Effects Of Incarceration Research Articles

Psychosocial Pathways to Sexual Dysfunction Among Female Inmates

Although health surveys on sexual issues during incarceration have shown that women report having engaged in sexual activities while in prison, studies on sexual functioning in female inmates have been largely dismissed. This study aimed to assess sexual functioning among incarcerated women and determine the psychometric and sociodemographic features that are possibly related to the risk of sexual dysfunction. This was a cross-sectional study conducted inside a penitentiary for women in São Paulo, Brazil. From June 2006 to June 2010, 315 inmates convicted of robbery or homicide were recruited. High risk of female sexual dysfunction (HRFSD) was measured using the Female Sexual Function Index and participants were also evaluated for alcohol and drug misuse, impulsiveness, depressive symptoms, and psychosocial features. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were utilized to analyze the data. Among the participants, 253 (80.32%) met the criteria for HRFSD. Older age, total time of imprisonment, and depressive symptoms were related to a higher risk, while the status of being married, being Black, having sexual relations with other inmates, and receiving conjugal visits were associated with a lower risk. As only 110 (34.92%) inmates admitted to having sexual relationships inside prison, we evaluated this sub-sample separately. For this sub-sample, 61 (55.45%) women met the criteria for HRFSD and the main factors associated with this risk were total time of imprisonment and depressive symptoms. Incarcerated women are uniquely vulnerable because they often have histories of deprivation and violence stemming from multiple sources and experience considerable psychological symptoms as a consequence of imprisonment. With the affected population rarely receiving psychosocial management for sexual dysfunction, service delivery efforts should be intensified to target this high-risk population.

“They Might as Well Be Walking around the inside of a Biscuit Tin”: Barriers to Employment and Reintegration for ‘Politically Motivated’ Former Prisoners in Northern Ireland

The prisoner provisions under the Northern Ireland Peace Agreement emphasised the importance of the reintegration and civic inclusion of ‘politically motivated’ former prisoners; however, numerous barriers to full reintegration remain. Notwithstanding the fact that these prisoners were released as part of a peace process, based on principles of conflict transformation and reconciliation, there were still numerous conditions placed upon them as part of their release process and they continued to hold a ‘criminal’ record upon release. As with ‘ordinary’ ex-prisoners, these ‘politically motivated’ former prisoners have subsequently faced numerous obstacles in their attempts to reintegrate back into society, particularly in the area of employment. Recognising that they needed to deal with the consequences of imprisonment, ‘politically motivated’ former prisoners formed numerous self-help organizations to assist in the reintegration process and have mobilised to lobby for protection against the discrimination and unequal treatment experienced by ex-prisoners seeking employment. This article explores the remaining barriers to employment for ‘politically motivated’ former prisoners and the consequences of these barriers. The article moves to assess how prisoner groups have subsequently used a ‘rights based’ discourse to engage local government in their struggle to overcome existing obstacles before finally concluding that any piecemeal attempt to remove barriers to full reintegration will only impede the longer term conflict transformation process in Northern Ireland.

Stigma, Ex-convicts and Labour Markets

Abstract Rasmusen (1996) has shown that inmates not only suffer public penalties but also economic and social stigma. In this article, we analyse the economic consequences of imprisonment which can be identified as lower wages and difficulty in re-entering the labour market. Analysing data from a German survey, we find that having been in prison reduces the probability of finding a job and that the total time sentenced to imprisonment reduces both labour market opportunities and earnings. The penalty is worst for those who have committed murder.

Sentencing white-collar criminals: when is shaming viable?

When does shaming work as an alternative to incarceration and fines in sentencing white-collar criminals? In the light of recent economic downturn and highly publicised instances of white-collar crime, public opinion has demanded harsher sentences for white-collar criminals. In order to appease this demand, as well as consider the pressing problem of prison overpopulation, alternative sanctions, such as formal shaming, have been increasingly studied. Through examination of the costs and consequences of incarceration and shaming, this article will explain that since the costs of shaming sanctions are largely fixed, shaming sanctions are most viable when used in conjunction with alternative sanctions so that courts can impose sanction bundles of costs commensurate with the level of offense committed by an offender.

A Review of Primary Care Training Programs in Correctional Health for Physicians

Background: Despite the health consequences of incarceration, there are no national standards for teaching physicians about correctional health. The purpose of this study was to survey existing correctional health training programs for primary care physicians. Summary: Programs were identified through literature and Web search, snowballing, and professional meetings. Programs were contacted and asked to complete a survey. Correctional health programs exist in a variety of disciplines. We identified 22 in primary care. Programs seek to improve public health, reduce stigma, and recruit physicians to correctional health. Curricula covered specific health problems as well as the impact of incarceration on families and communities. Relationships between the academic center and the correctional facilities were varied. Barriers include issues of security, time, financial resources, and stigma. Programs evaluate their learners, as well as educational and clinical outcomes. Conclusions: A variety of correctional health programs currently exist. A national model curriculum could strengthen teaching in correctional health.

Schenkelhernie

Femoral hernia (or crural hernia) is a hernia with a hernia sac located dorsal of the inguinal ligament. At a high percentage a femoral hernia is only discovered if complications such as incarceration occurs. This is due to non-specific signs and symptoms as well as a relatively small hernia gap that promotes the incarceration of parts of the intestine. Diagnosis of a femoral hernia is at the same time the indication for surgery. Surgery can be performed laparoscopically by an open femoral, inguinal or intraabdominal approach. Prognosis depends on the consequences of incarceration as well as on recurrence rate which lies between 2 to 10%.

Predictors and consequences of incarceration among a sample of young Thai methamphetamine users

Our study examined the incidence of arrest and incarceration, investigated predictors of incarceration and explored the persistence of depression, alcohol use and drug use after incarceration among young methamphetamine users from Thailand. Participants were aged 18-25 years old and were a part of a 12 month randomised social network trial that aimed to reduce sexual risk and methamphetamine use. Estimates of the incidence of arrest and incarceration over 12 months were calculated. A matched case-control study (n = 73 cases; n = 223 controls) was performed to examine incarceration risk factors using conditional logistic regression. Persistence of drug-risk behaviours were explored after incarceration. Study participants (n = 950) were 72% male, with a median age of 19 years and a median of 9 years of schooling. Frequent drug and alcohol use were reported at baseline. In total, 35% of the sample reported ever having been arrested and 22% reported ever having been incarcerated at baseline. During the 12 month follow up, 16% of the sample was arrested. In univariate analyses, risk factors for incarceration included frequent drug and alcohol use, being less educated, and a history of arrest and incarceration. A high prevalence of drug and alcohol use and involvement in the drug economy persisted after arrest. The study indicates a high prevalence of recidivism among this young sample, with continued involvement in drug-risk behaviours after incarceration. Appropriate interventions are needed to address root causes of arrest, largely related to substance use.

Injustice and disabilities: the case against the extradition of Gary McKinnon to the USA

Gary McKinnon is wanted in the United States of America for alleged computer fraud, and his extradition case has been going through the media and legal arenas for a number of years. While previous cases he has brought in England have failed to have extradition proceedings halted and the European Court of Human Rights rejected his appeal, he has been diagnosed recently with Asperger’s Syndrome (BBC News, 2009). His legal team gained a judicial review of the decision to allow the extradition to proceed, likely to be held during April or May 2010 (BBC News, 2010). In this article we argue that Asperger’s syndrome is a learning disability which should affect current criteria for assessing fitness to stand trial. We explore how people with Asperger’s syndrome are impaired by the condition, and how this affects criminal responsibility, fitness to plead and the consequence of imprisonment. We will argue that Gary McKinnon is likely to be so disabled by his condition that he should not be extradited to the US. Background to the case [2008] UKHL 59 Gary McKinnon (GM) is accused of accessing nearly 100 US government computers in 2001 and 2002, stealing passwords and deleting information. He is alleged to have removed data and caused significant disruption to army networks, and to have left messages including ‘I am SOLO. I will continue to disrupt at the highest levels ...’. GM has admitted accessing computer systems without authorisation, but claimed that it was to investigate the evidence for the existence of extra-terrestrial life. Since 2004 the USA has requested his extradition to face charges in New Jersey and Virginia. The extradition request was first heard in a magistrate’s court, which referred the decision to the Home Secretary, who agreed to the request. The Court of Appeal also considered the issues, but refused to overturn the previous decision. In 2008, GM went to the House of Lords, but again the ruling was not overturned. An appeal to the European Court of Human Rights was rejected. More recently, a judicial review of the decision has been agreed, and will take place later this Robin Mackenzie Law School, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK

Riding the Bus

Geographic separation from family is one consequence of imprisonment. Depending on the state, prisons are often located in remote, rural areas that are far from the urban cores many prisoners come from. Although scholars frequently cite the distance of prison facilities from prisoners’ families’ residences, scant research has addressed whether this is in fact an impediment to visiting or how families who do visit manage this process. It is an exhausting, resource intensive process for a family member to make one visit at a prison. Understanding how families decide how much of their resources to devote to maintaining their relationship with the prisoner is important. Using data collected through ethnographic observation and interviews, this article explores family management of prison visiting as one of the collateral consequences of incarceration.

Politics and social structure in The Culture of Control

David Garland's The Culture of Control provides a powerful analysis of trends in crime and criminal justice policy over the last 30 years. This note re‐examines two parts of the Garland thesis. First, it argues that punitive criminal justice policy is rooted in an authoritarian neoconservative politics that shares little with free‐market ideology. Second, research on the collateral consequences of incarceration suggests that the penal system, at least in America, has become a significant influence on, rather than just a product of, the social structure of late modernity.

A CSV Placement from Prison

The author, now on parole, describes his short Community Service Volunteer placement, arranged after he had been given his parole date. He makes a number of comments on the effects of imprison ment, and how people may better be prepared for the world outside.

Changing Alienations as Consequences of Imprisonment

Concentrating on inmates in a medium security institution, kinds and degrees of alienation were related to the duration of incarceration as well as to the extra-prison variables of race and marital status. In contrast to our a priori expectations, the results indicated that the amount of time in prison was inversely related, at statistically significant levels, to our measures of meaninglessness, powerlessness, normlessness, and social isolation. The implications of race and marital status for differentiating inmate alienations were explored in conjunction with the duration of imprisonment.

Bureaucracy and Teachers' Sense of Power

Previous articleNext article No AccessBureaucracy and Teachers' Sense of PowerGerald H. MoellerGerald H. Moeller Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 72, Number 2Summer, 1964 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/442695 Views: 7Total views on this site Citations: 7Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in The School Review (1893-1979), which is continued by the American Journal of Education (1979-present). Copyright 1964 University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Tamara Bibby, Ruth Lupton, Carlo Raffo The Vignettes as a Whole, (Dec 2016): 165–185.https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52156-9_10Jeffrey Leiter Perceived Teacher Autonomy and the Meaning of Organizational Control, The Sociological Quarterly 22, no.22 (Dec 2016): 225–239.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1981.tb00657.xArthur G. Neal, Eldon E. Snyder, Joseph K. Balogh Changing Alienations as Consequences of Imprisonment, Criminal Justice Review 1, no.22 (Sep 2016): 93–105.https://doi.org/10.1177/073401687600100210R. Sakolsky The Myth of Government-Sponsored Revolution, Education and Urban Society 5, no.33 (Jul 2016): 321–343.https://doi.org/10.1177/001312457300500306Carol Lefevre Chapter V: Teacher Characteristics and Careers, Review of Educational Research 37, no.44 (Jul 2016): 433–447.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543037004433Charles S. Benson, Lester A. Dunn Chapter V: Employment Practices and Working Conditions, Review of Educational Research 37, no.33 (Jun 2016): 272–279.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543037003272E.M. BRIDGES Case Development in Educational Administration, Journal of Educational Administration 3, no.11 (Jan 1965): 54–61.https://doi.org/10.1108/eb009588