Effects Of International Migration Research Articles

Local Economic Impacts of Human Capital Migration

International Human Capital migration is one of the key components of micro economic development in a labour supplying country. The returns of migration play a significant role in the economic development and growth of the source country. The remittance causes a positive Balance of Payment as well as poverty eradication in Bangladesh. These Human Capital migrations also have impacts on micro economic issues like local and household economy, which have received very little attention in existing studies. The purpose of this paper is to describe the impacts of international labour migration on local economic development. Therefore, to check the issue, this study collected primary data based on a questionnaire survey from 306 Bangladeshi workers who are engaged in wage-earning employment in Malaysia during the period of Nov-Dec 2010. This study analysed the data based on the Path Measurement Model. This empirical study found that international Human Capital migration significantly improves the local and household economy of Bangladesh such as house ownership, improvement of economic conditions, donation towards local institutes and infrastructure, new work experience, new skills, and poverty reduction. Some initiatives such as communication skills, maintaining and improving economic diplomacy and discouraging the Hundi System (Illegal remittance transfer system) are suggested to improve these rising consequences of international migration in Bangladesh. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s1p563

International migration, population structure and economic development in American Samoa

International migration from small populations may have long-term cultural and social consequences. American Samoa (AS) is a small island territory whose scale (N = 55,519; 77 mi2, 2010) offers a magnified view of how migration impacts a population via interconnected economies. This article examines effects of international migration on population growth, population distribution and age structure in AS. American Samoa’s population continues to increase but at a fraction of the rate predicted by natural increase; furthermore, without heavy out-migration, AS could have an unsustainable population density of nearly 1000 individuals/mi2. It is argued international migration has reduced population pressure and contributed to maintenance of normally unsustainably high birth rates while also being a negative influence on internal development.

The Socio-Cultural Effects of Internal Migration among the People of Akutupa Kiri in the North-Central Zone, Nigeria

The paper examines the socio-cultural effects of internal migration on migrants’ households in Nigeria. Many factors have been accounted for the socio-cultural extinctions especially in local languages, traditional occupations and all the likes, but little or no attention has been given to the impact of internal migration on the current trend of this social phenomenon. A cross-sectional design as well as a triangulation of economic, push-pull and systems theories was utilized for the study. 160 migrants’ households non-probabilistically participated in a snow ball method of data collection. Pie chart and linear multiple regression analysis were utilized for the study. Findings showed that there was significant relationship between internal migration and socio-cultural variables dislocations. Policy implications were made such that programmes that will facilitate socio-cultural activities at the places of destinations of migrants, as well as discouraging urban concentration of people such as de-industrialization of urban centres and promotes rural development. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n15p494

Internal Migration in Germany, 1995-2010: New Insights into East-West Migration and Re-urbanisation

Over the last two decades, patterns of internal migration in Germany have been discussed under the headings of East-West movements and sub- and re-urbanisation. This paper argues that the intense scientific and public debate that ignited about the possible causes and consequences of internal migration should be based on a clear understanding of how internal migration flows impact on regional population change. Using the German Internal Migration (GIM) database, a unique new dataset that holds annual interregional migration counts drawn from the population register for 397 regions with temporally consistent boundaries, this paper aims to provide a more comprehensive picture of the spatial structure of inter-county migration in Germany and how it has changed over the period 1995-2010. To reduce the complexity of the county-level flow data and to facilitate the identification of patterns and trends, county-to-county flows were analysed using a spatial framework of 132 “analytical regions”. The results show that the intensity of migration between East German regions has been higher than East-West migration throughout the period, suggesting that the former type of migration has a stronger impact on rural population decline than commonly believed in the literature. Following a strong suburbanisation pattern in the 1990s, over the last decade, migration between counties in eastern Germany has resulted in a growing concentration of population in the cities of Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden. Increasing net migration gains were recorded by many urban cores across Germany. The trend was driven by both continuing in-migration of young adults in search for education and employment, and by a cessation of the long-term trend of family out-migration to the cities’ suburban and non-metropolitan hinterlands.

Socio-Human Derivatives of Globalization: Gender Effect of International Migration and Population Mobility

The paper is aimed at the analysis of the emerging subcategories of socio-human derivatives of globalization, unfamiliar to humanity throughout its earlier historic experience. These subcategories are regarded as to be bolstered by increasing international migration and human mobility generated by globalization. The paper regards them in terms of their gender effect, and casts light on the following processes; feminization of international migration caused by the growing share of independently traveling women; globalization of care, incited by the new gendered division of reproductive labour and the growth of world cities requiring a labour market of low-skilled jobs recruited mainly from the third world “new poor”; globalization of waged domestic care work brought about by “care deficit” in households of the Global North and a respective demand in waged care labour of women, performed mainly by migrant workers; globalization of motherhood, resulting from the feminization of poverty and the concurrent feminization of international migration; globalization of personal life, intimacy, and love stemming from the effect of increasing human mobility on family bonds and kinship relationship; globalization of desire as a “Pandora box” of the post-industrial era insofar as it is incited by the “affluence syndrome”, and is pinned on the “chase for lures”; globalization of childhood, covering such processes as international adoption of orphans, child-sex, labor trafficking and domestic slavery, child-soldiers, refugees or asylum claimants, and globalization of risk, generated by the “world war on terror”, and global uncertainty of “high modernity”.

The effects of internal migration on residential energy consumption and CO2 emissions: A case study in Hanoi

The objective of this research is to estimate the potential effects of migration on residential energy use and CO2 emissions in Hanoi, Vietnam, a location in which urbanization and migration are occurring simultaneously. This article estimates the effects of migration on residential energy use and CO2 emissions quantitatively, basing the probability of being a migrant on the economic, demographic and dwelling characteristics of households. The results of this study indicate that the effects of migration involve reductions in energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Urban-to-urban migration is shown to have no statistically significant impact on per capita energy consumption and CO2 emissions, which indicates that population increases through urban-to-urban population growth and natural population growth have no statistically significant differences in this regard. However, rural-to-urban migration is shown to have a significant and negative influence on residential energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Population growth led by rural-to-urban migration produces lower energy consumption estimates than natural population growth. Thus, energy consumption estimates are lower when a city's population increase is caused by rural-to-urban migration than when urban-to-urban migration and natural population growth are the main drivers of population increases. These results have important policy implications for developing urban cities regarding population growth and energy consumption.

The effects of international migration on the well-being of native populations in Europe

Abstract Very little is understood about how immigrants affect the happiness, or subjective well-being of natives. We use the European Social Survey to analyze the effects of aggregate immigration flows on the subjective well-being of native-born populations in a panel of 26 countries between 2002 and 2010. We find that recent immigrant flows have a nonlinear, yet overall positive impact on the well-being of natives, with the largest effects coming from immigrant flows arriving in the previous year. Our results are small in magnitude and in practical application; only large immigrant flows would affect native well-being significantly. JEL codes F22, I31, O15

Clientelism Versus Social Learning: The Electoral Effects of International Migration

Most research on the effects of international migration on democratic institutions in sending countries focuses on how emigration changes the civic and democratic values of those left behind. Little attention has been given to how the additional income provided by migrant remittances alters the incentive structure of the political actors involved and how this will affect political outcomes. This paper develops a voting model that accounts for the effect of higher income through remittances and shows that its expected effects on voter turnout patterns differ in important ways from those of improved civic values. Taking these predictions to the data, it is shown that, for the case of Mexican municipal elections over the year 2000–2002 period, the empirical evidence strongly supports the notion that international remittances had a positive effect on electoral competitiveness in Mexico by reducing the clientelistic power of the formerly dominant state party (Institutional Revolutionary Party). This result is robust to the use of instrumental variables.

The Effects of International Migration on the Well-Being of Native Populations in Europe

With worldwide migration becoming increasingly prevalent in policy agendas over the past several decades, understanding the effects that migrants have on a host country's population continues to be an important research agenda. There is a large literature documenting the effects that migrants have on native wages, tax burden, unemployment, etc. However, very little is understood about how migrants affect the happiness, or subjective well-being, of natives. This paper uses the European Social Survey to analyze the effects of aggregate immigration inflows on the subjective well-being of native-born populations in a panel of 26 countries between 2002 and 2010. We find that recent immigrant flows have a nonlinear, yet overall positive impact on the well-being of natives. Specifically, we find that immigrant flows from two years prior have larger positive effects on natives' well-being than immigrant inflows from one year prior. Our findings are very small in magnitude and in practical application; only large immigrant flows would affect native well-being significantly.

The Impact of International Migrant Workers on Rural Labour Availability (Case Study Ganjaran Village, Malang Regency)

Abstract Malang Regency is the largest contributor of international migration in the province of East Java Indonesia. Not only low income, but also the limited of jobs available in the village cause the member of family migrate. The aims of this study are to determine the factors that affect people working abroad; to identify the effects of international migration due to the changes of the structure of the community jobs and how the impact of international migration to rural labour availability. The Results that can be concluded are: the highest ratings for the factors which influence people working abroad are natural resource management and the number of job opportunities in the village; the people tend to work as migrant workers are more dominant than those working in the agricultural sector; the impact of international migration reduced the numbers of labour availability in the village area. The decreased number of labour in the village for natural resource management should be fulfilled from the surrounding areas, particularly nearby villages: Ketawang Village and Putat Lor Village.

Causes and consequences of international migration: sociological evidence for the right to mobility

Human rights declarations provide the right for any person to leave their country, yet do not provide the right to enter another country, stopping halfway in asserting a right to mobility. In this article we provide evidence that 1) state policies and actions create migration flows; 2) migrants often travel to fulfil their human rights; and 3) current restrictions on immigration curtail migrants' human rights. We argue, based on sociological evidence, that the right to mobility is a fundamental human right, and deserves a place in human rights doctrine.

Modelling Socioeconomic Neighbourhood Change due to Internal Migration in England

In England, deprived neighbourhoods were the focus of a number of policy initiatives constructed by the previous Labour government. The evaluations of these programmes and other earlier interventions have shown that attempts to improve neighbourhood socioeconomic outcomes might be affected by people selectively moving in and out of targeted areas. Nonetheless, there is very little evidence that provides an appreciation of this effect. This paper examines the effect of internal migration on the concentration of low-income families in neighbourhoods in England during 2002–07 using a multilevel growth curve model. Explanatory variables in the model include the regional area and district type of a neighbourhood as well as whether the neighbourhood is ranked within the 20 per cent most deprived in England. The findings suggest that deprived neighbourhoods increase their concentration of poor families at a faster rate than all other neighbourhoods. However, the increase is marginal.

International Migration for Work-Consequences for the Families Who Remain at Home (The Case of Romania)

This paper analyses the consequences of international migration for work on families who remain at home in a Romanian rural sample. Five types of effects were identified: financial; on spousal relations; on children; on old family members and on composition of the population. The most important are the financial impacts, but there are also invisible side-effects, such as deterioration in the relations between spouses and the decrease of the parents’ roles for children. The importance of the old family members is re-evaluated; they are key social links between migrants and the family members that have remained at home.

Emigration and political development: exploring the national and international nexus

Most contemporary work on migration and development focuses on economic development. Whether it is work on how internal migration affects a country’s modernization or the sundry studies that have examined how remittances from international migration contribute to economic development in the sending countries, scholars are increasingly aware of the important role that migration can play, and has played, in economic development. The effects of emigration or out-migration on political development are less well understood. This article introduces an argument for why we should expect significant emigration and/or out-migration to influence political development in a sending country or region. This argument is then explored in three different contexts: by examining the effects of international migration over time; by looking at the experiences of a handful of contemporary states; and by considering the political effects of internal (inter-province) migration in today’s China. These studies suggest that if a significantly large proportion of an area’s population leaves, it forces political authorities to adjust in ways that facilitate political development.

Inferring patterns of internal migration from mobile phone call records: evidence from Rwanda

Understanding the causes and effects of internal migration is critical to the effective design and implementation of policies that promote human development. However, a major impediment to deepening this understanding is the lack of reliable data on the movement of individuals within a country. Government censuses and household surveys, from which most migration statistics are derived, are difficult to coordinate and costly to implement, and typically do not capture the patterns of temporary and circular migration that are prevalent in developing economies. In this paper, we describe how new information and communications technologies (ICTs), and mobile phones in particular, can provide a new source of data on internal migration. As these technologies quickly proliferate throughout the developing world, billions of individuals are now carrying devices from which it is possible to reconstruct detailed trajectories through time and space. Using Rwanda as a case study, we demonstrate how such data can be used in practice. We develop and formalize the concept of inferred mobility, and compute this and other metrics on a large data set containing the phone records of 1.5 million Rwandans over four years. Our empirical results corroborate the findings of a recent government survey that notes relatively low levels of permanent migration in Rwanda. However, our analysis reveals more subtle patterns that were not detected in the government survey. Namely, we observe high levels of temporary and circular migration, and note significant heterogeneity in mobility within the Rwandan population. Our goals in this research are thus twofold. First, we intend to provide a new quantitative perspective on certain patterns of internal migration in Rwanda that are unobservable using standard survey techniques. Second, we seek to contribute to the broader literature by illustrating how new forms of ICT can be used to better understand the behavior of individuals in developing countries.

Heterogeneous Effects of International Migration and Remittances on Crop Income: Evidence from the Kyrgyz Republic

This paper uses a unique representative household budget survey from the Asian Development Bank to analyze the impact of international migration and remittances on crop income of rural farmers in the Kyrgyz Republic. Unlike other studies we allow the impact of remittances to be different for farmers with different land size and test whether reduced labor availability is more relevant for permanent than for seasonal migrants. We find that losing family members has strong negative effect on crop income, but only for permanent migrants. Remittances partially compensate for this, but their positive impact decreases with the farm size.

Strangers in a familiar land: the psychological consequences of internal migration in a developing country

AbstractThere is still much that we do not know about the effects of international migration on mental health, but we know even less about the mental health consequences of rural‐to‐urban migration. This may be particularly important in developing countries where the health of internal migrating populations may affect economic development. We use a large representative sample of adults residing in Kathmandu, Nepal to investigate the utility of a stress process model for understanding the mental health effects of rural‐to‐urban migration. Because our sample contains both migrants and non‐migrants, we are able to compare the importance of stressors common to all urban dwellers and those specific to migrants (i.e. acculturation stressors) as they affect the well‐being of urban residents. Results show that acculturation‐related stressors and social support problems are less salient for explaining distress and mental health symptoms than common stressors and social support problems. Migrants do face more chronic stressors, have more social support problems and report higher levels of distress and symptoms. We speculate that this has more to do with the social inequality that results from migration than with specific migration‐related stressors or loss of social resources. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

New evidence on the effects of international migration on the risk of low birthweight in Mexico

The purpose of this article is to provide new empirical evidence linking migration of Mexican households to the USA with infant health outcomes. By using new data for Mexico, the Encuesta Nacional de la Dinamica Demografica 2006, this research focuses on the effect of migration on birth weight. Multivariate logistic regression methods are used to model low birth weight (LBW) as a function of a set of proximate, intermediate and socioeconomic determinants. In analyzing the channels through which migration affects birth outcomes, the findings provide no conclusive evidence for remittances as the only mechanism associated with lowering the odds of LBW. Given the limitations of the data, the study results showed new empirical evidence explaining the significance of both financial and social remittances associated with international migration and infant health outcomes in Mexico.

The Effect of International Migration and Remittances on Educational Attainment: The Case of South Africa

The Effect of International Migration and Remittances on Educational Attainment: The Case of South Africa

International Migration and Human Development in Destination Countries: A Cross-National Analysis of Less-Developed Countries, 1970–2005

Contemporary levels of international migration in less-developed countries are raising new and important questions regarding the consequences of immigration for human welfare and well-being. However, there is little systematic cross-national evidence of how international migration affects human development levels in migrant-receiving countries in the less-developed world. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by assessing the impact of cumulative international migration flows on the human development index, a composite measure of aggregate well-being. A series of panel models are estimated using a sample of less-developed countries for the period, 1970–2005. The results indicate that higher levels of international migration are associated with lower scores on the human development index, net of controls, but that the effect of international migration is relatively small.