Consequences Of Inactivity Research Articles

Exploring the meaning of loneliness among socially isolated older adults in rural Ireland: a qualitative investigation

ABSTRACTDominant theories in loneliness literature describe it as a biological, universal phenomenon, yet culture also plays a role. Previous researchers have called for an exploration of the meaning of loneliness in diverse cultures. In order to examine this meaning among rural older Irish adults, we conducted semi-structured interviews with a sample of nine such individuals who had identified as socially isolated and opted into receipt of a befriending service to help alleviate this isolation. An interpretative phenomenological framework was used to inform design and data analysis. Themes were developed from transcripts of the interviews. Results describe four themes within the data: presence or absence of others and loneliness; loneliness as a consequence of inactivity; loneliness as a type of vulnerability; and personal preferences, personal characteristics, and loneliness. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications. Of particular interest are the associations that participants drew between loneliness and boredom, and loneliness and security, since this suggests that intervening upon these relatively modifiable experiences may serve to alleviate loneliness for older adults.

Four-trophic level food webs reveal the cascading impacts of an invasive plant targeted for biocontrol.

Biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity and as such understanding their impacts is a research priority. Ecological networks provide a valuable tool to explore such impacts at the community level, and can be particularly insightful for planning and monitoring biocontrol programmes, including the potential for their seldom evaluated indirect non-target effects. Acacia longifolia is among the worst invasive species in Portugal, and has been recently targeted for biocontrol by a highly specific gall-wasp. Here we use an ambitious replicated network approach to: (1) identify the mechanisms by which direct and indirect impacts of A.longifolia can cascade from plants to higher trophic levels, including gallers, their parasitoids and inquilines; (2) reveal the structure of the interaction networks between plants, gallers, parasitoids and inquilines before the biocontrol; and (3) explore the potential for indirect interactions among gallers, including those established with the biocontrol agent, via apparent competition. Over a 15-month period, we collected 31,737 galls from native plants and identified all emerging insects, quantifying the interactions between 219 plant-, 49 galler-, 65 parasitoid- and 87 inquiline-species-one of the largest ecological networks to date. No galls were found on any of the 16 alien plant species. Invasion by A.longifolia caused an alarming simplification of plant communities, with cascading effects to higher trophic levels, namely: a decline of overall gall biomass, and on the richness, abundance and biomass of galler insects, their parasitoids, and inquilines. Correspondingly, we detected a significant decline in the richness of interactions between plants and galls. The invasion tended to increase overall interaction evenness by promoting the local extinction of the native plants that sustained more gall species. However, highly idiosyncratic responses hindered the detection of further consistent changes in network topology. Predictions of indirect effects of the biocontrol on native gallers via apparent competition ranged from negligible to highly significant. Such scenarios are incredibly hard to predict, but even if there are risks of indirect effects it is critical to weigh them carefully against the consequences of inaction and invasive species spread.

The Effect of Sedentary Behaviors in Mid-Life Population and Subsequent Cardiometabolic Diseases as Consequences of Inactivity: A Review of Prospective Studies

The Effect of Sedentary Behaviors in Mid-Life Population and Subsequent Cardiometabolic Diseases as Consequences of Inactivity: A Review of Prospective Studies

Is Sustainability a Special Case for Persuasion?

Designing persuasive technology—that is, technology to change people's behaviors and attitudes—is seen as a morally risky venture. Recent work has begun to apply established approaches such as Value Sensitive Design (VSD) and Participatory Design, which guide the designer to deeply and deliberately engage with the needs and values of future users and other stakeholders. But with super-wicked problems such as global climate change, these approaches can mire the designer in analysis paralysis—particularly problematic as harmful effects of climate change are already upon us. Is sustainability, thus, an exception to the emerging consensus that ethical design proceeds slowly and cautiously? We argue not: whether caused by climate change, war, disease or injustice, human suffering always demands the swiftest response that is prudently possible. We argue for a mature balance between deliberation and action—especially when the consequences of action are unforeseeable but the consequences of inaction are unthinkable. We propose a route forward whereby practitioners may ethically realize the full persuasive potential of persuasive technologies: by adopting a VSD approach to cultivating values and fostering deliberation; by engaging in Participatory Design not with end-users, as is traditionally done, but with domain experts who can offer real insight into meaningful persuasive technology goals; by supporting collective action rather than preserving above all users' rights to opt out of persuasion; and by appealing to fear in cases where fear is integral to the narrative driving the persuasive technology goal, while promoting efficacy in the face of fear.

Consequences of Inaction

New analysis by the Fiscal Futures Project finds that Illinois’ budget impasse has put spending on autopilot while revenue is down significantly. This perfect storm of decreased revenue and uncoordinated spending is causing uneven allocations and exacerbating an already massive budget deficit. The policy brief uses data from the Illinois Office of the Comptroller on spending and revenue as of December 31, 2015 to provide a detailed accounting of the budget picture at the mid-point of FY16. The data show that as of mid-FY16, Illinois had revenue of only about $30 billion, or 46 percent of FY15 revenue. Based on this data and other analyses, the researchers project final revenue for FY16 of about $63.7 billion, a decline of $1.9 billion from FY15. The report provides a data table that details allocations to various departments and agencies. It compares the amount allocated by mid-FY16 to total spending in each category in FY15, to provide a ratio expressed as a percentage of FY15 spending. For example, spending for K-12 education, funded by an appropriations bill, is consistent with last year at $3.99 billion, or 45 percent of FY15 spending. The ratios range from a low of less than 1 percent (state employee health care) to a high of 55 percent (Environmental Protection Agency). Other areas with particularly low mid-FY16 rates of expenditures include university education (1 percent), the Illinois Community College Board (1 percent), and the Capital Development Board (3 percent). Overall, the state’s lack of a budget will only add to the imbalance between revenue and spending, resulting in a bad deficit made worse. The state had a structural deficit of $4.2 billion at the end of FY15. The researchers project that the state will accumulate an additional deficit of $6.6 billion by the end of FY16.

Changing the antibiotic prescribing behaviour of clinicians in primary care.

See also page [108][1] and [www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.150601][2] Antimicrobial resistance has been compared to global warming in terms of its potential impact on health. The consequences of inaction would seem apocalyptic: by 2050, it is estimated that 10 million lives will be lost

Future Proofing Adverse Event Monitoring.

‘‘The world is full of signals that we don’t perceive’’ wrote Stephen Jay Gould in ‘‘The Panda’s Thumb’’ [1]. He was suggesting that physical limits of human perception (hearing, smell, touch, taste) lead us to miss signals all around us that other animals with more acute senses can use to their advantage. The fundamental challenge of signal detection [simultaneously heightening both perception (sensitivity) and discrimination (specificity)] is embodied in this quotation, and the paper by Li and colleagues [2] in this issue of Drug Safety aims to turn up the volume in an effort to improve signal detection while screening out excess noise that comes with it. The ‘‘sound’’ on which the authors seek to improve signal detection is not the mating call from a far-away member of the same species, but rather the occurrence of an adverse event resulting from medication use. Patients take medications with the expectation that the benefits will outweigh the risks, and the public expects a positive benefit-risk balance for marketed drugs, provided they are used appropriately. The evidence for both benefits and risks that serves as a foundation for this assessment is constantly being updated and each new piece of information might alter the balance. Adverse event monitoring contributes to these assessments, and the adverse event reports received by the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) represent an ongoing engagement of practitioners, patients, and manufacturers with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA receives more than a million adverse event reports per year, a number that has increased substantially over recent years [3]. This expanding resource for drug safety information is only beneficial if put to constructive use, and the number of reports received by the FAERS rules out certain approaches; reviewing individual case reports and discerning patterns across them becomes impractical at numbers much smaller than the FAERS. Various statistical signal detection methods (such as disproportionality analyses and others) are available to mine this wealth of data and identify potential signals, permitting more targeted investigation, and efficient allocation of limited resources [4]. If a signaling approach generates too many alarms, alarm fatigue might follow, with the consequence of inaction when truly needed. Filtering the signals to reduce false positives is an approach to refining a signaling method, and of greater value with increasing numbers of adverse event reports. However, Evans [4] points out that tinkering with the signaling methods or simply increasing the size of an existing data source will likely only produce marginal gains and that substantial improvement in signal detection requires new types of data, such as might be obtained by combining different types of existing data sources. Li and colleagues [2] extend the framework of adverse event signal detection across data sources by applying their methods in a combined way across different data sources, including a spontaneous reporting system, an inpatient electronic health record system, an outpatient electronic health record system, and a health insurance claims database. They compared the databases across four categories of adverse event (acute myocardial infarction, gastrointestinal bleed, acute renal failure, and acute liver injury), & John D. Seeger jdseeger@partners.org; http://www.drugepi.org

The action plan for Australian mammals, 2012

The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012 is the first review to assess the conservation status of all Australian mammals. It complements The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010 (Garnett et al. 2011, CSIRO Publishing), and although the number of Australian mammal taxa is marginally fewer than for birds, the proportion of endemic, extinct and threatened mammal taxa is far greater. These authoritative reviews represent an important foundation for understanding the current status, fate and future of the nature of Australia.
 This book considers all species and subspecies of Australian mammals, including those of external territories and territorial seas. For all the mammal taxa (about 300 species and subspecies) considered Extinct, Threatened, Near Threatened or Data Deficient, the size and trend of their population is presented along with information on geographic range and trend, and relevant biological and ecological data. The book also presents the current conservation status of each taxon under Australian legislation, what additional information is needed for managers, and the required management actions. Recovery plans, where they exist, are evaluated.
 The voluntary participation of more than 200 mammal experts has ensured that the conservation status and information are as accurate as possible, and allowed considerable unpublished data to be included. All accounts include maps based on the latest data from Australian state and territory agencies, from published scientific literature and other sources.
 The Action Plan concludes that 29 Australian mammal species have become extinct and 63 species are threatened and require urgent conservation action. However, it also shows that, where guided by sound knowledge, management capability and resourcing, and longer-term commitment, there have been some notable conservation success stories, and the conservation status of some species has greatly improved over the past few decades. 
 The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012 makes a major contribution to the conservation of a wonderful legacy that is a significant part of Australia’s heritage. For such a legacy to endure, our society must be more aware of and empathetic with our distinctively Australian environment, and particularly its marvellous mammal fauna; relevant information must be readily accessible; environmental policy and law must be based on sound evidence; those with responsibility for environmental management must be aware of what priority actions they should take; the urgency for action (and consequences of inaction) must be clear; and the opportunity for hope and success must be recognised. It is in this spirit that this account is offered.
 Winner of a 2015 Whitley Awards Certificate of Commendation for Zoological Resource.

Assessing the consequences of sea-level rise in the coastal zone of Quintana Roo, México: the costs of inaction

The Mexican State of Quintana Roo, located in the Caribbean, is an area of high environmental and socio-economic value. Its low elevation and long coastline render the State physically and economically highly vulnerable to accelerated sea-level rise. The purpose of this study is to undertake an initial assessment of the potential land loss and costs that might eventuate by flooding due to sea-level rise (SLR). Given the spread of impacts caused by SLR, a variety of measures are presented to capture these diverse effects. A three pronged approach is adopted which combines areas affected by SLR with impacts identified in the population, the economy, and the environmental systems. Tourism is the primary source of income and growth in the state of Quintana Roo, consequently the economic impact of SLR is measured through the affect on different sectors of the economy which is exclusively conducted in the coastal zone, while the environmental impact is approximated by the estimated loss of mangroves, and the impact on population is proxied by means of the number of people that could be directly affected by flooding. Based on current estimates of SLR, we utilise a minimum inundation level of 1 m and a maximum inundation level of 5 m. The inundation analysis is based on results from a Geographical Information System that identifies locations and the socioeconomic sectors that are most at risk from accelerated sea-level rise. Given the uncertainty of projected future development paths, conservative but plausible assumptions are used to provide a variety of estimates of the costs of SLR. Our results show that, for the most conservative scenario to 2100, at least 27 % of mangroves in the State would be lost with an upper bound of 94 % (with an associated economic loss of $405.325 million), over one million people would be flooded, and impacts on the economy would imply large losses over $400 million. Less conservative, more likely scenarios depict a greater, non-linear impact. These provide first order estimates of the costs and consequences of inaction and the importance of preventive measures.

Influence of the calcaneus shape on the risk of posterior heel ulcer using 3D patient-specific biomechanical modeling.

Most posterior heel ulcers are the consequence of inactivity and prolonged time lying down on the back. They appear when pressures applied on the heel create high internal strains and the soft tissues are compressed by the calcaneus. It is therefore important to monitor those strains to prevent heel pressure ulcers. Using a biomechanical lower leg model, we propose to estimate the influence of the patient-specific calcaneus shape on the strains within the foot and to determine if the risk of pressure ulceration is related to the variability of this shape. The biomechanical model is discretized using a 3D Finite Element mesh representing the soft tissues, separated into four domains implementing Neo Hookean materials with different elasticities: skin, fat, Achilles' tendon, and muscles. Bones are modelled as rigid bodies attached to the tissues. Simulations show that the shape of the calcaneus has an influence on the formation of pressure ulcers with a mean variation of the maximum strain over 6.0 percentage points over 18 distinct morphologies. Furthermore, the models confirm the influence of the cushion on which the leg is resting: a softer cushion leading to lower strains, it has less chances of creating a pressure ulcer. The methodology used for patient-specific strain estimation could be used for the prevention of heel ulcer when coupled with a pressure sensor.

Sins of omission versus commission: Cross-cultural differences in brand-switching due to dissatisfaction induced by individual versus group action and inaction

We examine how brand-switching varies across cultures, depending on the drivers of a prior unsatisfactory consumption experience. We draw from the literature on regret, norm theory and cross-cultural psychology to predict that Westerners are more likely to switch brands when the unsatisfactory consumption experience is a consequence of their inaction relative to the inaction of a group to which they belong. In contrast, it is predicted that Easterners are more likely to switch brands when the unsatisfactory consumption experience is a consequence of inaction on the part of the group to which they belong relative to their own inaction. We discuss the relevance of our research for marketing theory, the need to account for cultural differences in consumer segments, and the implications for organizations targeting culturally distinct market segments, both domestically and internationally.

Physical training for asthma.

People with asthma may show less tolerance to exercise due to worsening asthma symptoms during exercise or other reasons such as deconditioning as a consequence of inactivity. Some may restrict activities as per medical advice or family influence and this might result in reduced physical fitness. Physical training programs aim to improve physical fitness, neuromuscular coordination and self confidence. Subjectively, many people with asthma report that they are symptomatically better when fit, but results from trials have varied and have been difficult to compare because of different designs and training protocols. Also, as exercise can induce asthma, the safety of exercise programmes needs to be considered. To gain a better understanding of the effect of physical training on the respiratory and general health of people with asthma, from randomised trials. We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of trials up to January 2013. We included randomised trials of people over eight years of age with asthma who were randomised to undertake physical training or not. Physical training had to be undertaken for at least 20 minutes, two times a week, over a minimum period of four weeks. Two review authors independently assessed eligibility for inclusion and undertook risk of bias assessment for the included studies. Twenty-one studies (772 participants) were included in this review with two additional 2012 studies identified as 'awaiting classification'. Physical training was well tolerated with no adverse effects reported. None of the studies mentioned worsening of asthma symptoms following physical training. Physical training showed marked improvement in cardiopulmonary fitness as measured by a statistically and clinically significant increase in maximum oxygen uptake (mean difference (MD) 4.92 mL/kg/min; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.98 to 5.87; P < 0.00001; 8 studies on 267 participants); however, no statistically significant effects were observed for forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), minute ventilation at maximal exercise (VEmax) or peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Meta-analysis of four studies detected a statistically significant increase in maximum heart rate, and following a sensitivity analysis and removal of two studies significance was maintained (MD 3.67 bpm; 95% CI 0.90 to 3.44; P = 0.01). Although there were insufficient data to pool results due to diverse reporting tools, there was some evidence to suggest that physical training may have positive effects on health-related quality of life, with four of five studies producing a statistically and clinically significant benefit. This review demonstrated that physical training showed significant improvement in maximum oxygen uptake, though no effects were observed in other measures of pulmonary function. Physical training was well tolerated among people with asthma in the included studies and, as such, people with stable asthma should be encouraged to participate in regular exercise training, without fear of symptom exacerbation. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which physical activity impacts asthma management.

Physical training for asthma

People with asthma may show less tolerance to exercise due to worsening asthma symptoms during exercise or other reasons such as deconditioning as a consequence of inactivity. Some may restrict activities as per medical advice or family influence and this might result in reduced physical fitness. Physical training programs aim to improve physical fitness, neuromuscular coordination and self confidence. Subjectively, many people with asthma report that they are symptomatically better when fit, but results from trials have varied and have been difficult to compare because of different designs and training protocols. Also, as exercise can induce asthma, the safety of exercise programmes needs to be considered. To gain a better understanding of the effect of physical training on the respiratory and general health of people with asthma, from randomised trials. We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of trials up to January 2013. We included randomised trials of people over eight years of age with asthma who were randomised to undertake physical training or not. Physical training had to be undertaken for at least 20 minutes, two times a week, over a minimum period of four weeks. Two review authors independently assessed eligibility for inclusion and undertook risk of bias assessment for the included studies. Twenty-one studies (772 participants) were included in this review with two additional 2012 studies identified as 'awaiting classification'. Physical training was well tolerated with no adverse effects reported. None of the studies mentioned worsening of asthma symptoms following physical training. Physical training showed marked improvement in cardiopulmonary fitness as measured by a statistically and clinically significant increase in maximum oxygen uptake (mean difference (MD) 4.92 mL/kg/min; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.98 to 5.87; P < 0.00001; 8 studies on 267 participants); however, no statistically significant effects were observed for forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), minute ventilation at maximal exercise (VEmax) or peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Meta-analysis of four studies detected a statistically significant increase in maximum heart rate, and following a sensitivity analysis and removal of two studies significance was maintained (MD 3.67 bpm; 95% CI 0.90 to 3.44; P = 0.01). Although there were insufficient data to pool results due to diverse reporting tools, there was some evidence to suggest that physical training may have positive effects on health-related quality of life, with four of five studies producing a statistically and clinically significant benefit. This review demonstrated that physical training showed significant improvement in maximum oxygen uptake, though no effects were observed in other measures of pulmonary function. Physical training was well tolerated among people with asthma in the included studies and, as such, people with stable asthma should be encouraged to participate in regular exercise training, without fear of symptom exacerbation. More research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which physical activity impacts asthma management.

Compelling reasons to battle bullying and lessons from the field

I suggest a dramatic reframing of bully prevention as a vehicle for critical positive phenomena including appreciation for diversity and pro-social citizenship and leadership development for students. It is these powerful positives, even more than the avoidance of potentially deadly consequences of inaction in the face of bullying, which should move schools and communities to embrace bully-prevention programs and practices. Beyond these compelling reasons to engage in bully prevention, I offer some lessons learned from the field in bringing bully-prevention programs to schools, including how to engage leadership, accomplish strategic, multi-year planning, and achieve program fidelity.

Importance of MRSA and the Role of the Media

Mass media play a crucial role in shaping citizens’ opinions and attitudes. When reporting public health risks to the general reader, mass-media try to translate expert knowledge in a clear and understandable way [1]. It is important to improve a strategic communication about clinical topics, for improve a new culture of “public health”. The aims of this work is to underline the importance of clinical implications of antimicrobial resistance for therapy, and the “Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus” (MRSA) in the media. Each year in the United States, at least 2 million people acquire serious infections with bacteria that are resistant to one or more of the antibiotics designed to treat those infections. At least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these antibiotic-resistant infections. Many more die from other conditions that were complicated by an antibioticresistant infection [2]. The Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA): a particular type of bacteria that has become resistant to a specific group of antibiotics called betalectams, including penicillin, amoxicillin, oxicillin, and others [3]. MRSA causes a range of illnesses, from skin and wound infections to pneumonia and bloodstream infections that can cause sepsis and death [2]. Anyone can get a staph/ MRSA infection [4]. Doctors have been seeing an increasing number of patients with skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aurea (‘staph’) bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics. There have been an increasing number of reports of MRSA from local and regional health departments, physicians, the public, schools, and daycare facilities [3]. CDC estimates 80,461 invasive MRSA infections and 11,285 related deaths occurred in 2011. An unknown but much higher number of less severe infections occurred in both the community and in healthcare settings [2]. Staphylococcus aureus infections represent one of the most significant chapters in the field of infectious diseases related to health practices, they have a significant impact in terms of morbidity, increased length of hospital stay and costs associated with care. Although someone may be infected with MRSA, they may not develop any signs or symptoms of the infection for up to 10 days. The infections are more common in people with a weakened immune system, but infections can also occur in healthy people who have not recently been in the hospital. Most of these MRSA infections are on the skin or less commonly lung infections. People who may be at risk are: Athletes and other people who may share items such as towels or razors, Children in day-care, People who have gotten tattoo [5]. Once colonized with MRSA, a person can remain a carrier of the bacteria from a few days or weeks, up to several years. During this time period, people colonized with MRSA are not only at an increased risk for infecting others, but also themselves. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013 is a snapshot of the complex problem of antibiotic resistance today and the potentially catastrophic consequences of inaction [2]. The prevention of these events is a crucial moment in the operations of those who are interested in these fields. The mass media need to give a right culture regarding this important topic, in the persuasive way. The wise antibiotic use is very important and the media need to promote with doctors and with specialist journalists.

Germany SimSmoke: The Effect of Tobacco Control Policies on Future Smoking Prevalence and Smoking-Attributable Deaths in Germany

Although Germany has recently implemented some tobacco control policies, there is considerable scope to strengthen policies consistent with the MPOWER guidelines. This article describes the development of a simulation model projecting the effect of future tobacco control policies in Germany on smoking prevalence and associated premature mortality. Germany SimSmoke-an adapted version of the SimSmoke simulation model of tobacco control policy-uses population, smoking rates, and policy data for Germany. It assesses, individually and in combination, the effect of seven types of policies: taxes, smoke-free air laws, mass media campaigns, advertising bans, warning labels, cessation treatment, and youth access policies. With a comprehensive set of policies, smoking prevalence within the first few years can be reduced by about 22.0% relative to the status quo and by 37.9% (40.5%) for males (females) in 30 years. By 2040, 39,548 deaths could be averted in that year alone. Without stronger policies, 700,000 additional smoking-attributable deaths (SADs) would occur in Germany over the next 30 years. The model indicates that the consequences of inaction are considerable; without the implementation of a stronger set of policies, smoking prevalence rates will remain relatively stable, and SADs among women will continue to rise over a 30-year horizon. Significant inroads into reducing smoking prevalence and premature mortality can be achieved through strengthening tobacco control policies in line with MPOWER recommendations.

OECD environmental outlook to 2050: the consequences of inaction

OECD environmental outlook to 2050: the consequences of inaction

On the Consequences of Inaction

On the Consequences of Inaction

Know your epidemic, know your response: targeting HIV in Asia

This article provides an overview of the HIV epidemic in Asia, the context within which the epidemic is evolving, and the key actions to address the challenges faced by countries and risk groups. HIV epidemics across Asia are predominantly concentrated among most-at-risk populations. Although there have been many successes in the HIV response in Asia over the past decade, great challenges clearly remain - especially when addressing most-at-risk populations, who are often criminalized, marginalized, and discriminated against. These groups face significant legal and social barriers to accessing HIV prevention and treatment services. In order to reach the Millennium Development Goal of halting and reversing the spread of HIV by 2015 and to achieve universal access to HIV treatment, these barriers must be overcome across Asia. High-impact programs must be targeted at those in need, with continuous and predictable funding for a sustainable response that incorporates prevention and treatment scale-up. Strong political leadership and the involvement of affected communities are key to developing a systematic and comprehensive response. The potential consequences of inaction in Asia are enormous: even small increases in the HIV prevalence levels in the region will translate into vast numbers of new HIV infections due to the sheer size of the population.

Validated treatments and therapeutic perspectives regarding physical activities.

Current knowledge on physical activity in regard to sarcopenia is reported in this manuscript. The consequences of inactivity on muscle mass and function are discussed. Impact of resistance training on muscle and mass and function as well as its interaction with other factors associated with sarcopenia such as denervation, hormones modification and protein intake will be discussed.