Consequences For Children Research Articles

THE PHENOMENOLOGY AND TYPOLOGY OF BIOGENIC DEPRIVATIONS

The article examines the problem of deprivation analysed as a multifactorial psychological phenomenon that has a significant negative impact on children's personal development. The nature of deprivation is determined depending on the factors that generate it, namely, biogenic, sociogenic and psychogenic.
 The phenomenology of biogenic deprivation is revealed, its features and consequences for children's psychosocial development are characterized.
 We have determined that if a certain organic violation exists, there are always leading and concomitant types of deprivation. Accordingly, each violation basically causes a certain leading deprivation; and this fact allows us to derive a certain typology of biogenic deprivation.
 Visual deprivation occurs at visual impairments, auditory deprivation does at hearing impairments, mental deprivation appears at intellectual development impairments (feeble minding), cognitive impairments does at cognitive development impairments (mental retardation), speech (communicative) one does at speech disorders, motor one does at musculoskeletal system disorders, deprivation of identity (social one) does at autistic spectrum disorders.
 All types of deprivation have some common manifestations, namely: increased anxiety, decreased vital activity, frequent mood swings, unmotivated aggression, etc.

KONSEKUENSI DARI KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH TENTANG VAKSINASI COVID-19 BAGI ANAK USIA 6-11 TAHUN TERHADAP PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN Di SD NEGERI 04 KAMPUNG OLO

Government policies based on a circular from the Padang City Education and Culture Office regarding the implementation of vaccinations for children aged 6-11 years for the prevention of Covid-19 are known to have consequences for children, teachers and parents. at the age of 6-11 years towards learning at SD Negeri 04 Kampung Olo. The theory used in this research is the theory of structural functionalism of money proposed by Robert K. Merton. The research approach used is a qualitative approach with descriptive research type. Withdrawal of informants using purposive sampling technique with the number of informants 14 people. The types of data used in this research are primary data and secondary data. Data collection methods used are non-participant observation, in-depth interviews and document studies. Data analysis techniques used by the group with data analysis Miles and Huberman are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study show that the consequences of government policies regarding Covid-19 vaccination for children aged 6-11 years on the implementation of learning at SD Negeri 04 Kampung Olo have consequences, namely: 1) the consequences of policies on the implementation of learning, 2) Learning is divided into 2 shifts, 3) Differences in lesson hours, 4) grouping students online and offline.

Consequences of Reproductive and Sexual health in Victims of Child-adolescent Sexual Deviations and Preventive Strategies: A Review Study

Background and Objective Paraphilia is one of the disorders without precise statistics in Iran. One of the most important sexual injuries is the lack of abilities and skills required in the sexual management of children and adolescents. Paraphilic behavior, especially child sexual abuse, produces dire consequences in children and adolescents. Materials & Method The research was done by searching in PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Magiran, and SID using the keywords of “sexual deviance,” “consequence,” “victim,” “sexual education,” “child,” “adolescent,” “COVID-19,” and “reproductive and sexual health.” Results The consequences of deviant behaviors of paraphilia in child and adolescent victims include various sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancy, obstetric complications, reluctance to marry and have children, posttraumatic stress syndrome, and sexual dysfunction. Preventive solutions include school-based sex education with the family-school-peer triangle, teaching parenting skills to parents, using family-centered sex education models, promoting sexual restraint in adolescents, monitoring the impact of the media on child sex education, paying attention to the early diagnosis of disorders, such as depression or anxiety in children and parents, avoiding destructive parenting styles, such as controlling or banning extreme freedom and teaching life skills to children and adolescents. Conclusion Considering the dreadful consequences of paraphilic behaviors in children and adolescent victims, there is a need for sexual education by taking preventive measures at the level of macro-policies in families, kindergartens, and schools through relevant experts, training child sex educators.

Relation between anxiety disorders in adolescent mothers and dental fear in children.

Maternal anxiety disorders can cause adverse consequences in child's health, cognitive development, and behavior. To investigate the association of maternal anxiety disorders with the occurrence of dental fear in children aged 24-36 months. This cross-sectional study is part of a cohort of adolescent mothers and their children (n=527) in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Anxiety disorders in mothers were assessed using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (DSM-IV), whereas the Dental Anxiety Question was used to assess children's dental fear. Clinical oral examinations were performed on the cohort. Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the association of maternal anxiety disorders with maternal perception of dental fear in children (p < .05). The prevalence of dental fear in children was 21.7% (n=114), and maternal age, agoraphobia, social phobia, and maternal caries experience (p < .05) were associated with the presence of dental fear. After adjusted analysis, children of mothers presenting with agoraphobia (Prevalence ratios [PR]=1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00-2.32) and social phobia (PR=1.69; 95% CI=1.06-2.71) had higher prevalence of dental fear than children whose mothers did not have any of these conditions. In this population of young mothers, agoraphobia and social phobia were associated with children's dental fear. Detection of and treatment for maternal mental disorders may aid in the prevention of dental fear and its oral health-related consequences.

Neurocognitive Consequences in Children with Sleep Disordered Breathing: Who Is at Risk?

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a prevalent disease in children characterized by snoring and narrowing of the upper airway leading to gas exchange abnormalities during sleep as well as sleep fragmentation. SDB has been consistently associated with problematic behaviors and adverse neurocognitive consequences in children but causality and determinants of susceptibility remain incompletely defined. Since the 1990s several studies have enlightened these associations and consistently reported poorer academic performance, lower scores on neurocognitive tests, and behavioral abnormalities in children suffering from SDB. However, not all children with SDB develop such consequences, and severity of SDB based on standard diagnostic indices has often failed to discriminate among those children with or without neurocognitive risk. Accordingly, a search for discovery of markers and clinically useful tools that can detect those children at risk for developing cognitive and behavioral deficits has been ongoing. Here, we review the advances in this field and the search for possible detection approaches and unique phenotypes of children with SDB who are at greater risk of developing neurocognitive consequences.

A fatal SARS-coronavirus-2 induced bone marrow aplasia complicated with invasive fungal infection and severe neutropenic enterocolitis

BackgroundImmunization against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in January 2021 in Iran; nonetheless, due to a lack of vaccination among children under 12, this age group is still at risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complications.Case presentationSARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed in a 6-year-old girl who had previously been healthy but had developed a fever and pancytopenia. The bone marrow aspiration/biopsy demonstrated just hypocellular marrow without signs of leukemia. She was worked up for primary and secondary causes of pancytopenia. Except for a repeated reactive HIV antibody/Ag P24 assay, all test results were inconclusive. After a thorough diagnostic investigation, the cross-reactivity of the HIV antibody/Ag P24 test with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was confirmed. The patient did not develop any COVID-19-related signs and symptoms, but she did get a severe invasive fungal infection and neutropenic enterocolitis. She died as a result of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.ConclusionIt is critical to recognize children infected with SARS-CoV-2 who exhibit atypical clinical manifestations of COVID-19, such as persistent pancytopenia. SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause severe and deadly consequences in children; thus, pediatricians should be aware of COVID-19’s unusual signs and symptoms mimicking other conditions such as aplastic anemia.

Strategies used by schools to tackle food insecurity and hunger: a qualitative enquiry in 15 Victorian schools

ObjectiveFood insecurity is a threat to children's development and in Australia 13.5% of households experience food insecurity. Universal school food programs, however, are not provided nationally. Teachers and not‐for‐profit organisations have instead mobilised to tackle hunger. The strategies used and their effects on students have limited empirical evidence. The aim of this study is to gain perspectives on the causes and consequences of children's food insecurity in schools and describe food security strategies adopted. MethodOne hundred schools in Victoria, which participate in a not‐for‐profit lunch program provided by Eat Up were invited to take part in the study. Fifteen staff (including school principals and welfare officers) from 15 schools were recruited for semi‐structured interviews. ResultsThere was evidence that children experience adverse quantity, quality, social and psychological impacts of food insecurity whilst in school settings. Participants described employing multiple strategies including free meals (e.g. lunch, breakfast) and food (e.g. parcels) for food insecure students and their families. Conclusions and implications for public healthIn our sample, multiple strategies were being employed by schools to reduce food insecurity, but there remains unmet need for additional wide‐scale initiatives to address this critical issue and its causes and consequences.

The pandemic within the pandemic: the surge of neuropsychological disorders in Italian children during the COVID-19 era

BackgroundQuarantine and isolation measures during COVID-19 pandemic may have caused additional stress and challenged the mental health of the youth. Aim of the study is to investigate the COVID-19 pandemic impact on neuropsychological disorders (NPD) of Italian children and adolescents to provide general pediatric recommendations.Material and methodsA retrospective multicenter observational study was planned by the Italian Pediatric Society (SIP) to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the access of children to pediatric Emergency Departments (pED) for the evaluation of neuropsychological symptoms, collecting the classification codes of diagnoses between March 1, 2019 and March 2, 2021. The period study was split into two sub-periods: a pre COVID-19 period (from March 1 2019 to March 1, 2020) and a COVID-19 period (from March 2, 2020 to March 2, 2021). As additional information, data on NPD hospitalizations in any pediatric department of the involved centers were recorded.ResultsDuring the study period, a total of 533,318 children were admitted to the pED involved in the study. Despite a 48.2% decline of pED admissions, there was a significant increase (83.1%) in patient admissions for NPD. The most frequent NPD conditions which increased during the COVID-19 pandemic were suicidal ideation (+ 147%), depression (+ 115%), eating disorder (+ 78.4%), and psychosis (+ 17.2%). During the pandemic period, a 39.5% increase in NPD hospitalizations was observed as well. The NPD disorders that mostly required hospitalizations were suicidal ideation (+ 134%), depression (+ 41.4%), eating disorder (+ 31.4%), and drug abuse (+ 26.7%).COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on children's health, mainly on their NPD development. Neuropsychological assessment should be required at the primary level, in the pediatrician's office, to facilitate early capture of the sign of impairment and provide an adequate treatment.ConclusionSIP underlines the psychological consequences of COVID 19 pandemic on the youngest and recommends an early identification of NPD in the pediatric population to avoid other serious consequences for children's physical and mental health.

Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Oral Health Literacy Assessment Task: Pathways between parental oral health literacy and oral health consequences in children.

Parental oral health literacy (OHL) is a determinant of oral health behavior and oral health status of children. To delineate the pathways between parental OHL and oral health consequences in children and to validate the Turkish version of the Oral Health Literacy Assessment Task (TOHLAT-P). This cross-sectional study was conducted with 315 parent-child dyads. The TOHLAT-P was psychometrically evaluated. Item analysis was performed to determine the reliability of the TOHLAT-P. Construct validity was tested by comparing a commonly used instrument using Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients. A path model was developed to evaluate associations between parental OHL and oral health consequences in children. The model consisted of five endogenous variables (parental oral health behaviors, children's oral health behaviors, children's dental anxiety, dental caries, and oral health-related quality of life [OHRQoL]) and one exogenous variable (parental OHL). A path analysis was used to test the compatibility of the conceptual model, with a statistical significance of p < .001. There was a statistically significant association between parental oral health behaviors and children's oral health behaviors, and between dental caries and OHRQoL. The variable most directly affected by parental OHL was parental oral health behaviors, whereas the variable most indirectly affected by parental OHL was children's oral health behaviors. The path analysis revealed significant associations between parental and children's oral health behaviors, and between dental caries and OHRQoL. Understanding these pathways is necessary to establish strategies to improve children's oral health. The TOHLAT-P will be useful for future assessments of Turkish children.

Ultra-processed food intake is associated with children and adolescents with congenital heart disease clustered by high cardiovascular risk factors.

The excessive intake of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk. However, the effect of UPF intake on cardiovascular health in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) is unknown. The aim of the present study was to describe UPF intake and evaluate associations with isolated cardiovascular risk factors and children and adolescents with CHD clustered by cardiovascular risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 232 children and adolescents with CHD. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-hour recalls. UPFs were categorized using the NOVA classification. The cardiovascular risk factors evaluated were central adiposity, elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and subclinical atherosclerosis. The clustering of cardiovascular risk factors (waist circumference, hs-CRP and carotid intima-media thickness) was performed, allocating the participants to two groups (high versus low cardiovascular risk). UPFs contributed 40.69% (SD 6.21) to total energy intake. The main UPF groups were ready-to-eat and take-away/fast foods (22.2% energy from UPFs). The multivariable logistic regression revealed that an absolute increase of 10% in UPF intake (OR=1.90; 95% CI: 1.01;3.58) was associated with central adiposity. An absolute increase of 10% in UPF intake (OR=3.77; 95% CI: 1.80;7.87) was also associated with children and adolescents with CHD clustered by high cardiovascular risk after adjusting for confounding factors. Our findings demonstrate that UPF intake should be considered a modifiable risk factor for obesity and its cardiovascular consequences in children and adolescents with CHD.

LGG-23. Cardiac function in children and young adults treated with MEK inhibitors: a single institution retrospecive cohort study

INTRODUCTION: MEK inhibitors (MEKi) have shown efficacy in pediatric low-grade glioma, among other tumors, but have been associated with acute cardiac dysfunction in adults. Cardiac consequences in children are unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a single center retrospective cohort study evaluating cardiac function by echocardiography (echo) in children and young adults <21 years old receiving MEKi at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles between October 2013 and May 2018. Blinded assessment of left ventricular function by fractional shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF) was performed on all available echocardiograms obtained before, during, and following therapy, as well as after re-initiation of therapy. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients underwent MEKi therapy with echo follow-up during the study period. Twenty-four of these had complete echo data. Median follow-up was 12 months. Borderline EF (EF 53-57.9%) occurred in 12 (50%) patients; and 3 (12.5%) progressed to abnormal EF (EF <53%). Cardiac dysfunction, when it occurred, was mild (lowest documented EF was 45%, and lowest FS was 24.4%). EF abnormalities typically fluctuated during therapy, resolved off therapy, and recurred with MEKi re-initiation. No clinical or demographic differences were detected between those who maintained normal cardiac function and those who developed borderline or overt cardiac dysfunction. Symptomatic heart failure did not occur. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of children and young adults, MEKi use was associated with a relatively high incidence of borderline decrease in left ventricular function, often of uncertain clinical significance. There was no evidence of permanent cardiac dysfunction. Further evaluation in larger prospective trials is needed.

Asthma risk after a pediatric intensive care unit admission for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.

BackgroundAdmission to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) has been associated with respiratory consequences in children with asthma and carries major implications for management control. Whereas respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis has been associated with increasing intensity of wheezing, the relationship between RSV‐bronchiolitis PICU admission and future asthma is unclear. This retrospective case‐control study evaluated whether hospitalization in the PICU due to RSV bronchiolitis is more likely to be associated with future asthma in early life compared with hospitalization in a general pediatric ward.MethodsChildren hospitalized due to RSV bronchiolitis between 2007 and 2019 in the PICU (study group) were compared to those hospitalized in a general pediatric ward (controls). Asthma prevalence was assessed by a follow‐up questionnaire based on The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire.ResultsSixty‐three PICU patients and 66 controls were included. The PICU patients presented with more severe disease during RSV hospitalization. At follow‐up, significantly more PICU patients aged 3–6 years had physician‐diagnosed asthma, respiratory symptoms during the previous 12 months, and underwent respiratory treatment since hospital discharge compared to controls (14 [60.9%] vs. 4 [18.2%] patients; 15 [65.2%] vs. 6 [27.3%]; and 16 [69.6%] vs. 8 [36.4%]; respectively). These differences were no longer observed after 6 years of age.ConclusionsChildren admitted to the PICU for RSV bronchiolitis are at higher risk for asthma in subsequent pre‐school years and will require close respiratory follow‐up than those admitted to general pediatric wards. Admission venue should be queried when asthma is suspected.

Orthodontic interventions as a management option for children with residual obstructive sleep apnea: a cohort study protocol

IntroductionObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep-breathing disorder that seems likely to have long-term negative social and health consequences in children and adolescents. There are no established standard management approaches...

Genetic control of homocysteine metabolism in children living near the chоrnobyl exclusion zone

The aim of study: to determine the involvement of folate cycle genes in the occurrence of hyperhomocysteinemia in children from Ivankivskyi district of Kyiv region of Ukraine 35 years after the accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant. Research methods. Immunochemical, mathematical and statistical. Results. Homocysteine levels were determined in 217 children aged 12-17 from Ivankivskyi district of Kyiv region, as well as genetic polymorphisms of the folate cycle. An excess of homocysteine in the blood over 10 µmol/l (a state of hyperhomocysteinemia) was detected in 65.44 % (142 out of 217) of those examined, among boys – 69.79 % (67 out of 96), among girls – 61.98 % (75 out of 121). The largest proportion of hyperhomocysteinemia cases was registered in the subgroup of children with the basic polymorphism MTHFR: 677TT – 94.44 % of cases. In most cases, hyperhomocysteinemia in children was associated with an environmental factor, including radioactive elements and their decay products. The system for the prevention of hyperhomocysteinemia and its consequences in children living in areas affected by the accident at the Chornobyl nuclear power plant should include regular monitoring of the content of radionuclides in the body of children and locally produced food, the content of homocysteine in the blood, and assessment of the state of folate cycle genes.

Natal cervical injury and its consequences as a result of caesarean section

The article reflects topical issues of natal trauma and its consequences in children born surgically, with a comparison of different views of domestic and foreign scientists. Risk factors for natal trauma, features of the caesarean section technique, options for complications and outcomes for the newborn are presented. Data from a study of the health of 93 children aged 1 to 16 years who were born surgically by caesarean section were analyzed, approaches to the occurrence of natal trauma and its consequences, as well as their diagnosis and treatment in pediatric patients were considered. It is concluded that the treatment of natal trauma and its consequences after operative delivery should be aimed at eliminating the causes and undesirable symptoms of birth trauma.

Prevalence and Determinants of Hoarseness in School-Aged Children.

Hoarseness in school-aged children may affect their educational achievement and interfere with their communication and social skills development. The global prevalence of hoarseness in school-aged children ranges between 6% and 23%. To the best of our knowledge, there is a scarcity of studies describing the prevalence or determinates of hoarseness in Saudi school-aged children. Our aim was to measure the prevalence of hoarseness among school-aged children and to identify its determinants. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was used that included randomly selected primary and early childhood schools from private and governmental sectors in Saudi Arabia. The data were collected using a questionnaire which was self-completed by the children’s parents and covered the following aspects: sociodemographic features, health and its related comorbidities about children and their families, attendance and performance in school, child’s voice tone, past history of frequent crying during infancy, history of letter pronunciation problems and stuttering, the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) and the Children’s Voice Handicap Index-10 for parents (CVHI-10-P). Determinants of hoarseness were investigated using the SPSS software (version 20). The mean age of the study children (n = 428) was 9.05 years (SD = 2.15), and 69.40% of them were male. The rate of hoarseness in the participants was 7.5%. Hoarseness was significantly common in children with a history of excessive infancy crying (p = 0.006), letter pronunciation issues (especially ‘R’ and ‘S’; p = 0.003), and stuttering (p = 0.004) and in those with a previous history of hoarseness (p = 0.023). In addition, having the symptoms of gastrointestinal reflux increased the risk of hoarseness by four times (OR = 4.77, 95% CI = 2.171, 10.51). In summary, hoarseness in children may be dangerously underestimated, as it may reflect the presence of speech problems, in addition to the presence of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). Hoarseness was assumed on the basis of parental complaints. Therefore, further research with diagnoses based on a clinical assessment is needed to understand the magnitude of the hoarseness problem and its consequences in children.

Prenatal Exposure to a Climate-Related Disaster Results in Changes of the Placental Transcriptome and Infant Temperament.

Maternal stress during pregnancy exerts long-term effects on the mental well-being of the offspring. However, the long-term effect of prenatal exposure on the offspring’s mental status is only partially understood. The placenta plays a vital role in connecting the maternal side to the fetus, thereby serving as an important interface between maternal exposure and fetal development. Here, we profiled the placental transcriptome of women who were pregnant during a hurricane (Superstorm Sandy), which struck New York City in 2012. The offspring were followed longitudinally and their temperament was assessed during the first 6–12 months of age. The data identified a significant correlation between a Superstorm Sandy stress factor score and infant temperament. Further, analysis of the placental transcriptomes identified an enrichment of functional pathways related to inflammation, extracellular matrix integrity and sensory perception in the specimen from those infants with “Slow-to-Warm-up” temperament during the first year of life. Together, these findings provide initial evidence that maternal exposure to climate-related disasters results in altered placental transcriptome, which may be related to long-term emotional and behavioral consequences in children.

Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of consequences of traumatic brain injury in children

In Russia, about 140–160 thousand children are hospitalized annually with a diagnosis of childhood traumatism. Half of the surviving children with severe traumatic brain injury become disabled. Purpose. To perform a comparative analysis of clinical and anamnestic data and neurological disorders in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Characteristics of children and research methods. The study involved 81 children with TBI of varying severity. Statistical processing of data was carried out using Student’s test and Fisher’s exact method. Results. The study showed that the duration of the period from the moment of TBI to the hospitalization of children due to post-traumatic complications decreases linearly with increasing age at the time of traumatic brain injury. Mild traumatic brain injury was diagnosed in 47 (58.02%) children, moderate-to-severe — in 16 (19.75%) children, severe traumatic brain injury — in 18 (22.22%) children. The EEG study showed the presence of epileptiform and paroxysmal activity in children not only with moderate and severe, but also mild traumatic brain injury. Post-traumatic epilepsy was diagnosed in 28 (46.67%) children, the risk group for developing post-traumatic epilepsy was 19 (31.67%) children. MRI examination of the brain revealed organic changes in 62.07% of children. Conclusion. A special feature in children is the presence of post-traumatic consequences even after a mild traumatic brain injury. The duration of the period before hospitalization due to post-traumatic consequences in children decreases with increasing age at the time of traumatic brain injury. Focal symptoms in children with severe traumatic brain injury were detected significantly more often than in children with mild and moderate traumatic brain injury.

Chronic and acute hypervitaminosis A are associated with suboptimal anthropometric measurements in a cohort of South African preschool children

Excessive vitamin A (VA) can cause bone resorption and impair growth. Government-mandated VA supplementation (VAS) and adequate intake through dietary fortification and liver consumption led to excessive VA in South African children. We evaluated the relation between VAS and underlying hypervitaminosis A assessed by retinol isotope dilution (RID) with measures of growth and bone turnover in this cohort. Primary outcomes in these children (n=94, 36-60 mo) were anthropometric measurements [height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and weight-for-height (WHZ) z scores], serum bone turnover markers [C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP)], and inflammation defined as C-reactive protein (CRP; ≥5mg/L) and/or α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP; ≥1g/L). VA status was previously measured by RID-estimated total body VA stores (TBSs) and total liver VA reserves (TLRs), and serum retinol and carotenoid concentrations, before and 4 wk after children were administered 200,000 IU VAS. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was measured by ultra-performance LC. In this largely hypervitaminotic A cohort, HAZ, WAZ, and WHZ were negatively associated with increasing TLRs, where TLRs predicted 6-10% of the variation before VAS (P < 0.05), increasing to 14-19% 4 wk after VAS (P < 0.01). Bone resorption decreased after VAS (P < 0.0001), whereas formation was unaffected. Neither CTX nor P1NP were correlated with TLRs at either time. Serum carotenoids were low. One child at each time point was vitamin D deficient (<50nmol/L). CRP and AGP were not associated with growth measurements. Excessive TLRs due to dietary VA intake and VAS are associated with lower anthropometric measures and bone resorption decreased after supplementation. VA supplementation programs should monitor VA status with biomarkers sensitive to TLRs to avoid causing negative consequences in children with hypervitaminosis A. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02915731.

The Cult of the Child: A Critical Examination of Its Consequences on Parents, Teachers and Children

The concept of the “cult of the child” highlights a radical change in child representation. Having been neglected and even disrespected for centuries, children are now valued, and their interests are placed above all others. This change in views of children, reflected in changes in laws, institutions and practices, has also spread to two pillars of our democratic societies, the family and the school, with a number of consequences for parents, teachers and children. The purpose of this article is to (1) describe the changes in thinking that have led to the cult of the child, (2) examine their consequences for children and parents, (3) examine their consequences for students and teachers, and (4) reflect on how to preserve the benefits of these changes while limiting the negative consequences.