Effects Of Sanctions Research Articles

Do Economic Crises Affect Medical Education? A Narrative Review

Objectives: This review aims to investigate the impact of economic sanctions, as a form of economic crisis, on medical education. Methods: This research is a review of studies published between 1995 and 2023. A search was conducted in electronic sources, databases, and information repositories. The initial search yielded 313 articles. In the first screening, which involved examining the titles, 173 unrelated articles were removed, leaving 158 articles for the abstract screening stage. During this stage, 95 unrelated articles were excluded, and after accessing and reviewing the full text of the remaining 63 articles, 35 were deemed eligible for review. Results: Economic sanctions are defined as restrictions imposed by one country on the international trade and investment of another to force a policy change. Academic and research systems are often overlooked areas that are severely impacted by sanctions. In Sudan, for example, sanctions led foreign organizations to refrain from cooperating with academics in the country, particularly regarding the publication of articles. Importantly, the negative effects of economic sanctions on education cannot be easily remedied, even long after the sanctions are lifted. Conclusions: The effects of sanctions on education and health have been proven in many countries, including Sudan, Haiti, Zimbabwe, and Iraq. There is an urgent need to specifically focus on the consequences of sanctions on medical education above all other aspects.

Trade sanctions and Global Value Chains: A China-South Africa perspective in the age of sanctions

China has been an important trade partner for many African countries, and in particular for South Africa, whose trade volume with China has increased significantly over the past decades. Changes of global trade and Global Value Chains (GVCs) dynamics as response of increasing trade sanctions bring substantial economic challenges for both countries directly involved and countries not directly involved by sanctions. On the one hand, trade sanctions have direct effects on sanctioned countries. On the other, sanctions can have significant indirect effects on countries not involved, as a consequence of trade diversion, changes in comparative advantages, and geopolitical realignment. The paper provides an empirical assessment of Global Value Chains’ re-organization by China and African countries in the age of trade sanctions. It explores and quantifies the intertwined relationship between trade sanctions, GVCs participation, and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), with a focus on the dyad China-South Africa in a comparative perspective vis-á-vis other Chinese trade partners. The analysis is based on a purpose-built data set covering GVCs participation indexes on 66 origin and destination countries for 68 industries (ISIC Rev.4) over the period 2005-2018. A simplified evolutionary model shows how the indirect effect of sanctions on forward GVCs could be positive and sizable, the mechanism being the displacement of (heterogeneous) inefficient firms with (heterogeneous) more efficient ones; while the indirect effect of sanctions on backward GVCs is indeterminate. By zooming onto the China-South Africa relations, the paper sheds new light on the consequences of sanctions, as perceived from both buyer’s (backward) and seller’s (forward) perspective, in a so-called South-South trade partnership.

The Russian Federation’s Response Strategy to Anti-Russian Western Sanctions as an Element of State Political Positioning

The article analyzes the impact of anti-Russian sanctions on the image and perception of the Russian Federation in the global political landscape. The consequences of sanctions on Russia’s current image and the potential long-term impact on its international reputation are considered. The imposition of sanctions is viewed as a step that has far-reaching consequences for Russia’s perception on the world stage, but so far it has had a limited practical effect. The measures taken by Russia in response to the sanctions pressure are considered, they are the search for alternative trading partners outside the Western world, investment in import substitution and the development of domestic industry. The effects of sanctions on the Russian economy are analyzed, the latter due to these measures has turned out to be in general more stable than it was expected by Western countries. Special attention is paid to the new opportunities for international cooperation that have opened up for Russia after the imposition of sanctions. The strengthened partnership relations of the Russian Federation with a number of non-Western countries that share Russia’s positions on key geopolitical issues are considered. The potential of these new ties for strengthening Russia’s international position and its role in shaping the new world order is analyzed.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ЗМІНАМИ В САНКЦІЙНІЙ ПОЛІТИЦІ ПРОТИ РОСІЇ: ДОСВІД УКРАЇНИ

Purpose. The article is devoted to the study of the problems of sanctions policy formation and assessment of the effectiveness of existing sanctions against russia. Design/methodology/approach. Semantic analysis, comparative analysis and the method of systematisation were used to assess the effectiveness of sanctions; the method of grouping, structural and logical modelling was used to develop an evolutionary justification for changing Ukraine’s sanctions policy. The abstract and logical method was used to formulate conclusions and theoretically generalise the results of the study. Findings. Sanctions are an effective tool for influencing the behaviour of other states, but their effectiveness depends on many factors, including the type of regime and the characteristics of the country’s economic system against which they are applied. Democratic regimes are more likely to use sanctions. It is determined that the effectiveness of sanctions can depend on many factors, such as the duration of sanctions, the level of support for sanctions by the international community and the economic strength of the state against which they are applied. The sanctions regime against russia is an exception in history, as their number and scope are large, and the sanctions against russia are the most severe and far-reaching measures ever taken. An unprecedented level of cooperation in the area of sanctions has been achieved: Sanctions against russia were imposed by a group of mostly Western allies. It is the first time that such a large and diverse group of countries has agreed to cooperate on sanctions against one country. The EU’s current sanctions response against Russia significantly increases the flexibility and efficiency of preparing, implementing and coordinating sanctions with non-EU countries as well as with non-EU countries. The author argues that instead of establishing a procedure in which different decision-making paths are chosen depending on the importance of the target, the current experience of sanctions against Russia can set a new standard that will allow future sanctions efforts to benefit from the speed, commitment and unprecedented level of coordination dedicated to the fight against the invasion of Ukraine. The analysis of the effect of sanctions against Russia in 2022 has led to the conclusion that the expectations of the international community and the hopes of the Ukrainian people regarding the powerful impact and consequences of sanctions were overstated and unjustified. Practical implications. The conclusions and justifications made can be used to develop recommendations for strengthening sanctions pressure against Russia and for developing the theoretical framework for the formation of sanctions policy against aggressor countries. Originality/value. Based on the study of the peculiarities of sanctions policy formation, the author identifies the evolution of approaches to the current system of sanctions against Russia, substantiates the change of goals and integration of world institutions in strengthening economic deterrence against the aggressor country. A comparative analysis of the main economic indicators of the development of the world’s largest countries is carried out, the ineffectiveness of the system of sanctions against Russia is proved, and the main factors that caused the ineffectiveness of sanctions are highlighted.

Globalization and social work practice: Consequences of sanctions in health care (case study of Iran)

Economic sanctions are a punishment mechanism to ensure that governments respect human rights. However, sanctions affect nations, and pose challenges social workers in health care practice. The present note discusses the connection between health care and economic sanctions, and the challenges that health care social workers face due to the sanctions.

Life after doping: do the consequences of an anti-doping rule violation threaten athletes’ health? Design and development of an interview guide for the assessment of biopsychosocial changes following a doping ban

BackgroundWhile multiple facets of doping have been subject to intense research, knowledge about the consequences of sanctions following a doping offence for athletes is limited. From a biopsychosocial perspective, an anti-doping rule violation might have a serious adverse effect on an athlete´s health. To encourage more research on this topic, we developed and tested an interview guide. MethodsFour elite Austrian athletes who had been suspended due to a doping offence first took part in an online brainstorming session on this topic. Based on the existing literature, five fundamental dimensions of life were distinguished: professional and financial situation, mental and psychological well-being, social environment, physical condition, and attitude towards and practice of sport. The participants were asked to report important changes in each dimension. Based on these data, an interview guide was developed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the same athletes and evaluated using thematic analysis. Results and discussionAll athletes reported significant changes in all five dimensions, particularly in psychological well-being. The interview guide captured these changes in a satisfactory manner. Through a process of communicative validation, the interview guide was shown to be appropriate for further research on this topic. OutlookUsing the interview guide, a larger international sample of athletes will be examined, especially in terms of differences in sport disciplines, achievement levels, doping circumstances, intentionality and socio-demographic factors; such data are essential to develop specific support programs for athletes banned from sport due to a doping offence.

THE IMPACT OF SANCTIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN ECONOMY: OPPORTUNITIES AND RESTRICTIONS

The industries that have suffered the most from the introduction of sanctions against Russia by foreign countries are considered. The consequences of sanctions on the Russian economy are examined. The positive aspects of restrictive measures introduction by unfriendly states are studied. The main parameters of the Russian economy development in accordance with the forecast of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in the framework of the baseline scenario are considered. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the sanctions imposed by Western countries for several years have had a direct impact on the economic development of Russia. If in the period between 2008 and 2014 the sanctions hit the economy quite hard, then Russia was already prepared for the sanctions of 2022, which makes it possible to develop measures to restore the country's economy right now. On the one hand, sanctions restrict the development of Russian industries, and on the other hand, they provide opportunities for its development, especially in terms of import substitution. For Russian economy today, the task of launching new production facilities within the country and reducing the level of dependence on imports is more urgent than ever, which will have a positive impact on all its indicators.

Lessons of sanctions for sustainable economic future of Russia

Objective: to determine the ways of the Russian economy development under the pressure of sanctions.Methods: when writing the work, such methods of scientific cognition were used as abstract-logical, historical method, analysis and synthesis.Results: the problem of sanctions pressure on the Russian economy is not new. However, the volume of economic pressure on the country in 2022 indicates that the time has come for a radical restructuring of the economic system. The paper analyzes the Russia’s experience of overcoming the crisis associated with the consequences of sanctions in 2014; conclusions are formulated about the ambiguity of the measures taken to create conditions for the formation of financial and economic independence of the country. A significant part of the stated goals was not achieved, as evidenced by the data, obtained by the authors, on the Russian economy’s dependence on imports of main products. The key areas of sanctions against the Russian economy are systematized, the most vulnerable industries are identified, and some areas of the problems are revealed.Scientific novelty: a critical assessment of the Russian economy’s preparedness for sanctions imposed some countries is given, and measures are developed to reduce their impact on the Russian economy.Practical significance: the study results can be useful in developing economic policy directions and focusing on those industries whose problems were exposed under the sanctions war of 2022.

Consequences of sanctions on the insurance industry

Consequences of sanctions on the insurance industry

Mechanical engineering in Russia – the start of structural transformations

The article attempts to determine the possible volume of investments in the case of a hypothetical complete import substitution of radio-electronic industry products and the multiplier effect from it as an element of the Russian economy structural transformation. For the calculations, a set of input-output tables for 2019 published by Rosstat in 2021 was used. The results of the analysis of the state and foreign economic activity of the domestic engineering industry are given for the period 2005–2020, a brief overview of the place of Russia in the world markets of radio electronic products and consequences of sanctions against the industry. They are given as the results of calculations to evaluate possible investments in the radio-electronic industry and the level of influence on the main industries in the case of a hypothetical full import substitution of its products. It is shown that for Russia a complete structural transformation, including import substitution of high-tech products, can take a long period.

Global sanctions, foreign direct investment, and global linkages: evidence from global data

Using a rich and updated dataset on the Global Sanction Data Base (Felbermayr et al. “The Global Sanctions Data Base,” European Economic Review 2020; 129: 1–23), this study examines the effect of sanctions on FDI flows across 1,717 pairs of 66 countries during the 2000–2012 period and the role played by international linkages such as global value chains and global bank linkages in the sanction-FDI nexus. Results from the gravity model show that sanctions indeed have heterogenous effects on FDI flows when separate types of sanctions are put into consideration. They significantly reduce FDI flows in the pre- and during the crisis period. Both global value chains (GVCs) and global bank linkages (GBLs) play a moderating role in the sanction-FDI nexus, where the consequences of sanctions on FDI flows become more severe in the presence of these two types of international linkages. It is also found that GVCs signify the negative impacts of trade sanctions, while the GBLs can be regarded as a channel through which financial sanctions affect FDI flows more significantly. These findings bridge two strands of literature on sanctions and international linkages, where the latter is on the rise due to the worldwide presence of multinational corporations’ activities and the globalization of the financial markets.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ РЫНКА ОБЩЕСТВЕННОГО ПИТАНИЯ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The article examines the prospects of the catering industry, taking into account past experience, the current situation on the market and formulates the main trends and prospects for the development of enterprises. Statistical data of changes in the industry are given. The influence of the geopolitical situation on public catering is analyzed, the possible consequences of sanctions against the Russian Federation are indicated. The measures of state support for the catering industry in a difficult economic situation and the development of the industry are named. Positive and negative market changes are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn about the main prospects for the development of public catering. The paper uses theoretical, statistical and empirical research methods, uses scientific works of Russian authors, as well as information from electronic information sources.

Consequences of Economic Sanctions: The State of the Art and Paths Forward

Abstract What determines the consequences of economic sanctions? Is there a common explanation for these consequences? This article provides a comprehensive review of the fragmented literature focusing on the consequences of sanctions. We critically discuss the complex relationships between types of sanctions and sanction senders and their targets, as well as the structural factors that account for the specific consequences of different sanction cases. A discussion on the thematic, methodological, and theoretical shortcomings of the existing literature on sanction consequences follows. We argue that a “common approach” to sanction consequences research should be framed within the framework of international interdependence. We also present several nascent trends and propose new directions for sanction researchers and other disciplines.

The United States’ breaching of the Iranian people’s right to health and its legal liability in Donald Trump’s administration*

ABSTRACT Several studies on the consequences of sanctions show that they have the potential to drastically harm ordinary people’s health and widely affect human rights standards in the target countries. The Right to Health (RTH) is a fundamental human right, and international law requires States to honour it in any situation. The United States (US) is a treaty party or signatory to a number of universal human rights treaties which codify the RTH as a fundamental right, along with the right to life. Additionally, the erga omnes nature of the RTH requires the US to rectify its sanctions regime. In this article, applying a descriptive-analytic method, it is argued that the Trump administration’s policy of pursuing ‘maximum pressure’ and reinstatement of fatal sanctions against Iran as of May 2018 violated the Iranian people’s basic RTH. This implies that the US is internationally liable for what the Iranian people and State experienced due to these sanctions. This violation has continued during Joseph Biden’s administration as of July 2021.

Examining Sanctions on Syria: Possibilities for Effectiveness Based on a Spatial Model

Sanctions are one of the most important tools used in foreign policy after World War II. Moreover, sanctions” subject is keeping to be a controversial one, even though the international institutions and powerful states are using sanctions since the beginning of the 20th century. However, the scientific and political community could not reach a clear-cut stand on sanctions” effectiveness. This ambiguity happens for many reasons: the humanitarian consequence of sanctions, the possibilities of achieving their goals, and the political disagreement between great powers like the use of the VETO right in the Security Council. Regarding Syria as the government and entities connected to it, are facing intensive sanctions starting from 2011 especially from the European Union, and the United States of America. Nevertheless, those sanctions were not the first case that Syria is facing sanctions in its history. Therefor his paper would investigate the cases of sanctions that been imposed on Syria, from 1979, until 2011 and after, according to (the spatial model conclusions, which suggests three directions for the result of sanctions; first sanctions success possibility unilaterally or multilaterally is high, if the sanctioned system is democratic and has a strong relationship with the sender. The second is; sanctions may have a positive result in changing an authoritarian regime if the nature of the sanctions were not fatal to the existence of the regime. The third is that sanctions on authoritarian regimes would fail if they target its existence and would result in overthrowing it.

Public-Private Partnership as an Effective Tool for Regional Marketing in Russia

The article is focused on a regional marketing and the study of the role of public-private partnership instruments in terms of the development of the regional infrastructure of Russia. Improving the investment climate is the main condition for the success of the socio-political and economic development of the state. The authors analyzed the current economic conditions and the consequences of sanctions against Russia, as well as the dependence of the economy on foreign direct investment. The paper considers the economic situation of the regions of the Russian Federation under the conditions of sanctions by Western countries in the formation of import substitution. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms and methods of economic policy of the central and regional authorities of Russia in the use of tools and methods of regional marketing on the example of public-private partnerships (PPP), which help to attract investment to the regions and to the country as a whole, allowing finding additional financing, improving the efficiency of public investments.

Tourism, peace and sustainability in sanctions-ridden destinations

Despite the widespread use of sanctions as a foreign policy tool in the absence of armed intervention and as a means to promote peace, there is notable absence of research on the effects of sanctions on the peacebuilding capacity of tourism and their relationship to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This situation is surprising given that both sanctions and tourism are promoted as a force for peace and reconciliation processes. Drawing upon international relations and political science and via semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in the Iranian tourism and hospitality industry, this study investigates whether sanctions contribute to peace and create an environment suitable for tourism development. The findings indicate how the imposition, relaxation and then re-imposition of sanctions by international state actors as a means of peace have paralyzed the Iranian tourism industry through its psychological, sectoral, and societal effects and mobility restrictions. The consequences of sanctions and their sharp contrast with the SDGs are also explored. This study fills a significant gap in tourism research by examining the implications of the application of a widely used coercive geopolitical tool of statecraft in relation to the peace and tourism nexus.

Relevansi Penunjukkan BUMN Selaku Pemungut PPN (WAPU) di Era e-faktur

In order to improve compliance and secure tax revenue, the Directorate General of Taxes appoints State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and several subsidiary entities as VAT Collectors, so that the collection and deposit obligations shift to VAT Collectors along with the consequences of sanctions. However, based on The Audit Board of Indonesia's audit report, it is known that there are VATs that have not yet been deposited and there are delays in depositing VAT which can result in potential tax fines. In 2016 DGT launched e-tax invoice application that aims to improve services and facilitate supervision of taxable entrepeneur. This paper was made using a literature review research method that examines theory, regulation, and implementation that is associated with the development of taxation applications, namely e-tax invoice. The results of the study showed that there were recommendations for considerations in evaluating the changes in regulations or evaluating the appointment of certain SOEs and Agencies as VAT collectors.

Re-examining the costs of sanctions and sanctions threats using stock market data

ABSTRACT Are sanctions and sanctions threats costly for the sanctioning state? The costs of sanctions for the sender are an important feature of many theories developed to explain the use and utility of economic sanctions. Despite the prominence of this assumption in existing research, there are only a handful of studies that have endeavored to analyze or estimate the economic consequences of sanctions for sender states. This paper builds a theoretical framework that connects the costs of sanctions for sender firms with a phenomenon that can be observed, stock market data. Sanctions and sanctions threats should create market uncertainty that is reflected in stock price volatility for firms with commercial interests in targeted states. Comparisons are made using stock price data for firms within sectors at the same point in time, within sectors over time, and across sectors over time. The stock prices for firms with commercial interests in targeted states are more volatile than stock prices for comparable firms without commercial interests in targeted states. These spells of uncertainty not only reflect the costs of sanctions and sanctions threats for firms caused by interruptions in commercial activities but represent important costs for firms in-and-of themselves.

Anti-Russian Sanctions: Damage to the Countries that Declared Them

Many states, pursuing their own political, economic, financial and ideological goals, have used all sorts of non-military methods and means of coercion of other states, international unions and organisations, and economic entities to perform actions that are desirable for states declared such sanctions. Such methods and means include various restrictions, prohibitions, blockades and unjustified tariffs. When asked about the consequences of sanctions imposed on someone, they usually refer to their negative impact on those to whom they are applied. However, the undesirable consequences of sanctions are also felt by those who apply them, as well as by other members of the world community that are not involved in such measures. That is why the author of this paper tried to estimate the losses which bear the states that declared anti-Russian sanctions. It is also essential because such sanctioning countries usually adhere to the principle “don’t hurt yourself”. So, the measures they take should not cause damage to their initiators (state, companies, corporations, etc.), especially irreparable damage. The author presented in this paper some results of the assessment of sanctioning countries’ losses incurred as a result of the reduction of their exports to Russia and imports from the Russian Federation. As a statistical basis for the calculations, the author used the data of the World Trade Organization for 2012–2017. The author has shown that the primary damage from the implementation of anti-Russian sanctions in the sphere of foreign trade in 2014–2017 was incurred not by their initiators, but by the countries that joined them. First of all, this applies to those countries that have developed more significant foreign trade relations with the Russian Federation, that is, who is more dependent on the volume of Russian exports and imports.