Consequences Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

FK506 binding protein 51: Its role in the adipose organ and beyond.

There is a great body of evidence that the adipose organ plays a central role in the control not only of energy balance, but importantly, in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Interest in the study of different aspects of its physiology grew in the last decades due to the pandemic of obesity and the consequences of metabolic syndrome. It was not until recently that the first evidence for the role of the high molecular weight immunophilin FK506 binding protein (FKBP) 51 in the process of adipocyte differentiation have been described. Since then, many new facets have been discovered of this stress-responsive FKBP51 as a central node for precise coordination of many cell functions, as shown for nuclear steroid receptors, autophagy, signaling pathways as Akt, p38 MAPK, and GSK3, as well as for insulin signaling and the control of glucose homeostasis. Thus, the aim of this review is to integrate and discuss the recent advances in the understanding of the many roles of FKBP51 in the adipose organ.

AICAR Improves Outcomes of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Induced by High-Fat Diet in C57Bl/6 Male Mice

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of AMP-activated protein kinase activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) on the consequences of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes induced by the consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) in male C57Bl/6 mice. Additionally, the animals from group 6 were administered Methotrexate (MTX) at a dose of 1 mg/kg in parallel with AICAR, which slows down the metabolism of AICAR. The animals were recorded with signs of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus by recording their body weights, glucose and insulin levels, and the calculating HOMA-IRs. At the end of the study, at the end of the 13th week, during necropsy, the internal organs were assessed, the masses of the organs were recorded, and special attention was paid to visceral fat, assessing its amount and the mass of the fat surrounding epididymis. The biochemical parameters and histology of the internal organs and tissues were assessed. The animals showed signs of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, namely, weight gain, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, an increase in the amount and mass of abdominal fat, and metabolic disorders, all expressed in a pathological change in biochemical parameters and pathological changes in internal organs. The AICAR treatment led to a decrease in body weight, a decrease in the amount and mass of abdominal fat, and an improvement in the pathomorphological picture of internal organs. However, some hepatotoxic effects were observed when the animals, on a received standard diet (STD), were treated with AICAR starting from the first day of the study. The additional administration of MTX, an AICAR metabolic inhibitor, did not improve its efficacy. Thus, AICAR has therapeutic potential for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.

Zingiber officinale Rosc. in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome Disorders-A Review of In Vivo Studies.

Inflammation is a protective reaction of the innate immune system as a response to imbalances caused by a specific stimulus, a disease or a pathogen. A prolonged inflammatory condition may lead to the development of metabolic syndrome, which affects more than one-fourth of the world's population. This condition leads to the development of multi-organ disorders based on disrupted blood lipid and sugar levels, hypertension and oxidative stress. The review aims to present Zingiber officinale Rosc. as a plant that exhibits a variety of healing properties and restores the organism's equilibrium. Ginger (GI) rhizomes have been commonly used in traditional medicine to treat arthritis, stomach ache, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatism, nervous system syndromes, asthma, diabetes and nausea caused by pregnancy or chemotherapy. This review gathers together data from in vivo experiments related to the application of ginger for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, obesity, diabetes and other related disorders as a consequence of metabolic syndrome, including the confirmed molecular mechanisms of action.

ANGPTL8 roles in proliferation, metabolic diseases, hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome, and signaling pathways.

A new and atypical member of the ANGPTL family is angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8). This newly discovered hormone is a drug target that can be used to treat diabetes and dyslipidemia. The protein, as a hepatocyte-derived circulating factor, can control the triglyceride level of plasma. ANGPTL8 is significantly associated with inflammation and metabolic syndrome consequences such as obesity, diabetes, hypothyroidism, and PCOS. ANGPTL8 gene has four exons encoding a 22/5kDa weight of 198 amino acid polypeptides. A highly preserved ANGPTL8 gene among mammals exhibits the essential hormone functions of ANGPTL8. Nevertheless, the physiological function of this hormone in the body is poorly understood. Studies published in PubMed (2008-2020), Google Scholar (2004-2020), and Scopus (2004-2020) databases of clinical trials were reviewed. This analysis is aimed at collecting information on ANGPTL8. The emphasis of this review was on gathering information about the role of ANGPTL8 in the metabolism of glucose and lipids and cell proliferation. It addition to the different roles of ANGPTL8 in diabetes and lipid metabolism, this review emphasized on the protein role in signaling pathways. The study also proposes the signaling pathways that may be considered as a new target for treatment.

The Role of microRNAs in Metabolic Syndrome-Related Oxidative Stress.

Oxidative stress (OxS) is the cause and the consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), the incidence and economic burden of which is increasing each year. OxS triggers the dysregulation of signaling pathways associated with metabolism and epigenetics, including microRNAs, which are biomarkers of metabolic disorders. In this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the interplay between microRNAs and OxS in MetS and its components. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar to summarize the most relevant studies. Collected data suggested that different sources of OxS (e.g., hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia, obesity, proinflammatory cytokines) change the expression of numerous microRNAs in organs involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and endothelium. Dysregulated microRNAs either directly or indirectly affect the expression and/or activity of molecules of antioxidative signaling pathways (SIRT1, FOXOs, Keap1/Nrf2) along with effector enzymes (e.g., GPx-1, SOD1/2, HO-1), ROS producers (e.g., NOX4/5), as well as genes of numerous signaling pathways connected with inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism, thus promoting the progression of metabolic imbalance. MicroRNAs appear to be important epigenetic modifiers in managing the delicate redox balance, mediating either pro- or antioxidant biological impacts. Summarizing, microRNAs may be promising therapeutic targets in ameliorating the repercussions of OxS in MetS.

Fatty Liver in HIV-Infected Persons

The high efficacy of new antiretroviral regimens has deeply improved survival of patients living with HIV (PLWH), and currently as the population ages, the focus has shifted to comorbidities especially metabolic disorders which includes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolic syndrome is often associated with increased cardiovascular risk that, in turn, is becoming one of the leading causes of death in PLWH. Another important consequence of metabolic syndrome is NAFLD where there is an increasing incidence among PLWH and if progresses could evolve in terminal chronic liver failure. Lipodystrophy, deregulation of the gut-liver axis, and HIV infection itself may contribute simultaneously to NAFLD pathogenesis. Lifestyle modification is the main treatment since no drug has specifically been approved for use in persons with NAFLD, although novel medications and studies are actively being researched. PLWH have a higher risk for fatty liver disease that is likely due variety risk factors including direct and indirect viral effects, medications, along with the higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome and lipodystrophy.

First demonstration of protective effects of purified mushroom polysaccharide-peptides against fatty liver injury and the mechanisms involved

Fatty liver (FLD) disease is a consequence of metabolic syndrome, which is a health problem worldwide with a phenomenal rise in prevalence. In this study, two hepatoprotective polysaccharide-peptides were extracted from the mushroom Auricularia polytricha followed by chromatographic fractionation of the extract on the ion exchanger DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex-200 to yield two purified fractions: APPI and APPII. The monosaccharide compositions, FT-IR, N-terminal sequences, internal peptide sequences and molecular weights of the two fractions were determined. Furthermore, their hepatoprotective effect on human hepatoma HepG2 cells in vitro and in an animal model of fatty liver disease was evidenced by the findings that APPI and APPII diminished lipid deposit in cells, blood and the liver, increased cellular antioxidant activity and viability, and protected the liver against injury. The mechanistic study revealed that APPI and APPII activated the adiponectin pathway, up-regulated expression of genes controlling free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation, such as AMPK, CPTl, ACOX1 and PPARα genes, enhanced lipid metabolism, preserved hepatic function, promoted the antioxidant defense system and reduced lipid peroxidation. Hence the bioactive compounds of A. polytricha could serve as therapeutic agents in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Urinary incontinence and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review.

Urinary incontinence (UI) has recently been associated with increased mortality. This observation deserves consideration, since UI is a frequent condition. Shared risk with cardiovascular disease and UI could offer part of the explanation. In this narrative review, we explore the association between UI and some cardiovascular risk factors: obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, tobacco smoking, alcohol, and caffeine intake. We also review the benefit of cardiovascular risk management on bladder health. Bladder function is affected by many cardiovascular risk factors. They can be protective or detrimental. Obesity, diabetes, and, to a lesser extent, high blood pressure and cigarette smoking have been associated with UI in different settings, precede new onset UI in longitudinal studies, have a dose effect, and have a biologic mechanism linked with UI. Thus, UI could be considered a possible consequence of metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, prevention programs aimed at decreasing weight, quitting smoking, healthy diet, and increasing physical activity have resulted in a decreased incidence, prevalence, and severity of UI. Knowing the association among UI, cardiovascular risk factors, and mortality should encourage UI screening in the population as well as cardiovascular risk factor screening among patients with UI. The secondary benefit for UI could be an important motivator for increasing adherence to cardiovascular prevention programs.

A glucose-insulin-potassium solution improves glucose intake in hypoxic cardiomyocytes by a differential expression of glucose transporters in a metabolic syndrome model

Among the last consequences of metabolic syndrome are cardiovascular complications such as infarcts. The hypoxic heart switches its lipid-based metabolism to carbohydrates, and a glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solution can be the metabolic support to protect the organ. Due to the physiology and cardiac risks associated with the metabolic syndrome, we studied the effect of GIK solution during hypoxia in a metabolic syndrome model by observing the participation of glucose transporters (GLUTs). The metabolic syndrome characteristics were established by giving a 30% sucrose drinking solution to Wistar rats for 24 weeks. The GIK solution's effect on myocyte glucose uptake during hypoxia and oxygenation was observed using a colorimetric method, and Western blot technique visualized the GLUT participation. Oxygenated control myocytes consumed 1.7 +/- 0.2 μg of glucose per gram of fresh tissue per hour using the GLUT1, and during hypoxia, they incorporated 41.1% more glucose by GLUT1 and GLUT4. The GIK solution improved glucose uptake in oxygenation by 70.5% through GLUT1. In hypoxia, the uptake was 21% more than the hypoxic control group and by both GLUTs too. Oxygenated metabolic syndrome myocytes uptake was similar to control cells but achieved by both carriers in oxygenation and hypoxia. Also, the GIK solution had a better response in both oxygenation (113%) and hypoxia (71%). Despite the metabolic energy disorders of this syndrome, the GIK solution protects cardiomyocytes, in conditions of hypoxia, through the modulation of both GLUTs. So, this solution can be considered a useful resource during a heart attack in cases of metabolic syndrome.

Terpenoid-rich Elettaria cardamomum extract prevents Alzheimer-like alterations induced in diabetic rats via inhibition of GSK3β activity, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines

PurposeRecent studies suggested that the non-familiar form of Alzheimer's disease (AD) could be consequence of metabolic syndrome and neuroinflammation. Elettaria cardamomum extract (EC) has exhibited antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of EC on AD-like alterations in rats induced by high fructose and high fat diet coupled with a single small dose of STZ (25 mg/kg) (T2DM rats). MethodsPhytochemical analysis was carried out. Behavioral tests, immunohistochemical examination, biochemical analysis and gene expression determination were performed in treated and controls rats. ResultsThe majority of EC compounds were terpenoids. EC extract administration for 8 weeks attenuated AD-like alterations. It reversed a T2DM-induced decline in cognitive functions in passive avoidance task and Morris water maze test. It significantly lowered the elevated hippocampal level of AChE activity and caspase-3 activity, an indicator of degeneration in T2DM rats Also, it reduced the accumulation of Aβ and p-tau in the brain of T2DM rats. Furthermore, it elevated the suppressed glutamate receptor expression (AMPA GluR1 subunit and NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, NR2B). EC treatment reduced hippocampal lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA) and augmented antioxidant defensive system, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Meanwhile, it lowered hippocampal TNFα, IL β1but not IL6 and reduced GSK-3β in brainT2D rats. ConclusionEC treatment could ameliorate AD-like alterations in T2DM rats through activation of blunted insulin signal transduction in the brain, attenuation of associated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.

Relation between work-related stress and metabolic syndrome among Italian nurses.

To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) among nurses, as well as the organizational impact of work-related stress as a consequence of MS among nurses in Italy. To study the organizational models, turnover rates, and job satisfaction among nurses, in a sample of Italian healthcare facilities. MS is considered an important metabolic disorder in the modern world, responsible for diseases with economic effects on hospitals. Shift work (SW) seems to be a risk factor for MS, while the Mediterranean diet appears to be protective. Work-related stress causes loss of working days, and generates high costs for hospitals. Prospective observational study. The first step will be to create and validate a questionnaire to investigate the prevalence of MS among Italian nurses. The second step will be to estimate the risk of work-related stress. Data regarding absenteeism and turnover will be collected, as indicators of impact on organization. This study is the first to investigate the previously describe SW's factors and their impact on organizing nursing work. This study is relevant for the organizations because it helps to define organizational strategies that permit nurses to remain healthy, to be work efficient and therefore to be able to provide high level care.

General Lack of Correlations between Age and Signs of the Metabolic Syndrome in Subjects with Non-diabetic Fasting Glucose Values

ABSTRACTBackground: Insulin resistance and advancing age are well-recognized risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Recent reports indicate that fasting glucose levels in non-diabetic patients correlate appropriately with the development of certain elements in metabolic syndrome, which suggest a cause–effect relationship with insulin resistance.Objective: The present investigation assessed whether a significant association exists between chronological age and various elements of metabolic syndrome in this same group of subjects possessing non-diabetic fasting glucose levels.Methods: Baseline data were taken from 288 subjects (age 17–87 years) with fasting glucose levels ≤ 125 mg/dl. Correlations between chronological age and different metabolic parameters were assessed to determine any statistically significant relationships and compare these with previously demonstrated metabolic parameters.Results: With the exception of systolic blood pressure, the following correlations between age and components of metabolic syndrome were not significant or even significant in the opposite direction compared to those found in the same population using fasting glucose as the independent variable: body weight, body fat, diastolic blood pressure, white blood cell count (WBC)/neutrophil count, and circulating levels of insulin, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Although systolic blood pressure still increased, it was to a lesser extent than might be expected.Conclusions: In the present investigation, a cross-sectional analysis was carried out over a wide age range of subjects. It is noteworthy that fasting glucose levels and the other major elements of metabolic syndrome did not change significantly with advancing age. These results demonstrate that decreasing insulin resistance and fasting glucose levels may be an important way to overcome the adverse effects and perturbations of advancing age-induced consequences of metabolic syndrome.

Metabolomic characteristics of cholesterol-induced non-obese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in non-obese patients remains a clinical condition with unclear etiology and pathogenesis. Using a metabolomics approach in a mouse model that recapitulates almost all the characteristic features of non-obese NAFLD, we aimed to advance mechanistic understanding of this disorder. Mice fed high fat, high cholesterol, cholate (HFHCC) diet for three weeks consistently developed hepatic pathology similar to NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) without changes to body weight or fat pad weights. Gas- and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based profiling of lipidomic and primary metabolism changes in the liver and plasma revealed that systemic mechanisms leading to steatosis and hepatitis in this non-obese NAFLD model were driven by a combination of effects directed by elevated free cholesterol, cholesterol esters and cholic acid, and associated changes to metabolism of sphingomyelins and phosphatidylcholines. These results demonstrate that mechanisms underlying cholesterol-induced non-obese NAFLD are distinct from NAFLD occurring as a consequence of metabolic syndrome. In addition, this investigation provides one of the first metabolite reference profiles for interpreting effects of dietary and hepatic cholesterol in human non-obese NAFLD/NASH patients.

Cholelithiasis May Also Be a Consequence of Metabolic Syndrome

Cholelithiasis May Also Be a Consequence of Metabolic Syndrome

Long-term exposition to a high fat diet favors the appearance of β-amyloid depositions in the brain of C57BL/6J mice. A potential model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease

AimsThe sporadic and late-onset form of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) constitutes the most common form of dementia. This non-familiar form could be a consequence of metabolic syndrome, characterized by obesity and the development of a brain-specific insulin resistance known as type III diabetes. This work demonstrates the development of a significant AD-like neuropathology due to these metabolic alterations. MethodsC57BL/6J mice strain were divided into two groups, one fed with a diet rich in palmitic acid (high-fat diet, HFD) since their weaning until 16 months of age, and another group used as a control with a regular diet. The analyses were carried out in the dentate gyrus area of the hippocampus using a Thioflavin-S stain and immunofluorescence assays. ResultsThe most significant finding of the present research was that HFD induced the deposition of the βA peptide. Moreover, the diet also caused alterations in different cell processes, such as increased inflammatory reactions that lead to a decrease in the neuronal precursor cells. In addition, the results show that there were also dysregulations in normal autophagy and apoptosis, mechanisms related to βA formation. ConclusionsThe present findings confirm that HFD favors the formation of βA depositions in the brain, a key feature of AD, supporting the metabolic hypothesis of sporadic AD.

Liver Transplantation for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Role of Bariatric Surgery for Comorbid Obesity

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly prevalent form of chronic liver disease throughout the world and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality related to liver disease and the consequences of metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is projected to become the leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States in the near future, and presents unique challenges due to common comorbidities, particularly obesity. As obesity is often a barrier to transplant, distinctive decision-making and care is needed for this growing population. Bariatric surgery offers a promising option for liver transplant specialists to consider in obese patients with NAFLD cirrhosis. This research highlight reviews the rising burden of NAFLD, concerns regarding obesity and liver transplant, and the potential role of bariatric surgery in the liver transplantation paradigm.

Psoriasis and uric acid: a population-based cross-sectional study.

Psoriasis has been reported to be associated with raised serum uric acid levels and gout, and uric acid has been demonstrated to mediate inflammatory pathways via secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines. To evaluate the association between psoriasis, serum uric acid levels and gout in a cross-sectional study using the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Data on clinical history of psoriasis, gout and other relevant medical conditions from the questionnaire as well as laboratory parameters for serum uric acid and lipid levels in the periods 2003-2006 and 2011-2012 were analysed. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression modelling was performed, with hyperuricaemia as the dependent variable, and age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, metabolic syndrome, current smoking status, alcohol consumption and history of psoriasis as the independent variables. Of the 11 282 study participants, 297 (2.6%) reported a history of psoriasis and 1493 (13.2%) were found to have hyperuricaemia. Patients with psoriasis were at increased risk of having hyperuricaemia, compared with those without psoriasis (OR = 1.37; P = 0.04). They were also more likely to report a history of gout (OR = 1.83; P < 0.05). However, neither association was significant after adjusting for potential confounders with multivariate logistic regression. In conclusion, there was insufficient evidence to show that psoriasis is an independent risk factor of hyperuricaemia or gout. A raised serum uric acid level may be a consequence of metabolic syndrome, which in turn is associated with psoriasis.

Identification of reciprocal causality between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome by a simplified Bayesian network in a Chinese population

ObjectivesIt remains unclear whether non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a cause or a consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We proposed a simplified Bayesian network (BN) and attempted to confirm...

Can corneal confocal microscopy help in early detection of neuronal damage and cognitive dysfunction as a consequence of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia?

Early Intervention in PsychiatryVolume 11, Issue 3 p. 271-274 New Hypotheses Can corneal confocal microscopy help in early detection of neuronal damage and cognitive dysfunction as a consequence of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia? Anoop Sankaranarayanan, Corresponding Author Anoop Sankaranarayanan [email protected] Department of Geriatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QatarCorresponding author: Dr. Anoop Sankaranarayanan, Hamad Medical Corporation, Geriatrics, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRayaz A. Malik, Rayaz A. Malik Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, QatarSearch for more papers by this author Anoop Sankaranarayanan, Corresponding Author Anoop Sankaranarayanan [email protected] Department of Geriatrics, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, QatarCorresponding author: Dr. Anoop Sankaranarayanan, Hamad Medical Corporation, Geriatrics, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRayaz A. Malik, Rayaz A. Malik Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, QatarSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 July 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12258Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume11, Issue3June 2017Pages 271-274 RelatedInformation

Differences in hemodynamic response to metaboreflex activation between obese patients with metabolic syndrome and healthy subjects with obese phenotype.

Patients suffering from obesity and metabolic syndrome (OMS) manifest a dysregulation in hemodynamic response during exercise, with an exaggerated systemic vascular increase. However, it is not clear whether this is the consequence of metabolic syndrome per se or whether it is due to concomitant obesity. The aim of the present investigation was to discover whether OMS and noncomplicated obesity resulted in different hemodynamic responses during the metaboreflex. Twelve metabolically healthy but obese subjects (MHO; 7 women), 13 OMS patients (5 women), and 12 normal age-matched controls (CTL; 6 women) took part in this study. All participants underwent a postexercise muscle ischemia protocol to evaluate the metaboreflex activity. Central hemodynamics were evaluated by impedance cardiography. The main result shows an exaggerated increase in systemic vascular resistance from baseline during the metaboreflex in the OMS patients as compared with the other groups (481.6 ± 180.3, -0.52 ± 177.6, and -60.5 ± 58.6 dynes·s(-1)·cm(-5) for the OMS, the MHO, and the CTL groups, respectively; P < 0.05). Moreover, the MHO subjects and the CTL group showed an increase in cardiac output during the metaboreflex (288.7 ± 325.8 and 703.8 ± 276.2 ml/m increase with respect to baseline), whereas this parameter tended to decrease in the OMS group (-350 ± 236.5 ml/m). However, the blood pressure response, which tended to be higher in the OMS patients, was not statistically different between groups. The results of the present investigation suggest that OMS patients have an exaggerated vasoconstriction in response to metaboreflex activation and that this fact is not due to obesity per se.