Effects Of Gender Research Articles

Treatment outcomes in adult patients experiencing dental anxiety: A comparative retrospective study.

To assess and compare the effectiveness of pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral modalities-behavioral methods (BM), nitrous oxide inhalation sedation (NOIS), and premedication with Diazepam-for alleviating anxiety during dental treatment, using completed treatment sessions and adverse outcomes as indicators. For 239 patients (515 dental records), 18-53 y/o, who underwent dental treatments under anxiety reduction measures, sessions under NOIS were categorized as "nitrous group" (456 sessions) versus premedication with Diazepam or behavioral strategies (control, 59 sessions). Outcomes were completed treatment sessions considering demographic and clinical parameters, and adverse outcomes during and between sessions. Adjusted logistic regression showed significantly higher odds of completing treatment sessions after NOIS (p = 0.014) as compared to controls. Univariate analyses demonstrated failure of anesthesia was higher in the control versus the nitrous group (p<0.001). Adverse outcomes were more frequent in controls (p=0.005). No significant effects of age, gender, and general health condition on completion rates of treatment plans were demonstrated. The complexity of the treatment plan had a significant effect on its completion (p = 0.03). NOIS modality yielded significantly superior outcomes as compared to BM and premedication with Diazepam, with no significant effects of age or gender on the completion of treatment plans.

Gender and ethnic disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma: Trends in incidence rates across U.S. populations from 2000 to 2021.

524 Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver strongly associated with liver cirrhosis and the etiologies producing cirrhosis. As such, racial and ethnic factors might affect incidence rates of HCC resulting in disparities. While disparities have been reported, the effect of gender within certain populations, particularly Hispanic and non-Hispanic White ancestry, have not been fully explored. This study looks at the changing incidence rates of HCC in the US amongst different populations with a particular focus on the impact of gender on incidence. Methods: Incidence rates of HCC between 2000 and 2021 among different sexes within racial and ethnic groups in the United States were analyzed utilizing delay-adjusted data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Annual percent change (APC) was calculated by using Joinpoint Regression software. Results: Overall, HCC incidence rates since 2014 to 2021 show a slight decrease (APC, -0.06). While Hispanic men HCC incidence rates declined from 2012 to 2021 (APC, -0.44), Hispanic women incidence have had a steady increase since 2000 (APC, +2.52). Non-Hispanic Black men (APC, -3.07) rates vastly declined from 2015 to 2021 while non-Hispanic black women interestingly experienced a slight decrease in incidence from 2013 to 2021 (APC, -0.34). Non-Hispanic White men experienced stagnant rates of HCC since 2014 (APC, -0.05) while non-hispanic white women (APC, +3.59) showed increasing trends in HCC incidence since 2003. For comparison, non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander men (APC, -2.19) and women (APC, -2.36), which both experienced a decline since 2007. This analysis was repeated without significant change. Further corroborations are necessary to validate these findings. Conclusions: These findings show that while the incidence rates of HCC overall have decreased, this benefit appears to be largely driven in male populations. In contrast, in women, and particularly Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White women, incidence rates have been increasing. This phenomenon likely reflects the changes in etiologies of cirrhosis and HCC. Surveillance strategies and screening might need to be optimized to reflect these trends.

Racial, gender and socioeconomic disparities in survival outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma.

526 Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most commonly occurring cancer worldwide, with mortality rates increasing globally, particularly in the Western world. The 5‐year survival rate of persons with HCC is less than 20%. It is, therefore, essential to investigate the extent to which social determinants of health influence survival outcomes. In this study, we explored the effect of gender, race/ethnicity and socioeconomic factors on survival outcomes among patients with HCC in the United States. Methods: We extracted data on patients with a histologic diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) Registry from 2000-2021. The primary outcome of interest was the cause-specific survival of these patients. According to the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition (ICD-O-3) system, the histological code of HCC is 8170/3. We excluded patients of missing or unknown race, income, location, and patients outside the years of study. Cox proportional hazard regression (SPSS) was utilized to determine the association between patients' race/ethnicity, gender, annual median income, location and cause-specific survival. Results: 80,445 met the criteria and were included in our study. Gender proved to be a predictor of survival; compared to females, males had worse outcomes, with males HR 1.040 (95% CI; 1.020-1.060, p = &lt;0.001). Race was a predictor of survival outcomes. Using American Indian/Alaska Native as our reference, Asian/Pacific Islander HR 0.847 (95% CI; 0.790-0.90, p = &lt;0.001), Black HR 1.019 (95% CI; 0.950-1.093, p = 0.603), White HR 0.955 (95% CI; 0.893-1.023, p = 0.186). We also analyzed the effects of socioeconomic factors on survival. Patients with higher annual median income had better outcomes. &gt;$120000 HR 0.817 (95% CI; 0.783-0.851, p = &lt;0.001) while patients with lower annual median income had worse outcomes &lt; $40000 HR 1.217 (95% CI; 1.134-1.305, p &lt; 0.001). The effect of location on survival was not significant. Compared to non-metropolitan areas, metropolitan areas HR 0.988 (95% CI; 0.971–1.004, p = 0.138). Conclusions: Race/ethnicity, income and gender disparities all played a significant role in cause-specific survival in patients with HCC, with improved survival observed in females, Asians and patients with higher annual median income. More efforts are needed to bridge these survival disparities.

Pathways linking loneliness and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of sleep disturbance

BackgroundDespite growing evidence linking loneliness and depressive symptoms, the underlying pathways remain unclear. This study aims to assess the impact of loneliness on depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents and investigate the potential mediating role of sleep disturbance. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between November and December 2021. Loneliness, depressive symptoms, and sleep disturbance were assessed using the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire, respectively. Baron and Kenny's causal steps method and the Karlson-Holm-Breen method were applied to explore the mediating role of sleep disturbance. Subgroup analysis by gender was also conducted. ResultsA total of 6838 adolescents were included, with 52.2 % boys and a mean age of 14.5 (SD = 1.6) years. Approximately 15.8 % of the adolescents reported depressive symptoms. Loneliness was positively associated with depressive symptoms after controlling for covariates (OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.31–1.36). After incorporating sleep disturbance into the model, the association was still significant (OR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.25–1.31). Sleep disturbance partially mediated this association, contributing to 18.89 % of the total effects. The associations and mediation effects were consistent across both genders, with no moderating effect of gender observed. LimitationsThe cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causality. ConclusionLoneliness was significantly associated with depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents and this association was partially mediated by sleep disturbance. Interventions aimed at reducing loneliness and improving sleep quality may help lower the risk of depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents, regardless of genders. Nevertheless, further randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Gender effects of nanoplastics and emerging contaminants mixtures in Mytilus galloprovincialis.

The reproduction of mussels occurs within the water column, and if gametogenesis is successful, gametes are exposed to the surrounding contaminants. Nanoplastics and other emerging contaminants have been gaining vast attention; however, their effects on the reproductive tissues of mussels with sex differentiation are scarce. Here, the effects of polystyrene nanoparticles (50 nm; 10 µg/L), the cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil (10 ng/L), and a mixture of the two were evaluated in the gonads of Mytilus galloprovincialis after a 21-day exposure for a multi-biomarker assessment, and after 28 days for the accumulation of nanoplastics. The effects on the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Moreover, synergistic and antagonistic interactions in the mixture were calculated. A weight of evidence model was also used to elaborate on the hazardous level of biomarker results relative to polystyrene nanoparticles alone and in the mixture. The accumulation of nanoplastics appeared gender and time-specific, with females mostly compromised. According to the data set, a synergistic interaction between the cytotoxic drug and the nanoplastics makes the combination far more dangerous than individual stressors. The Weight Of Evidence model also confirms that females are more compromised at chronic exposure times than males. This study shows that the uptake, fate, and impact of emerging contaminants of concern can be significantly influenced by sex.

A Review of Sex and Gender Factors in Stimulant Treatment for ADHD: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions.

Stimulant medications are the primary pharmacological intervention for ADHD, yet our understanding of how sex and gender impact stimulant treatment outcomes remains limited. Clinical guidelines do not differ for female and male individuals despite possible sex and gender-related differences in effectiveness, adverse events, and pharmacokinetics. This theoretical framework identifies five key knowledge gaps relating to sex and gender effects in stimulant treatment. We investigate the stimulant treatment trajectories of girls and women with ADHD from diagnosis and prescription to daily use and outcomes. We examine the impact of reproductive life transitions and hormonal fluctuations and their interactions with gender socialization and gendered expectations on treatment effectiveness, stigma, and adherence. By synthesizing existing literature, proposing testable predictions, and suggesting future research directions, we highlight the urgent need for studies that systematically investigate these factors. Addressing these gaps could significantly improve treatment outcomes for girls and women with ADHD, particularly during biological and gender role transitions.

Primary school children’s oral hygiene knowledge assessed with different educational methods: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundDifferent educational methods play an important role in oral hygiene education programs. This study aims to evaluate the impact of various educational methods on the oral hygiene knowledge of primary school children.MethodsA total of 490 primary school students participated in this cross-sectional study. The students were assigned to one of three groups: a verbal explanation group, an animation group, or a peer-led reels group. Before and after the intervention, the students completed questionnaires assessing their oral hygiene knowledge.ResultsA significant increase was observed in the post-educational knowledge levels of the children in three educational methods (p < 0.001). The study found that the main effect of educational methods was statistically significant (p < 0.001). However, effects of gender, and tablet/mobile phone use, respectively, were not statistically significant (p = 0.694, p = 0.641). The animation group (6.73) and the verbal expression group (6.57) had the highest post-training knowledge levels, respectively, while the peer-led reels group had the lowest (5.95) (p < 0.001).ConclusionsAll three educational methods are effective in promoting oral hygiene, but due to the accessibility and consumption of information in the current technological era, animation videos may be more useful and suitable for modern education.Trial registrationID: NCT06569745; Date: 21.08.2024; ‘retrospectively registered’.

Gendered AI in fully autonomous vehicles: the role of social presence and competence in building trust

Purpose This study aims to examine users’ perceptions of gendered artificial intelligence (AI) interfaces in the context of autonomous vehicles (AVs). It focuses on the gendered effects of social presence, warmth and competence on trust and introduces the moderating role of perceived autonomy as a key factor. Design/methodology/approach A between-subjects experimental design was used (n = 309), using a 360-degree virtual tour simulation with gendered voice assistants. Findings As AVs are perceived as highly autonomous, the impact of gender on social presence intensifies, affecting trust. Female voices enhance social presence, conveying warmth but also perceived competence traits. Notably, competence impacts trust more significantly than warmth. Research limitations/implications The study’s experimental approach might not fully capture real-world interactions with AVs. Future research could benefit from field and longitudinal studies. Practical implications These findings are crucial for AV designers and interface developers. They highlight the importance of considering human-like characteristics such as gender and enhance perceptions of competence in developing highly autonomous AI interfaces. Social implications Addressing gender stereotypes in AV design is vital to ensure inclusivity, to cater for a diverse user base and to give all users a trustworthy experience. Originality/value This study is pioneering in its examination of how gender stereotypes impact trust toward AVs, an area previously unexplored, despite the significant influence gender might have due to the high level of autonomy and traditional car-related stereotypes. It uniquely identifies feminine traits as denoting competence in highly autonomous technologies like AVs, especially where safety is critical. This challenges traditional gender stereotypes and emphasizes the need to rethink attributes associated with competence and trust in AI.

Evaluating the impact, implementation experience and political economy of primary care networks in Kenya: protocol for a mixed methods study

BackgroundPrimary care networks (PCNs) are increasingly being adopted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to improve the delivery of primary health care (PHC). Kenya has identified PCNs as a key reform to strengthen PHC delivery and has passed a law to guide its implementation. PCNs were piloted in two counties in Kenya in 2020 and implemented nationally in October 2023. This protocol outlines methods for a study that examines the impact, implementation experience and political economy of the PCN reform in Kenya.MethodsWe will adopt the parallel databases variant of convergent mixed methods study design to concurrently but separately collect quantitative and qualitative data. The two strands will be mixed during data collection to refine questions, with findings triangulated during analysis and interpretation to provide a comprehensive understanding of PCN implementation. The quantitative study will use a controlled before and after study design and collect data using health facility and client exit surveys. The primary outcome measure will be the service delivery readiness of PHC facilities. We will use a random sample of 228 health facilities and 2560 clients in four currently implementing PCNs, four planning to implement and four control counties at baseline and post-implementation. We shall undertake a preliminary cross-sectional analysis of the data at baseline from October to December 2023, followed by a difference-in-difference analysis at the endline from October to December 2024 to compare the outcome differences between the intervention and control counties over a 12-month period. The qualitative study will include a cross-sectional process evaluation and political economy analysis (PEA) using document reviews and approximately 80 in-depth interviews with national and sub-national stakeholders. The process evaluation will assess the emergence of PCN reforms, the implementation experience, the mechanism of impact and how the context affects implementation and outcomes. The PEA will examine the interaction of structural factors, institutions and actors/stakeholders’ interests and power relations in implementing PCNs. We will also examine the gendered effects of the PCNs, including power relations and norms, and their implications on PHC from the supply and demand sides. We shall undertake a thematic analysis of the qualitative data.DiscussionThis evaluation will contribute robust evidence on the impact, implementation experience, political economy and gendered implications of PCNs in a LMIC setting, as well as guide the refining of PCN implementation in Kenya and other LMICs implementing or planning to implement PCNs to enhance their effectiveness.

The posterior cruciate ligament angle in the setting of anterior cruciate ligament deficient knees: the effect of gender, age, time from injury and tibial slope.

This study aimed to assess the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) angle in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient knees and correlate it with anatomical and demographic factors such as tibial slope, anterior tibial translation, age, gender, and time of injury. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were clinically diagnosed with an ACL tear confirmed by MRI. For each patient, the following parameters were evaluated: PCL angle (PCLA), medial tibial slope (MTS), lateral tibial slope (LTS), medial anterior tibial translation (MATT), and lateral anterior tibial translation (LATT). A total of 193 patients were included in the study, comprising 91 (47.2%) females and 102 (52.8%) males, with a mean age of 30.27 ± 12.54years. The mean time from injury to MRI was 14.18 ± 55.77days. In the overall population, the mean PCL angle was 128.72 ± 10.33°, the mean medial tibial slope was 3.57 ± 2.33°, and the mean lateral tibial slope was 6.07 ± 3.52°. The mean medial and lateral anterior tibial translations were 4.76 ± 2.02mm and 7.01 ± 2.48mm, respectively. In 190 cases (98.4%), the PCL angle was ≥ 105°. The PCL angle negatively correlated with medial and lateral anterior tibial translation (p < 0.05). Females exhibited a higher PCL angle compared to males (p = 0.019). In the context of ACL lesions, the PCL angle has a normal value in acute injuries (> 105°) and decreases over time. The PCL angle is negatively correlated with anterior tibial translation, and females have a higher PCL angle compared to males. Retrospective Cohort.

Consumer response to visual harmony: When is a gender difference not a gender difference?

ABSTRACT Past marketing research has consistently shown that consumers prefer high harmony over low harmony in visual design, with females perceiving harmonious designs as more attractive than do males. Previous consumer studies also show that social expectations play a role in gendered response to visual communication. This research aims to explore possible reasons for divergence from historically established gendered responses to visual harmony. To investigate the role of social expectations in gendered response to visual harmony, we extend previous design research through (1) a multidimensional Implicit Association Test (md-IAT), (2) a social context study, and (3) combining both an IAT and a social desirability study. Contrasting widely published explicit results, our IAT results show no gender effects on implicit identification with harmony and implicit harmony attractiveness. In addition, the social context study demonstrates that gender effects depend on the private versus public context of consumption. In line with these results, Study 3 shows no effects of gender and social desirability on implicit harmony attractiveness, whereas gender differences in explicit attractiveness evaluation depend on social desirability (i.e., self-deceptive enhancement). Together, the findings suggest that previously reported systematic gender differences in (explicit) preferences for visual harmony trace back to social expectation effects.

Cyber safety in e-learning: The effects of cyber awareness and information security policies with moderating effects of gender and experience levels among e-learning students

Cyber safety in e-learning: The effects of cyber awareness and information security policies with moderating effects of gender and experience levels among e-learning students

Sex life dissatisfaction contribute to intention toward infidelity among Malaysians: relationship satisfaction as a mediator

BackgroundIntention toward infidelity or extramarital affairs could be caused by sex life dissatisfaction and low relationship satisfaction. Although sex is just a tiny part of a marriage’s relationship, the importance of sex life in a relationship cannot be easily underestimated. Past studies have found some important associations between sex life and relationship satisfaction in determining whether a person would decide to engage in marital infidelity. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanism of the association between sex life satisfaction and intention toward infidelity is unexplored in the Malaysian context. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of relationship satisfaction in its direct association between sex life satisfaction and intention toward infidelity among Malaysian married individuals.MethodA total of 292 married individuals (Mage=42.98; SDage=9.82; 66.4% women; 65.4% Chinese Malaysians, 15.8% Indians Malaysians, 14.7% Others Ethnic Malaysians, and 4.1% Malay Malaysians) participated in the cross-sectional quantitative online survey.ResultsA significant positive association was found between sex life and relationship satisfaction. However, sex life and relationship satisfaction were negatively associated with intention toward infidelity. Meanwhile, relationship satisfaction significantly mediates the link between sex life satisfaction and intention toward infidelity after controlling for the effects of age and gender. These findings support the hypothetical mediating role of relationship satisfaction in the association between sex life satisfaction and intention toward infidelity.ConclusionsThis study may fill a knowledge gap in Malaysia about the underlying association among these variables as well as the practical implication of the importance of sex life and relationship satisfaction in determining whether one would engage in extramarital affairs.

Scrutinizing the overlooked moderating effects of gender and age on the link between perceived pay inequity and psychological distress: Evidence from Egypt

Although a positive relationship between employee perceived pay inequity and psychological distress is well established in the organizational behavior literature, the moderating roles of employee demographic characteristics in this link remain unexplored. This study aims to address this gap by examining the moderating effects of gender and age on the relationship between perceived pay inequity and psychological distress in the Egyptian context. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze cross-sectional data obtained through an online survey of 202 Egyptian employees from multiple industries, including 114 men and 88 women. Participant ages ranged from 21 to 61 years, with a mean age of 35.5 years (SD = 9.04). The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between perceived internal pay inequity and psychological distress and that this relationship is significantly stronger among men and gets significantly weaker with age. Results elucidate the mechanism through which perceived pay inequity relates to psychological distress through examining the moderating roles of employee gender and age in the link. This can help human resource practitioners understand why some employees may exhibit stronger negative responses to perceived pay inequity without attributing such inconsistencies to false grounds such as equity sensitivity differences.

Gender influence on career trajectory as a shoulder and elbow surgeon.

Women continue to make up a minority of orthopedic surgeons, especially shoulder and elbow surgeons. There exists no study that investigates the effect of gender on one's academic career as a shoulder and elbow orthopedic surgeon, which was the purpose of this cross-sectional study. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons website was used to identify surgeons. Demographics, education, and current professional roles were obtained using the websites of institutions, hospital employers, physicians, LinkedIn, and Doximity. Research productivity metrics were obtained using SCOPUS and Google Scholar. Outcome measures included current academic/leadership roles, and research productivity. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-squared test and Mann-Whitney U test. Totally, 893 surgeons were identified, 60 being female (6.7%). Males had a significantly higher average h-index (P = 0.003), total number of publications (P = 0.019), citations (P = 0.03) and ASES membership ranks than female surgeons (P = 0.037; P = 0.004). There were no significant differences between genders in current professional or leadership roles. Female surgeons had a significantly lower number of citations, publications, and h-index but equal leadership positions such as fellowship director, residency director, chief of service, and department chair compared to their male counterparts. Level III, cross-sectional study.

A Meta‐Analysis of Accent Bias in Employee Interviews: The Effects of Gender and Accent Stereotypes, Interview Modality, and Other Moderating Features

ABSTRACTTo address concerns of subtle discrimination against stigmatized groups, we meta‐analyze the magnitude and moderators of bias against non‐standard accents in employment interview evaluations. Results from a multi‐level random‐effects meta‐analysis (unique effects: k = 41, N = 7,596; multi‐level effects accounting for dependencies: k = 120, N = 20,873) demonstrate that standard‐accented (SA) interviewees are consistently favored over non‐standard‐accented (NSA) interviewees (d = 0.46). Accent bias is stronger against women compared to men, particularly when evaluator samples are predominantly female, and was strongly predicted by interviewers' stereotypes of NSA interviewees as less competent and, to a lesser extent, as less warm. Accent bias was not significantly impacted by perceptions of comprehensibility, accentedness, accent type, interview modality, study rigor, or job speaking skill requirements.

Flexible Working Arrangement and Well-Being amongst Private University Employees: A Pilot Study

The COVID-19 epidemic led to several adjustments in the workplace. Working from home or having flexible arrangements (FWA) has become standard practice in many workplaces. A Bandung-based private institution implemented a similar setup. FWA practices, tenure, and gender, as well as the combination of the three, had a substantial impact on the relationship dimension of subjective well-being. The association between the influence of FWA on the relational dimension of subjective well-being is strengthened by the effects of tenure and gender. This indicates that in this case where respondent used FWA, had a longer tenure, and is the same gender as his or her co-workers, they positively interact with other individuals (in a work setting, according to the context of this research). With the addition of other criteria (tenure and gender), the favorable perspective on the relationship of subjective well-being was amplified. FWA practices generated a positive perception of subjective well-being.

The effect of stressful life events on depressive symptoms in Chinese university students: Moderated mediating effect of interpersonal relationship and gender.

This study aimed to examine the impact of stressful life events on the depressive symptoms of Chinese first-year university students, while considering the influence of interpersonal relationships and gender on this association. A total of 8079 first-year Chinese university students were surveyed using the Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List (ASLEC), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Comprehensive Diagnostic Scale of Interpersonal Relationship (CDSIR). Stressful life event were positively correlated with interpersonal relationships, depressive symptoms, and gender (r = 0.385, 0.264, 0.055, p < 0.001); there was a significant positive correlation between depressive symptoms and interpersonal relationships (r = 0.473, p < 0.001). Stressful life events partially predict depressive symptoms through the mediation of interpersonal relationships, and the proportion of indirect total effect was 63.26 %. The effect of stressful life events on depressive symptoms was moderated by gender. Stressful life events had a positive effect on depressive symptoms in both male and female individuals. Compared with male individuals (simple slope = 0.070, t = 3.467, p < 0.001), female individuals were more susceptible to stressful life events (simple slope = 0.185, t = 9.652, p < 0.001). The generalizability of the findings is constrained by the composition of the sample. The study's utilization of questionnaire methodology and cross-sectional design poses limitations in establishing definitive causality. The effect of stressful life events on depressive symptoms might be mediated by interpersonal relationships and moderated by gender.

‘I feel I must work harder and still be overlooked’ – How the implementation of video assistant referee (VAR) influences gendered recruitment and working conditions in elite football refereeing

Since 2018, video assistant referee (VAR) has rapidly been implemented in men's elite football across Europe, the Americas, and Asia. VAR is to a lesser extent implemented in women's football. As football is a highly gendered field, where men primarily referee men's matches and women referee women's matches, this study examines in what ways the implementation of VAR in elite football refereeing is gendered. The analytical framework is a Science and Technology Studies (STS)-informed approach, combining domestication theory with gendered technoscience. Methodologically, the study is based on fieldwork of the VAR training of Norwegian elite referees throughout 2022, ahead of the implementation of VAR in Norway in 2023. The findings show how the implementation of VAR works to the advantage of some referees (men) while disadvantaging others (women). Men and women in elite football refereeing are affected differently by the implementation of VAR, in two pivotal ways. First, a more demanding workload due to the implementation of VAR works to increase gendered aspects of workload which affects women referees. Second, gendered differences in elite refereeing recruitment are amplified by the implementation of VAR, marginalizing women referees to a larger extent than before. The analysis demonstrates the gendered tensions and negotiations of implementing VAR in Norwegian elite football, and how it creates barriers for women referees. Ultimately, this article shows how technological innovations in sports often imply gendered consequences that work to disadvantage women.

The Role of Sex and Gender in Acute Kidney Injury - Consensus Statements from the 33rd Acute Disease Quality Initiative.

Sex differences exist in acute kidney injury (AKI), and the role that sex and gender play along the AKI care continuum remains unclear. The 33rd Acute Disease Quality Initiative meeting evaluated available data on the role of sex and gender in AKI and identified knowledge gaps. Data from experimental models, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical care, gender, social determinants of health, education, and advocacy were reviewed. Recommendations include incorporating sex and gender into research along the bench-to-bedside spectrum, analyzing sex-stratified results, evaluating the effects of sex chromosomes, hormones, and gender on outcomes, considering fluctuations of hormone levels, studying the impact gender may have on access to care, and developing educational tools to inform patients, providers, and stakeholders. This meeting report summarizes what is known about sex and gender along the AKI care continuum and proposes an agenda for translational discovery to elucidate the role of sex and gender in AKI across the lifespan.