indicators of Adolescent Alcohol, Cigarette, and Marijuana Use: An Analysis of Normalized, Harmonized, and Pooled Data.

We normalized, harmonized, and pooled 344,429 surveys collected from 106,470 research participants from 25 research studies that assessed past 30-day alcohol use, drunkenness, smoking cigarettes, using marijuana, and a host of psychosocial variables. After normalizing and harmonizing psychosocial measures, we completed analyses to examine the ability of psychosocial variables to serve as proxy indicators of use. Intentionality, peer descriptive normative beliefs, and age emerged as being of primary importance in indicating use. Additional variables - peer injunctive norms, beliefs about the positive and negative consequences of use, and attitudes - were also demonstrated to have the potential to serve as proxies in the assessment of substance use risk. There were developmental patterns in how intentionality and descriptive normative beliefs changed with age. Young adolescents had scores that are protective; they have positive intentionality and do not see the prevalence of alcohol and other drug use as widespread. These and other psychosocial variable's mean scores generally erode with age while the distribution of scores widens as youth grow older. The goal of analyses was to define age-related psychosocial profiles that can be used prospectively to estimate substance use risk. These profiles are useful in creating virtual control cases for evaluating disseminated prevention programs.

A LABORATORY STUDY OF BITUMINOUS MIXES USING A NATURAL FIBRE

Generally, a hydrocarbon mixture could be a mixture of coarse combination, fine combination, filler and binder. A Hot combine Asphalt could be a hydrocarbon mixture wherever all constituents ar mixed, placed and compacted at warm temperature. HMA is Dense ranked mixes (DGM) called Bituminous Concrete (BC) or gap ranked called Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA). SMA requires stabilising additives composed of polysaccharide fibbers, mineral fibres or polymers to prevent drain down of the combination. within the gift study, an effort has been created to review the consequences of use of a naturally and domestically out there fibre known as SISAL fibre is employed as stabilizer in SMA associated as an additive in BC. For preparation of the mixes combination gradation has been taken as per MORTH specification, binder content has been varied often from fourdimensional to seven-membered and fibre content varied from 1/3 to most zero.5% of total combine. As a district of preliminary study, ash has been found to result satisfactory Marshall Properties and therefore has been used for mixes in subsequent works. victimization Marshall Procedure Optimum Fibre Content (OFC) for each B.C. and SMA mixes was found to be zero.3%. equally Optimum Binder Content (OBC) for B.C. and SMA were found to be five-hitter and five.2% severally. Then the B.C. and SMA mixes ready at OBC and OFC ar subjected to totally different performance checks like Drain down test, Static Indirect strength check and Static Creep check to judge the consequences of fibre addition on combine performance. it's ended that addition of sisal fibre improve the combination properties like Marshall Stability, Drain down characteristics and indirect strength just in case of each BC and SMA mixes. Ii is ascertained that SMA is healthier than B.C. in respect of indirect tensile strength and creep characteristics.