Consequences Of Use Research Articles

The effect of social media in identity formation in adolescence

This article explores the effects of social media networking sites on identity formation and self- presentation among adolescence. It analyses the positive and negative consequences of social media use on formation of a unique, authentic and coherent identity. Effects such as self – exploration, community building, networking, learning of new skills are some of the many positive effects that have been explored. Nonetheless, scientific evidence indicating negative effects such as decreased self- worth, social comparison, depleting self – concept, identity confusion, augmenting depression and anxiety outweigh the positive consequences of use. This literature does not vindicate a positive or negative effect of social media as that might present a skewed view.

Contextualizing HIV testing experiences within the HIV prevention cascade: qualitative insights from refugee youth in Bidi Bidi refugee settlement, Uganda

BackgroundThere remain key knowledge gaps regarding HIV testing needs and priorities among refugee youth in low and middle-income country (LMIC) humanitarian settings. The HIV prevention cascade framework focuses on three domains (motivation, access, effective use) central to prevention uptake, yet is understudied in relationship to HIV testing, particularly among refugee youth. Uganda is an exemplar context to explore refugee youth HIV testing needs and priorities as it hosts 1.5 million refugees and is Africa’s largest refugee hosting nation. In this study, we explored perceptions and experiences regarding HIV testing among refugee youth living in Bidi Bidi refugee settlement, Uganda.MethodsWe conducted a community-based research study in Bidi Bidi Refugee Settlement, one of the world’s largest refugee settlements with over 195,000 residents. This qualitative study involved four focus groups (2 with young women, 2 with young men) with refugee youth aged 16–24 living in Bidi Bidi refugee settlement. We applied thematic analysis informed by the HIV prevention cascade to understand domains of motivation, access, and effective use that emerged as salient for HIV testing engagement.ResultsParticipants (n = 40; mean age: 20 years, standard deviation: 2.2) included refugee young women (n = 20) and young men (n = 20), of whom 88% had a lifetime HIV test and 58% had ever heard of HIV self-testing. Participant discussions described HIV testing motivation was influenced by dimensions of: HIV treatment and testing knowledge; risk perception; positive and negative consequences of use; and social norms regarding gender and age. Access to HIV testing was shaped by: limited availability; distance and language barriers; confidentiality concerns; and affordability. Effective use of and engagement with HIV testing was related to HIV serostatus knowledge self-efficacy and in/equitable partner dynamics.ConclusionsComplex, multi-level factors shape motivation for, access to, and effective use of HIV testing among refugee youth in Bidi Bidi. Findings align with the HIV prevention cascade framework that helps to identify gaps to inform intervention development with youth in humanitarian settings. HIV testing approaches tailored for refugee youth in contexts such as Bidi Bidi can foster HIV prevention and treatment literacy, gender equity, gender-based violence prevention, and intersectional stigma reduction.

Examining the Popularity, Content, and Intersections With the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Definition of Recovery in a Nonclinical Online Cannabis Cessation Community: Infodemiology Study of Reddit Posts.

Cannabis consumption has increased in recent years, as has cannabis use disorder. While researchers have explored public online community discussions of active cannabis use, less is known about the popularity and content of publicly available online communities intended to support cannabis cessation. This study aims to examine the level of engagement and dominant content of an online community for cannabis cessation through 3 specific aims. First, we examine the use of a subreddit cannabis cessation community (r/leaves) over time to evaluate the popularity of this type of resource for individuals who want to stop using cannabis. Second, we examine the content of posts in the community to identify popular topics related to cessation. Third, we compare the thematic findings relative to the 4 domains of recovery defined by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). By examining these 3 gaps, we take the initial steps toward understanding the experiences being shared online among individuals interested in cannabis cessation and compare them with the principles outlined in the SAMHSA definition of recovery. Using the Pushshift application programming interface, we collected the count of posts by year between 2011 and 2021 and the narrative of the 100 posts with the most comments per year in a popular cannabis cessation-focused subreddit (r/leaves). A linear model and a nonlinear model were compared to evaluate change in the number of posts by year. Mixed natural language processing and qualitative analyses were applied to identify top terms, phrases, and themes present in posts over time. Overlap between themes and the 4 SAMHSA domains of recovery (health, purpose, community, and home) were examined. The number of annual posts in r/leaves increased from 420 in 2011 to 34,841 in 2021 (83-fold increase), with exponential growth since 2018. The term that was the most common across posts was "smoke" (2019 posts). Five major themes were identified, and a narrative arc was represented, from motivations and perceived benefits of cannabis use to the negative consequences of use, strategies to change behaviors, and the positive and negative consequences of change. There was substantial overlap between these 5 themes and 3 of SAMHSA's 4 domains of recovery: health, purpose, and community. However, the domain of home was less commonly identified. Engagement in this online cannabis support community appears to be increasing. Individuals using this forum discussed several topics, including multiple aspects of recovery defined by the SAMHSA. Online communities, such as this one may, serve as an important pathway for individuals seeking to reduce or cease their consumption of cannabis.

The Unintended Consequences of Telehealth in Australia: Critical Interpretive Synthesis.

Despite more than 2 decades of telehealth use in Australia and the rapid uptake during the COVID-19 pandemic, little is known about its unintended consequences beyond its planned and intended outcomes. The aim of this review was to synthesize evidence on the unintended consequences of telehealth use in Australia to clarify its impact beyond its planned and intended outcomes. We conducted a search of 4 electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, EBSCO CINAHL, and Scopus. A critical interpretive synthesis approach was adopted for its flexibility and interpretive nature. We extracted data about study characteristics and the types and models of telehealth services. The extracted unintended consequences were coded and mapped into the domains and dimensions of the Australian Health Performance Framework. Of the 4241 records identified by the search, 94 (2.22%) studies were eligible for data extraction and analysis. Of these 94 studies, 23 (24%) reported largely positive unintended consequences of telehealth associated with health status, while 6 (6%) noted a potential negative impact of telehealth on socioeconomic status. The findings of 4 (4%) of the 94 studies highlighted societal and financial consequences of telehealth beyond the health system. Almost all studies (93/94, 99%) reported unintended consequences under the 5 dimensions of the Australian Health Performance Framework. Our synthesis offers a framework for understanding the unintended consequences of the use of telehealth as an alternative to in-person care in Australia. While we have documented many unintended benefits of telehealth use, our findings also shed light on many challenges of delivering care via telehealth across different domains and dimensions. These findings hold significant practice and policy-making implications for ensuring safe and high-quality care delivery via telehealth.

Exploring perceptions of anti-vaping message themes: A qualitative study of Australian adolescents and adults.

Minimising electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) uptake and encouraging vaping cessation have become important components of public health agendas. Given the success of well-designed anti-smoking campaigns, attention has turned to developing health communications that target vaping. Although prior work has identified a range of potentially effective campaign messages, several gaps in the literature remain. We aimed to (i) identify message themes perceived to be effective at minimising e-cigarette use and (ii) elicit opinion on how these message themes could be optimised in terms of message execution and delivery. Focus groups (n = 16) were conducted with adolescents (14-15 and 16-17 year olds), young adults (18-24 year olds), and adults (25-39 year olds). The groups reported on message themes they believed would assist with minimising e-cigarette use. They then provided feedback on 14 message themes developed by the research team. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Groups discussed a range of message themes they believed would be effective. These included themes focused on the health harms associated with vaping, the chemical ingredients in e-cigarettes, use dependence, and social attitudes to use. Groups discussed the importance of using evidence-based personal testimonies, and reported that messages would be most effectively communicated via social media, in public places, and at point of sale. Results build on existing research by identifying message themes perceived to be most effective, and how these would best be executed. Results have the potential to inform the development of co-designed health communication campaigns addressing youth vaping. Using a stratified focus group methodology, we collected rich and detailed qualitative data on Australians' perceptions of anti-vaping message themes. Themes considered most effective were those that addressed the health harms of vaping, the chemical ingredients in e-cigarettes, social consequences of use and the impacts of dependence. We recommend further work to develop and trial a range of specific anti-vaping messages based on the themes identified as having the most potential. This process should include iterative co-design with the target audience to optimise future health communication campaigns.

Beyond Frequency and Quantity of Cannabis Consumption among College Students: Context of Using Cannabis Relates to Cannabis-Related Outcomes

Objective: Due to little knowledge regarding the contextual factors related to cannabis use, we aimed to provide descriptive statistics regarding contextual factors related to use and examine the predictive ability of contextual factors. Method: We included college student participants (n = 5700; male = 2893, female = 3702, other gender identity = 48, missing = 57) from three multi-site studies in our analyses. We examined the means and standard deviations of contextual factors related to cannabis use (social context/setting, form of cannabis, route of administration, source of purchase, and proxies of use). Additionally, we tested the predictive ability of the contextual factors on cannabis use consequences, protective behavioral strategies, and severity of cannabis use disorder, via an exploratory machine learning model (random forest). Results: Descriptive statistics and the correlations between the contextual factors and the three outcomes are provided. Exploratory random forests indicated that contextual factors may be helpful in predicting consequences and protective behavioral strategies and especially useful in predicting the severity of cannabis use disorder. Conclusions: Contextual factors of cannabis use warrants further exploration, especially considering the difficulty in assessing dosage when individuals are likely to consume in a group context. We propose considering measuring contextual factors along with use in the past 30 days and consequences of use.

Thanks to Social Media, Now We Can Waste Our Time More Efficiently: Use of Social Media and Employees’ Productivity

Previous literature presents a gap to study the mediating mechanism in the relationship between use of social media to perform a job and employees’ productivity. Based on the transactional stress and coping model, we conducted the present research to assess the serial mediation of information overload and ambiguity intolerance for this relationship. Using adapted research questionnaires, we used an online data collection technique to collect data from a sample of 232 employees working with Pakistan International Airlines (PIA). Results obtained through structural equation modeling, indicate significant serial mediation of information overload and ambiguity intolerance in the relationship between use of social media and overall employees’ productivity. We also found that use of social media is positively related to information overload and ambiguity intolerance and negatively related to employees’ overall productivity. The study has contributed to the literature by identifying situational, psychological, and behavioral consequences of use of social media at work. Research has discussed several implications for organizations and researchers.

Examination of Rumination's Mediating Role in the Relation Between Distal Personality Predictors, Cannabis Coping Motives, and Negative Cannabis-Related Consequences.

Perseverative cognitive processes, such as rumination, may indirectly influence effects of personality traits on cannabis use and related problems. Understanding relations among personality, rumination, and cannabis use motives may lead to better understanding of problematic cannabis use. The present study examined personality traits' influence on negative cannabis-related consequences via rumination and cannabis use coping motives. We tested a sequential path model across two independent samples such that the model was tested in one sample and replicated in the second sample. Participants were U.S. undergraduate students from multiple universities who reported using cannabis at least once in the prior thirty days. Results partially supported hypotheses such negative urgency and distress tolerance were indirectly related to negative cannabis-related consequences via rumination and coping motives. Specifically, higher negative urgency and lower distress tolerance were related to higher rumination. Higher rumination was related to higher coping motives; which in turn was related to more negative cannabis-related consequences. Results indicate that rumination is a risk factor belying associations between personality and cannabis use to cope and negative consequences of use. Implementing techniques that attenuate rumination for individuals high in negative urgency or low in distress tolerance may reduce or prevent problematic cannabis and unintended outcomes.

Performance of service and combat tasks related to the use of firearms by employees of the national police under the conditions of the state of martial

The article examines the peculiarities and problems of the use of firearms by national police officers under martial law. It takes into account the range of duties and tasks assigned to police officers. Practical analysis of police use of firearms at checkpoints. Legal behavior that regulates the use of firearms by the police has certain peculiarities. Today, police officers try to avoid the use of firearms even in situations where their use is prescribed by law, which sometimes leads to the failure or improper performance of their duties. The article also analyzes cases of police use of firearms at checkpoints and the possible consequences of the use of firearms. They discussed ways to solve the issue of effective and legal use of firearms by employees. Martial law conditions lead to increased danger and risk for state institutions and the entire population of Ukraine. In these conditions, law enforcement agencies work in an intensified mode, carrying out round- the-clock collection and generalization of information. The police patrol the streets, check the documents of suspicious persons and, if necessary, have the right to inspect things, vehicles, luggage and cargo, as well as official premises and citizens’ homes. These measures are aimed at ensuring the safety and protection of the Ukrainian population in the conditions of martial law associated with the armed aggression of the Russian Federation.
 Legal safeguards protecting police powers in case of lawful use of firearms are considered, as well as the possible consequences of going beyond what is necessary to apprehend an offender. The use of firearms during martial law is an important matter of public safety and order. This article analyzes the characteristics, problems, and possible consequences of such use and suggests ways to solve them in order to ensure safety and respect the rights and responsibilities of police officers in such situations. In summary, the use of firearms by police officers during martial law requires further research and study, as police officers often operate in extreme circumstances where they must use firearms. The primary purpose of using firearms is to protect the lives of police officers and those in immediate danger. Therefore, it is imperative that this topic is studied in more detail to ensure that firearms are used effectively and legally while keeping all parties involved safe.

Жасанды интеллектіні Арбитражда қолданудың перспективалары

The article is devoted to the possibilities and problems of application of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in the arbitration of the Republic of Kazakhstan, i.e.: in forensic examination, analytical and organizational work, adjudication, interpretation and analysis of law, as well as control over the adoption and execution of court decisions. In the course of the research the foreign experience of using artificial intelligence systems in the judicial systems of Great Britain, the USA and the Netherlands was analyzed. In addition, three main directions of application of artificial intelligence in judicial proceedings were identified. Based on the application of artificial intelligence in practice, it was determined that the use of the European Charter of Ethics in the legislation of judicial and law enforcement systems leads, as predicted by researchers, to positive and negative consequences of use. In addition, it was determined that the use of artificial intelligence in judicial proceedings can optimize the judicial system, prevent subjective attitudes, corruption and possible miscarriage of justice, and risk is necessary. These include: compliance with the ethical principles of artificial intelligence, the impossibility of ensuring transparency and verifiability of court decisions made by artificial intelligence, their legislative non-approval and non-compliance with the requirements of law, protection of personal information. In conclusion, recommendations are given to prevent the negative impact of the introduction of artificial intelligence in arbitration.

Polish adaptation and validation of the Short Inventory of Problems (SIP-2L).

The aim of the research was to present the Polish adaptation and validation of the Short Inventory of Problems (SIP-2L) by Miller et al. (1995). The SIP-2L is a popular selfreport measure used to assess the negative consequences of alcohol use in 5 domains with negative consequences: physical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, social and impulse control. The adapted version of SIP assesses lifetime consequences of using alcohol. A total of 256 participants diagnosed with alcohol dependence (71 women and 185 men) completed an assessment battery that included SIP-2L and Polish versions of AUDIT, MAST and KOEP-R, which is a modified Polish adaptation of CEAQ - Comprehensive Effects of Alcohol Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the hypothesized 5-factor model produced the best fit. Reliability of the entire method (Cronbach's α = 0.868) and for all factors was satisfactory, as was convergent validity. The results support that the Polish version of the SIP-2L has good psychometric properties and can successfully assess the consequences of drinking among patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence.

Do anxiety symptoms and coping motives serially mediate the association between psychotic-like experiences and cannabis-related problems in undergraduate recent cannabis users?

Many Canadian emerging adults (ages 18–25 years) use cannabis, with 60 % of past-three-month users experiencing one or more cannabis-related problems (i.e., adverse consequences of use). While psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and cannabis problems overlap, little is known about the mechanisms explaining this link. One hypothesis is that PLEs are distressing and give rise to anxiety, with which emerging adults attempt to cope through increased cannabis use, in turn increasing their risk for cannabis-related problems. We tested a chained-mediational model to determine if anxiety and coping-with-anxiety motives for cannabis use sequentially mediated the link between PLEs and cannabis problems in emerging adult undergraduates; a conditional process model tested for moderation by sex. Emerging adult cannabis users (N = 413; mean [SD] age = 19.1 [1.5] years; 71.9 % female) from five Canadian universities provided cross-sectional, self-report survey data in fall 2021. Validated measures of PLEs, anxiety, cannabis coping-with-anxiety motives, and cannabis-related problems were administered. Path analyses supported the hypothesized chained mediational indirect effect (b = 0.027, 95 % bootstrap CI [0.012, 0.050]). No direct effect was found (p =.698), suggesting that the PLEs-to-cannabis problems association is fully explained by anxiety and cannabis coping-with-anxiety motives. Inconsistent with hypotheses, mediation did not depend on sex (95 % CIs crossed zero); therefore, anxiety and cannabis coping-with-anxiety motives explain the link between PLEs and cannabis problems in emerging adults regardless of their sex. Results highlight anxiety and cannabis coping-with-anxiety motives as potentially important intervention targets in cannabis-using emerging adults with PLEs, possibly preventing the development/worsening of cannabis-related problems.

Results of a randomized controlled trial of the cannabis eCHECKUP TO GO personalized normative feedback intervention on reducing cannabis use, cannabis consequences, and descriptive norms

BackgroundThe prevalence of cannabis use disorder and its negative consequences among young adults has highlighted the need for prevention and early intervention programs. However, low treatment prevalence persists due to factors such as lack of perceived need, concerns about stigma, and limited access to treatment. To address these barriers, web-based cannabis interventions have been developed, but their efficacy remain limited. This study aims to evaluate the cross-site efficacy of the Cannabis eCHECKUP TO GO program, a web-based Personalized Normative Feedback and Protective Behavioral Strategies intervention for reducing cannabis use frequency and consequences in college students with willingness to change. MethodsParticipants were 781 students from three universities (two in Canada, one in the US) who reported using cannabis in the past month and expressed interest in reducing or engaging in safer cannabis use. The study randomly assigned them to either an experimental group that received personalized normative feedback or a control group that received information on healthy stress management. The study collected follow-up data 4 weeks after the initial intervention and measured participants' frequency of cannabis use, number of cannabis consequences, descriptive and injunctive norms at both time points. ResultsThe results showed no significant reductions in cannabis use or negative consequences of use. However, students who received personalized normative feedback experienced a significant reduction in descriptive norms related to cannabis use, to be more in line with actual use. ConclusionThis study suggests that more targeted interventions may be necessary for university students who are already using and seeking help to reduce their use.

Loss of Foreign DNA Inserts from Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus Vectors—Potential Consequences for Use in Functional Genomics Studies

Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-based vectors are frequently used in virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and, more recently, viral overexpression (VOX) studies in wheat. Two general strategies are employed to initiate infection in wheat plants with BSMV in VIGS and VOX studies. One method involves the direct infection of wheat using viral RNA produced via the in vitro transcription of BSMV constructs. The second class utilizes viral replication in an intermediate host plant to produce large amounts of BSMV viral particles that are then used to inoculate wheat plants. This study was designed to examine the potential for BSMV-VIGS constructs to rearrange during replication in the intermediate host and result in initiating the VIGS studies with a virus that is significantly different from the original experimental construct. It is shown that in the case of BSMV-VIGS constructs harboring a PDS-silencing fragment, significant rearrangement can occur during replication in the intermediate host that has the potential to introduce artifactual experimental outcomes.

Drivers and Consequences of ChatGPT Use in Higher Education: Key Stakeholder Perspectives.

The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into education has heralded a transformative era in the way students learn and faculties teach. Among the burgeoning array of AI tools, ChatGPT stands out as a versatile and powerful resource. Developed by OpenAI, ChatGPT is an AI-driven conversational model that generates human-like responses. This research draws on the Constructivism Learning Theory to uncover the key drivers pushing higher education students to use ChatGPT for academic purposes, and the multifaceted consequences it brings to the academic environment, by integrating the perspectives of key stakeholders: students, faculty, and education experts/leaders. The key findings of in-depth, face-to-face, interviews with key stakeholders revealed 12 main drivers that motivate students and their faculty to use ChatGPT mainly for learning purposes. However, the findings identified the multifaceted (six positive and another six negative) consequences of using ChatGPT for academic purposes. Recommendations for mitigating the negative consequences of ChatGPT were discussed with key stakeholders, particularly education experts/leaders, who were more concerned about using ChatGPT for academic reasons. The research reveals that higher education institutions should establish clear guidelines as a part of higher education policy, supplemented with training sessions for students and their faculty, about the responsible use of ChatGPT for academic purposes to mitigate any ethical concerns.

Do parental control tools fulfil family expectations for child protection? A rapid evidence review of the contexts and outcomes of use

ABSTRACT Among the parental mediation strategies promoted by policymakers to ensure children’s safety in a digital age is the use of parental control tools. A rapid evidence review was conducted to identify which families use parental controls and why, and the outcomes of such use, beneficial or otherwise. Of 1,656 articles returned by a keyword search of five research databases, the full text of 40 studies was coded to answer the research questions. The available research revealed that the use of parental controls depends on the age of the parents and children, their digital skills, parental involvement, and the motivation to reduce exposure to online risk. However, the consequences of use were mixed, with evidence of parental controls having both beneficial and adverse outcomes, limiting other outcomes or simply having no outcomes. While the review found little support for advocating parental controls as a stand-alone strategy, parents valued them when embedded in a broader approach to parental mediation and parent – child relations. The conclusions highlight the importance of a child-centred approach that holistically evaluates the potential of parental controls.

Assessment of professional identity formation: a transcultural validation of the professional identity essay for brazilian portuguese

IntroductionProfessional identity formation (PIF) is recognized worldwide as an outcome of medical education grounded in the psychology of adult development and the literature on medical professionalism. However, instruments to assess and support PIF are scarce. The Professional Identity Essay (PIE) is an open-ended question assessment of PIF that elicits short narrative responses from learners and that can be analyzed to provide formative feedback and an overall stage of development. In this study, our aim was to translate and adapt the PIE to Brazilian Portuguese.MethodsWe followed a systematic procedure for the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument. A pilot study was conducted with medical students from the University of São Paulo. After providing individual formative feedback, we administered an online questionnaire to the Brazilian students to better understand the consequences of using the PIE. Content analyses of qualitative data were performed, we employ manifest content analysis, and the categories of analysis emerged from the participants’ speeches.ResultsStudents found the instrument’s questions easy to interpret and self-reflective. It also gave students the opportunity to consider their PIF. The PIE was perceived as reliable and brought more awareness of the students’ own processes in addition to a sense of capability to foster their own development. In the same way, the students emphasized the importance of being helped in this process.ConclusionWe found sufficient evidence of the validity of the PIE in terms of content, face validity, and consequences of use. The PIE enhances self-assurance in PIF through formative assessment and is sensitive to different cultures, making it a potential tool for educators.

COVID-19 pandemic hits differently: examining its consequences for women’s livelihoods and healthcare access – a cross-sectional study in Kinshasa DRC

ObjectivesThe emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic led to multiple preventive actions as primary interventions to contain the spread of the virus. Globally, countries are facing enormous challenges with consequences for...

Differences in Halothane and Isofluran Anesthesia on Hemodynamic Status

Background: Halothane and Isoflurane are two frequent inhalation agents used as maintenance anesthesia during surgery. After experiencing anesthesia, many patients experience decreased hemodynamic status as pressure blood, respiration, and pulse. Because that study this expected could determine proper anesthesia for use.
 Purpose : evaluates differences in hemodynamic status post-anesthesia consequence use of halothane and isoflurane.
 Method research: Study this is a study with quasi pre-post design experiment with a control group design. The sample study is all patients undergoing Installation Surgery at Sele Be Solu Hospital, Sorong City, which uses the general anesthesia technique with inhalation of halothane or isoflurane for as many as 21 people. Instrument study use sheet observation to measure pressure, blood, respiration, and pulse During surgery.
 Research Results: The Wilcoxon test obtained a score of 0.157 on the pressure blood respondent after getting anesthesia halothane and respondents after getting anesthesia isoflurane, i.e., 0.007. significance of 1.000 and 0.317 on pulse respondents who got anesthesia halothane and isoflurane. Significance of 1.000 and 0.083 on respiration respondents who got anesthesia halothane and isoflurane. Mann Whitney test shows changes in blood pressure, pulse, and respiration in anesthetized respondents who used halothane and isoflurane score significance of 0.784, 0.576, and 0.307.
 Conclusion: There is a difference in blood pressure at first and end anesthesia use of isoflurane. No, there is a difference in frequency pulse, initial pulse, and respiration anesthesia, and end anesthesia use isoflurane.No there is a difference in pressure blood, pulse, and respiration at the beginning and end anesthesia use halothane. There is no difference in blood pressure, pulse, and respiration after general anesthesia uses isoflurane and halothane.

Antipsychotic Medication Adverse Effect on Autistic Patients among Saudi Papulation

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent impairments in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. Pharmacological treatments for the core symptoms of ASD are currently lacking, with existing medications primarily targeting associated symptoms and comorbidities such as irritability and psychiatric conditions. Early implementation of behavioral therapies has shown promise in alleviating core ASD symptoms and improving functional outcomes. Combining behavioral therapies with psychopharmacological monitoring is considered a beneficial approach. Methodology: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding autism spectrum disorders among general care physicians and psychiatric physicians in a specific region. A self-reported questionnaire, comprising demographic information, understanding of autism, experience with patients with autism, and knowledge-based questions, was administered. The collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. Results: The study included 286 participants, with 59.1% acknowledging inadequate knowledge of autism spectrum disorders. However, 40.2% reported experience in diagnosing and collaborating with individuals with ASDs. Among the participants, 80.8% were aware of the challenges faced by children with ASDs in social interaction, communication, and behavior, while 61.9% correctly recognized the higher prevalence of ASDs in boys. The study also revealed potential adverse consequences of antipsychotic medication use in individuals with ASDs, including weight increase (67.8%), hyperprolactinemia (29.4%), extrapyramidal symptoms (32.2%), drowsiness (56.1%), and cognitive adverse effects (18.3%). Conclusion: This study highlights a lack of knowledge among healthcare providers regarding Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). This has implications for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. The study also emphasizes the potential adverse consequences of using antipsychotic medications in individuals with ASDs. Additional education and training are needed to address these knowledge gaps and improve care for individuals with ASDs.