Effects Of Social Change Research Articles

Assimilation and Changing Social Roles of Chinese Americans1

This article is concerned with the effects of social change on the role relationships and adjustment of Chinese Americans. The influences of cultural and social assimilation have undermined the commitment of Chinese youths to traditional cultural norms, and social disequilibrium can be seen within the family as well as outside the home. The changing sex role of females has affected their relationships with their parents and the opposite sex. Chinese vary in the extent to which they have become progressively removed from their parental culture, and the social distances between Chinese with different life styles have segregated them into a variety of disparate groups. Some of the changes in the psychological and social characteristics of the Chinese are examined from empirical studies.

Sex Roles and Social Change

Some points made by authors addressing themselves to theories of changes in sex roles are first summarized, the economic character of their ultimate explanations being noted. The assumption is stressed that the modes and extent of sex differentiation are more resultants than determiners of social change, although gender differentiation contributes to the maintenance of given social orders. The second and main part of the article contains theoretical considerations about the consequences of social changes for the extent and modes of sex differentiation. The needs of the economic system with respect to labor and consumption are seen as promoting a change from traditional sex roles to quasi-egalitarianism, and mechanisms for masking of sex differentiation are discussed. A certain contradiction betwen covert sex differentiation at large and strong awareness in limited groups is pointed out. The author describes certain shifts in the maintenance of sex roles and other characteristics accompanying the main changes. Finally, some reflections on the question of strategies for sex role changes are offered.

Sex Roles and Social Change

Some points made by authors addressing themselves to theories of changes in sex roles are first summarized, the economic character of their ultimate explanations being noted. The assumption is stressed that the modes and extent of sex differentiation are more resultants than determiners of social change, although gender differentiation contributes to the maintenance of given social orders. The second and main part of the article contains theoretical considerations about the consequences of social changes for the extent and modes of sex differentiation. The needs of the economic system with respect to labor and consumption are seen as promoting a change from traditional sex roles to quasi-egalitarianism, and mechanisms for masking of sex differentiation are discussed. A certain contradiction betwen covert sex differentiation at large and strong awareness in limited groups is pointed out. The author describes certain shifts in the maintenance of sex roles and other characteristics accompanying the main changes. Finally, some reflections on the question of strategies for sex role changes are offered.

New England Students and the Revolution in Higher Education, 1800-1900

Within the small buildings and gatherings of young men at New England colleges in the early nineteenth century, a social transformation began to work that would alter the experience of being a student. Unlike the conscious reforms introduced by the rise of universities after the Civil War, the transformation of the early nineteenth century proceeded without plan. No theorist designed it according to conscious pedagogical aims, and no institution either anticipated or really controlled the changes between 1800 and 1840. Only after 1840, when New England colleges already had assumed new forms, did a consciousness arise concerning what had transpired. The material conditions of collegiate life, the old communal arrangements that had controlled the behavior and intellectual activity of students through most of the colonial period had been demolished, creating a new disorder. Only after 1840 did plans arise for dealing with this disorder, a consequence of social changes sweeping over every New England institution of higher education. Long before the rise of universities, antebellum colleges had become places of dynamic change through the needs and workings of the student population itself.

Age and the attitudes of South African Indians towards the employment of married women

Abstract The discussion is based on data obtained from a descriptive study of the social system and processes of the family institution of the Indian community in the Durban-Pietermaritzburg area. The research, in pllrt, probed the possibility that attitudes within the Indian community toward women entering the labour market may have changed from opposition to acceptance, mainly due to the effects of social change occurring in South Africa. The research was guided by the following working hypothesis: The younger the respondents, the more pragmatic their attitude towards the employment of married women. Six variables were used to test the working hypothesis. The results rejected the hypothesis, there being no significant difference in attitude towards working women among the various age groups. All age groups agreed that employing married women in the work force would have detrimental effects on family life. However, social circumstances compel women to enter the work force.

Education and development

persons whose formal education began from fifteen to fifty years earlier. They rely upon expensive capital equipment which often becomes outmoded before it is outlived. Inherent in these systems is the time-gap which elapses between a child's entry and leaving which, in itself, causes a minimum six- to ten-year pause before the need for and the consequences of new changes can be assessed. But not all rigidity is due to these restraints. There are many others that can be overcome once the need to remove them has been perceived. The organization and movement of the labour force in the educational system, the content of the curricula, the methods used, and most of all the attitudes adopted towards change, are all subject to alteration. During a period of gradual social change, these frictions in the educational system are less apparent. A child from a peasant environment, where traditional practice and social convention are well-established, will not be greatly disturbed, socially or psychologically, on returning to that environment after a few years spent in school acquiring, or failing to acquire, out-of-date and irrelevant information.1 The slowness of change in society, and the clearly-defined limits of his society, combine to help him in his adjustment to the status quo. There are today however, few regions in which social change is gradual. In both the developing and the developed parts of the world change outpaces the adjustments being made: the failures of the educational system are in evidence in the unsatisfied demands for skilled workers and in the growth of frustrations amongst people who have expectations of better educational, and therefore social opportunities. Young people are reacting in various anti-social ways to a situation in which they find themselves ill-equipped to cope with the needs and pressures of their environment. Alterations in the educational system to meet social demands are all the more important when societies are moving out of a period of stability and certainty about the future, into a situation where innovation and uncertainty are part of their development. The connection between the 1 An interesting investigation into the effects of social change on a peasant community is reported in J. Gay and M. Cole, The New Mathematics and an Old Culture

Dominance in monkeys: Effects of social change on performance and biochemistry

Twenty-four differentially reared male rhesus monkeys were used in this experiment. The animals were tested on a four choice match-to-sample task. The results indicated that (1) performance of complex discrimination improves for social subdominant animals changed to isolation; (2) performance of the same task shows a decrement for isolated animals which became sub-dominant after a change to a state of social companionship; (3) control animals and dominant animals were not affected by social changes; and (4) social status along the dominant-subdominant scale seems to be more important for prediction of performance than the perceptual conditions of the living environment.

Social change and scientific advance--their relation to medical education. The effect of social change and population growth on the health status of the nations--their implications for medicine and allied health professions.

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Political Aspects of Mobility in China's Urban Development

Traditionally, Chinese urbanism was as much “a way of life”as in present-day America or Europe though its style, scope and effect on general social change differed markedly from its Western counterparts. The pre-modern Chinese city, predominantly an administrative-military center, extended and enforced imperial authority and proved to be a hostile environment to entrepreneurship. Typically, the mark of officialdom was stamped on the Chinese city, and urban life and elite status were often equated. Moreover, the appeal of urban living remained sufficiently strong through the years to attract large numbers of non-official local elites or “gentry” as well as officials, particularly during periods of relative social instability and peasant unrest. Since the perquisites of status surrounded the lives of city dwellers in many areas of China, the young peasant aspirant to the elite also considered movement to the city and upward social mobility to be roughly equivalent. This view of mobility and the city in the Chinese scheme of things provides a basis from which we can examine trends in recruitment and their consequences for social change for selected periods since the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). Particular emphasis will be placed on the interrelationships of urban social mobility and industrialization and on the implications of these interrelationships for political legitimacy in the Chinese People's Republic.Following the time-honored Chinese system of evaluating occupations, the official was accorded unmatched prestige. The general citizenry, well beneath all officials, was classified into scholars, peasants, artisans, and merchants—in descending order of rank—with a tiny group of declassed individuals placed far below them.

Controlled intervention--the helping professions and directed social change.

Clinical and social scientists can have an important role in coping with the effects of social change if they can translate knowledge into terms specific to the problems, develop new methods of intervention, and develop new role models for professional-client relationships. This paper is a report on the philosophy and methods of two experiments in this field.

The Religion and Culture of Indian Immigrants in Mauritius and the Effect of Social Change

Mauritius is a British territory in the Indian Ocean 500 miles to the east of Madagascar. It measures 720 square miles and has a population of 700,000 people whose ancestors came from France (the original settlers), Africa (slaves), India (indentured immigrants), and China (shopkeepers). Mauritius was discovered by the Portuguese in the early years of the sixteenth century, and was subsequently occupied and finally abandoned by the Dutch, who exterminated the famous bird the Dodo. It was held by the French from 1715 until 1810 when it was conquered by the British at the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

On Understanding Change: The Harvard University Program on Technology and Society

The Harvard University Program on Technology and Society was set up in June 1964, under a $5,000,000 grant from the IBM Corporation, to undertake an inquiry in depth into the effects of rapid technological change on the economy, on public policies, and on the character of the society, as well as into the reciprocal effects of social change on the nature, dimension, and directions of scientific and technological developments. A ten-year program, it is expected to engage the intellectual resources of all the relevant schools and faculties of the University. It is thus truly a university-wide effort, and it is hoped and expected that it will develop into a genuinely interdisciplinary one as well. Principal responsibility for the conduct of the Program rests with a nine-member faculty committee that presently represents the Graduate Schools of Public Administration, Business Administration, Education, and Arts and Sciences, including the Division of Engineering and Applied Physics. As other schools or faculties-Law, for example, or Public Health-become active in the Program, it is expected that they will be represented on the faculty committee. The planning function and the administration of the Program lie with

Democratic Decentralization and Rural Leadership in India: The Rajasthan Experiment

The experiment in democratic decentralization in its institutional form of panchayati raj is still in its infancy, having been introduced less than five years ago in most parts of India. It is rather early to expect that panchayati raj should have, by now, succeeded in effecting the emergence of a new type of rural leadership, or even to have had an enduring impact at the rural level. The emergence of a new pattern of leadership even in a developed democracy is a long drawn out process; this is even more the case in a developing society such as India. The quest for new leadership is the quest for a revolution in man, who does not stand in isolation but who is subject to a number of influences, both historical and contemporary. Thus the problem of new leadership is essentially a problem of social change. An additional complication is the fact that the new leader is at once the cause and the consequence of social change. It is this interdependence which makes both the pace of social change and the process of the emergence of new leadership at times distressingly slow. This is all the more so because social change in itself is a multi-dimensional phenomenon. It is at once inward and outward, inward on the psychological plane and outward on the social plane. Social change in a community is a process of inward response and adaptation-response to fresh stimuli emerging out of a live, dynamic and developing society, and adaptation to new ideas, both in terms of thought structure and thought processes, and to new trends in mode of life and behavior. These new ideas and trends in mode of life and behavior are the cumulative results of a process of change in society in various of its aspects-socio-economic, political, even religious and ethical to some extent and, above all, intellectual and aspirational. The essence of social change lies in molding (and sometimes even casting anew) man's ideas and mode of life in response to this process of multi-dimensional change, amounting in fact to a reoriented and perhaps even altogether new, value-pattern in society. The emergence of leadership is part of the process of reorientation in which the leader plays a dual role: first, of embodying the spirit of social change in himself and, then, of serving as a catalytic agent in society.

EFFECTS OF SOCIAL CHANGE ON MENTAL HEALTH.

EFFECTS OF SOCIAL CHANGE ON MENTAL HEALTH.

The Social Implications of Technical ChangeSocial, Economic and Technological Change: A Theoretical Approach. Bureau International de Recherche sur les Implications Social du Progrès Technique

This book is composed of five studies designed to illuminate the various aspects of the theoretical study of social implications of technological change and economic development. Each study was submitted by a frorri a different country. Of the five parts, two are of a rather general nature, whereas the other three deal with somewhat more specific problems. A Dutch from the Institute of Social Studies at the Hague submitted one of the general chapters on technological change as a consequence of social change, and a French team, made up of Georges Balandier and Charles Moraze'wrote a concluding section on the synthesis between anthropology and history. Between these two rather brief sections are sandwiched three longer parts on concepts (by a Belgian from the Institut de Sociologie Solvay); on measurement (by three American scholars--Simon Kuznets, Wilbert E. Moore, and Kingsley Davis--working independently of one another); and on models (by a British from the London School of Economics under the direction of Raymond Firth). Thus the book is, as Balandier says in the introduction, the result of team work which has as its aim to define better the problems of the implications and social consequences of technical evolution, rather than to add to existing theoretical formulations in this field.

Comparative Politics of Non-Western Countries

There is wide recognition that in the non-Western world profound social and cultural changes are taking place as traditional societies have been exposed to the ideas and the ways of the West. There is also general agreement that new political patterns and relationships are evolving in these countries. However, with respect to most non-Western countries, it remains difficult to foresee whether the consequences of social change are to be stable, viable political practices or endemic instabilities in government. In many cases, it is still an open question whether the future will bring them a liberal democratic form of politics or some type of authoritarian rule such as communism.This state of affairs can be a challenge to the comparative method of political analysis. This is particularly so because most of the non-Western political systems have many features in common. They are generally the product of a traditional past in which the administration of government was the preserve of a select few. Many show the influence of a previous colonial rule, some even that of the same country. More important, they are often quite self-conscious about the problem of moving from a definite past to an idealized future.

The Effect of Social Change on General Practice

The Effect of Social Change on General Practice

Are Social Classes in America Becoming More Rigid?

T HE subject of social class has received considerable attention during the past decade. Yet, much of the research has attempted to show that American social classes have become relatively static and well-defined. Implicitly or explicitly, most sociologists have taken for granted an increasing solidification of class lines in the United States during the past half-century.1 Among the factors which have been cited as contributing to this condition are the closing of the frontier, the decreased flow of immigration, the possible slow-down of industrial expansion, and the apparently decreasing fertility differentials among the various social classes. These act to restrict mobility and as such make for greater rigidity in the class system. This assumption of increased class solidification possibly has had other determinants. Research in small communities with clearly defined prestige or class structures convinced many that urban social systems exhibit a similar pattern. Secondly, structural-functional analysis has served as the frame of reference for a number of class studies. Inasmuch as this theory emphasizes staticism and integration, the historical effects of social change, disorganization, and conflicting values on the class structure have largely passed unnoticed.

An Urbanized Community

The Jews are and have the most urbanized people in the world, both in numbers and duration. Their preservation and the burgeoning and growth of their culture was largely assured through the ghetto, which arose partly as a defense mechanism, spontaneously created, and partly as an imposition by their enemies. The decline in their numbers, which occurred from the time of their final dispersal to the Middle Ages, is probably attributable to unsanitary and congested living conditions. Their preservation in spite of these conditions in hardly due to a racial immunity, as some have supposed, but to an increasing adaptation, conscious and unconscious, to their environment. An acquired immunity is best seen in regard to tuberculosis. An elaborate civil and religious code regulating every aspect of the community's life, early marriage, good family life with relative low birth-rate and consequent lower infant mortality assured by adequate physical and medical care-these safeguarded the community's existence. Disintegrating factors have recently been appearing in consequence of social changes penetrating all urban life. High incidence of certain diseases among Jews seems to correlate more closely with social and economic conditions than with temperament or racial factors. Intermarriage also has been effective in bringing latent physical and mental defects to the surface. This may also partly account for general superiority in intelligence, although environmental factors are probably more important here. Traits and aptitudes attributed to the Jew seem to be related to cultural and historical factors rather than innate structures.