Level Of Consciousness Research Articles

Polypharmacy and high-alert medications in patients with nasally placed feeding tube on admission and at hospital discharge: Multicenter cross-sectional study

BackgroundPolypharmacy and the use of high-alert medications in patients with nasally placed feeding tube (NPFT) increase the risks of drug related problems. ObjectiveCharacterize drugs prescribed to patients with NPFT and compare the rates of polypharmacy and high-alert medication use at admission and hospital discharge. Design and settingMulticenter cross-sectional study with 327 participants. MethodsData of patients with NPFT were obtained from the medical records and recorded in an electronic data collection tool. Mean number of drugs, polypharmacy and number of high-alert medications prescribed on admission and at discharge were compared using Wilcoxon or McNemar's tests. Generalized Estimating Equations analyzed the relationship between polypharmacy and high-alert medications according to age and time point. Primary reason for hospital admission, level of consciousness, severity of comorbid diseases and patient care complexity were also assessed. ResultsMost patients were male, older people, hospitalized for circulatory system diseases and had at least one comorbidity. On admission, a significant number of patients were alert (59.9%), at high risk for death (43.1%) and high dependent on nursing care (35.4%). Additionally, 92% patients were on polypharmacy on admission, versus 84.7% at hospital discharge (p = 0,0011). The occurrence of polypharmacy was independent of age (p = 0.2377). >17% of all drugs prescribed were high-alert medications, with no statistically significant difference between admission and discharge (p = 0,3957). There was no statistical evidence that the use of high-alert medications increases with age (n = 0,5426). ConclusionsThese results support the planning of multidisciplinary qualified actions for patients using NPFT.

A veterinary nurse's guide to the Modified Glasgow Coma Scale

The Modified Glasgow Coma Scale is a resource that was developed to assess and monitor patients with altered neurological status. It incorporates three categories of examination: level of consciousness; motor activity; and brain stem reflexes. Each category is assigned a score from 1–6 and scores are added together giving an overall score of between 3–18. The lower the score, the poorer the prognosis. Scores should be taken at several intervals over a period of time which will provide a trend which gives crucial information to the veterinary team to aid in clinical decision making. The ability to accurately perform the assessment and interpret the results is a skill veterinary nurses can become proficient at and therefore be able to accurately report and discuss patient progress with the veterinary team and clients.

Trauma and Dream Work: Mending Tears in the Fabric of Time.

Working with dreams in the context of trauma can open unique avenues for healing, in particular for patients who report feelings of numbness or a loss of meaning in their lives. Dream exploration can make facing aspects of trauma and dissociated experience more tolerable than explicitly addressing them at a conscious level. It can also reignite the capacities for reflection and meaning making disrupted by trauma. Dreams also reconnect patients to aspects of their history that can provide context for and meaning to experiences from which they have come to feel emotionally disconnected. Finally, dreams offer a way of regaining the capacity to connect with wishes, hopes, and desires that have become difficult to access because of trauma. In this article, the authors present case examples of patients with trauma and discuss how therapists worked with dream material to unlock new possibilities for these patients' lives.

Use of Countertransference to Advance Therapeutic Efficacy.

Countertransference is a basic tenet of psychodynamic theory. Although it was initially considered an unwelcome phenomenon in psychiatry, attitudes have shifted, and many mental health professionals now consider it to be a useful therapeutic tool. In this article, the author discusses countertransference as defined by the International Psychoanalytical Association's Inter-Regional Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (IRED) and examines its clinical impact by using constructed vignettes of psychodynamic psychotherapies to illustrate theoretical points. As IRED delineates, countertransferences may exist at the conscious or unconscious level. In addition, the author suggests that countertransference may also exist at the preconscious level. Clinicians' examination of all levels of countertransference has the potential to be revelatory and facilitate therapeutic action, whereas unexamined countertransference can interfere with effective treatment. For this reason, self-reflection on the part of psychiatrists is essential.

Anatomical-related factors and outcome of percutaneous short-term spinal cord stimulation electrode shift in patients with disorders of consciousness: a retrospective study.

Disorders of consciousness (DoC) represent a spectrum of neurological conditions that pose significant treatment challenges. Percutaneous short-term spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has emerged as a promising experimental diagnostic treatment to assess and potentially improve consciousness levels. However, the effectiveness of this intervention is frequently compromised by the shift of electrodes, particularly in the cervical region, which can negatively affect therapeutic outcomes. This retrospective study aimed to study if electrodes shift in percutaneous short-term SCS in patients with DoC would affect the outcome. We analyzed the relationship between electrode shift length and patient outcome, as well as the correlation with various anatomical parameters, including the actual length of the cervical spine, linear length, spinal canal transverse diameter, spinal canal diameter, and C2 cone height, in a cohort of patients undergoing the procedure. Our findings revealed that in patients with better outcome, there are significant less patient with electrode shift (p = 0.019). Further, a linear correlation was found between the length of electrode shift and patients' outcome (Rho = 0.583, p = 0.002), with longer shift lengths associated with poorer outcomes. Contrary to our expectations, there was no significant association between the measured anatomical parameters and the extent of electrode shift. However, a trend was found between the actual length of the cervical spine and the shift of the electrode (p = 0.098). Notably, the shorter spinal canal transverse diameter was found to be significantly associated with better outcome in patients with DoC receiving percutaneous short-term SCS (p = 0.033). These results highlight the clinical importance of electrode stability in the cervical region during SCS treatment for patients with DoC. Ensuring secure placement of electrodes may play a crucial role in enhancing patients' outcome and minimize postoperative complications. Given the lack of association with expected anatomical parameters, future research should investigate other factors that could impact electrode stability to optimize this therapeutic intervention.

Consciousness in non-REM-parasomnia episodes.

Sleepwalking and related parasomnias are thought to result from incomplete awakenings out of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep. Non-REM parasomnia behaviours have been described as unconscious and automatic, or related to vivid, dream-like conscious experiences. Similarly, some observations have suggested that patients are unresponsive during episodes, while others that they can interact with their surroundings. To better grasp and characterise the full spectrum of consciousness and environmental (dis)connection associated with behavioural episodes, 35 adult patients with non-REM sleep parasomnias were interviewed in-depth about their experiences. The level of consciousness during parasomnia episodes was reported to be variable both within and between individuals, ranging from minimal or absent consciousness and largely automatic behaviours (frequently/always present in 36% of patients) to preserved conscious experiences characterised by delusional thinking to varying degrees of specificity (65%), often about impending danger, variably formed, uni- or multisensory hallucinations (53%), impaired insight (77%), negative emotions (75%), and variable, but often pronounced, amnesia (30%). Patients described their experiences as a dream scene during which they felt awake ("awake dreaming"). The surroundings were either realistically perceived, misinterpreted (in the form of perceptual illusions or misidentifications of people), or entirely hallucinated as a function of the prevailing delusion. These observations suggest that the level of consciousness, amnesiaand sensory disconnection during non-REM parasomnia episodes is variable and graded. In their full-fledged expression, non-REM parasomnia experiences feature several core features of dreams. They therefore represent a valuable model for the study of consciousness, sleep-related sensory disconnection and dreaming.

Comparison of Interfacility Transfer of Critically Ill Pediatric Patients by Helicopter Versus Ground Ambulance in a Remote and Rural Domain

ObjectiveSince 2018, Thailand's helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) has been used to transport critically ill pediatric patients from Tak Province's community hospitals to the tertiary care hospital. This article describes a pilot study to look at the feasibility of comparing mortality rates and complications during transport. MethodsThis retrospective pilot study used data from the medical records of the referring and receiving hospitals. Participants were critically ill patients under 18 years of age who were transferred between facilities using HEMS or ground emergency medical services (GEMS) between January 2018 and December 2022. HEMS transported 9 patients, whereas GEMS transported 52. ResultsThe predominant age group was newborns. Respiratory-related conditions were the most common diagnoses. The majority of patients underwent intubation and displayed abnormal respiratory rates and levels of consciousness before flight. Approximately one third were hypotensive or required vasoactive drugs. Cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation was the most common significant complication during transport in the HEMS group (22.2%). Meanwhile, changing hospital destination because of an unstable patient condition was the most common complication during transport in the GEMS group (3.9%). Hypotension was the most common complication upon arrival at the receiving hospital in both groups (25% versus 8%). HEMS demonstrated shorter transport times. ConclusionHEMS reduced transport times compared with GEMS. However, there was a higher incidence of cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation during transfer and hypotension upon arrival.

Accuracy of the defining characteristics of respiratory nursing diagnoses in patients with COVID-19.

To analyze the accuracy of the defining characteristics of four respiratory nursing diagnoses (ND) in patients with COVID-19 and on oxygen therapy. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in four Brazilian public hospitals in two regions of the country. A total of 474 patients with COVID-19 receiving oxygen therapy were assessed. Latent-adjusted class analysis with random effects was used to establish the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the defining characteristics evaluated for each ND. Among the ND that constituted the study (impaired spontaneous ventilatory, impaired gas exchange, ineffective airway clearance, and dysfunctional ventilatory weaning response), the following defining characteristics had the highest simultaneous Se and Sp (>0.8): decrease in tidal volume, confusion, irritability, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds, orthopnea, impaired ability to cooperate and respond to coaching, and decrease in the level of consciousness. Recognizing the clinical signs that predict respiratory ND in patients affected by COVID-19 can contribute to the nurse's accurate diagnostic inference and designate the appropriate nursing interventions to achieve the desired results and avoid complications.

Incidence and Risk Factors for Medical Device-Related Pressure Injury in Hemodynamically Unstable Intensive Care Unit Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study.

The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and identify potential risk factors for medical device-related pressure injury (MDRPI) in critically ill and hemodynamically unstable adults (patients classified class III or IV on the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System-28; TISS-28). Prospective cohort study. The target population was critically ill adults who were using one or more medical devices and categorized as class III or IV on the TISS-28. The study sample comprised 77 participants followed daily until discharge, death, transfer, or lesion development. Data were collected from January to March 2020. The study setting was an intensive care unit with 40 beds in a large hospital in a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sociodemographic and pertinent clinical data, pressure injury (PI) risk assessed using the Braden Scale for Pressure Sore Risk, and head-to-toe skin inspections were completed. The incidence rate of MDRPIs was calculated, and survival analyses were completed via the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model. Forty-nine of 77 participants developed an MDRPI, reflecting an incidence rate of 63.6%. Collectively, 71 MDRPIs occurred in these 49 participants. Univariate analysis indicated significant associations between MDRPI occurrences and level of consciousness ( P =<.001), use of tube holder for ventilation devices ( P =.013), nasal cannula ( P =.034), nasogastric cannula ( P =.034), presence of edema ( P =.001), infection ( P =.007), higher TISS score ( P =.047), and greater number of medical devices ( P =.022). Survival analysis indicated that a high or very high-risk score on the Braden Scale for Pressure Sore Risk ( P =.043) and edema ( P =.030) are risk factors for MDRPI occurrences in this vulnerable population. The incidence rate of MDRPIs was 63.6%. The categories with the highest high or very high risk scores on the Braden Scale for Risk of Pressure Pain and Edema emerged as risk factors for MDRPI in this critically ill and vulnerable population.

The clinical and predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic patterns in a clinical Chinese cohort with autoimmune encephalitis.

To investigate the diagnostic and predictive role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) as a whole group. Thrty-five patients (20 females and 15 males) with AE were recruited. A voxel-to-voxel semi-quantitative analysis based on SPM12 was used to analyze 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging data compared to healthy controls. Further comparison was made in different prognostic groups categorized by modified Rankin Scale (mRS). In total, 24 patients (68.6%) were tested positive neuronal antibodies in serum and/or CSF. Psychiatric symptoms and seizure attacks were major clinical symptoms. In the acute stage, 13 patients (37.1%) demonstrated abnormal brain MRI results, while 33 (94.3%) presented abnormal metabolism patterns. 18F-FDG PET/CT was more sensitive than MRI (p < 0.05). Patients with AE mainly presented mixed metabolism patterns compared to the matched controls, demonstrating hypermetabolism mainly in the cerebellum, BG, MTL, brainstem, insula, middle frontal gyrus, and relatively hypometabolism in the frontal cortex, occipital cortex, temporal gyrus, right parietal gyrus, left cingulate gyrus (p < 0.05, FWE corrected). After a median follow-up of 26 months, the multivariable analysis identified a decreased level of consciousness as an independent risk factor associated with poor outcome of AE (HR = 3.591, p = 0.016). Meanwhile, decreased metabolism of right superior frontal gyrus along with increased metabolism of the middle and upper brainstem was more evident in patients with poor outcome (p < 0.001, uncorrected). 18F-FDG PET/CT was more sensitive than MRI to detect neuroimaging abnormalities of AE. A mixed metabolic pattern, characterized by large areas of cortical hypometabolism with focal hypermetabolism was a general metabolic pattern. Decreased metabolism of right superior frontal gyrus with increased metabolism of the middle and upper brainstem may predict poor long-term prognosis of AE.

Encephalomyelitis as a rare presentation of melioidosis

Cerebral melioidosis is a rare entity which is minimally reported in literature, having multiple diagnostic challenges as it mimics most of the other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Spectrum of CNS melioidosis depends on the entry of the organism and immune status of the patient. Due to the delay in diagnosis, it has a high morbidity and mortality. It is thought to be a disease of the immunocompromised with risk of exposure to soil or surface water. We present a case of an immunocompetent patient without any known risk factors for significant exposure, who presented with fever and rapidly progressive multiple cranial nerve palsies followed by reduced level of consciousness and cerebellar signs. She was eventually diagnosed to have encephalomyelitis, a form of neuro melioidosis, with radiological evidence of acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, and successfully treated with parenteral meropenem for intensive phase and cotrimoxazole for a long eradication phase. High index of suspicion and early initiation of treatment with suitable antibiotics for an optimal duration, evidenced complete recovery.

Hybrid EEG data analysis for diagnosis of stress-related neurological disorder: SKY as an alternative therapy

There are many reasons associated with stress, long term stress induces neurological and psychosomatic disorders like hypertension, hypothyroidism, diabetes, anxiety and depression which affect the lifestyle of human beings. Consequently, behavioural activity and action gradually change in their surrounding environment and also perceived by others. In general, stressful respiration is relatively different from normal. To release stress and control all the neuropsychological hormones, multiple activities like playing games, watching a movie, listening to songs and music, etc. or intake of medicine/drugs such as (Allopathic /Homeopathic/Ayurvedic) are used. Medicines can provide easy stress evasion, but relief is only temporary. Thus, yoga and Sudarshan kriya (SK) meditation is a unique and alternate therapy identified by Gurudev Sri Sri Ravi Shankar by Art of living. It would be a healthy way to get rid of stress in peoples’ lives. Study of long-term effects of (SKY) Sudarshan kriya Yoga before and after and response of the brain regions in experienced (10–15 yrs) practitioners, mediocre (3–5 yrs) and novice(non-practitioners) is the main objective of this work. This study is planned in three phases, the first phase is an experiment on SKY practitioners for more than 10–15 years, in which their (EEG) Electroencephalogram is recorded just after a session of meditation and the common portion of excitation amongst the three subjects is mined and analysed, to draw inferences. This inference would help us draw a conclusion about (BLOC) base level of consciousness considered as benchmark. In the second phase, comparison of benchmark data with the Mediocre (3–5 yrs) measurement and in third phase, benchmark versus Novice data, is done. Next is the phase of interpretation of the response in the form of EEG spectral waves as Type I- 10 to 15 years SKY Practitioners (Superconscious), Type II- SKY practitioners 3 to 5 years (mediocre/semiconscious) and Type. III- Non-practitioner subjects (Novice/Un-conscious). The unconsciousness here means a state of complete unawareness of the self, though conscious of the external, physical world. Thus, power spectrum analysis (PSA) is carried out and frequency of each electrode is computed through segment analysis, Power Spectrum Density (PSD), Correlation coefficient, Mean and Standard Deviation, for finding the level of consciousness. The spectral waveform of these recordings is analysed programmatically using machine learning techniques (used Python Language run on the Jupyter notebook, Spyder, Google colab environment).Frequency analysis results are obtained by placing 21 electrodes in human brain in different lobes that is (Fz, C2, P2, FP1, FP2, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, O1, O2, F7, F8, T3, T4, T5, BP4, E.G, T6) those are frequency measuring electrodes/channels placed on the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe and occipital lobe over skull and brainwaves alpha (α)[8–12 Hz], beta (β)[12–16 Hz], delta (δ)[0.5–4 Hz], theta (Θ)[4–8 Hz], gamma (γ)[16–32 Hz] are synthesized. The interpretation of these analyses suggests alternative therapeutic techniques, to improve both mentally and psychologically and thus become socially acceptable.

Assessment-Relevant Stimuli and Judging of Writing Performances – From Micro-Judgments to Macro-Judgments

The contemporary practice of rating writing performances is grounded in an approach known as judging, which is done to avoid paying conscious attention to discrete elements in texts. Instead, it involves accounting for the overall impression made by a writing performance. However, studies have indicated that while this may be true on a conscious level, the concrete stimuli in texts still preconsciously influence the forming of such overall impressions. What is left largely unnoticed is that most assessment-relevant stimuli require the use of judging to be perceived as such. This implies that an overall, macro-judgment of a writing performance (expressed normally as a score) comprises individual (and largely preconsciously generated) micro-judgments coming together into a complex and non-linear combination-count. The paper presents an argument in favour of such a composition of judgments, demonstrates it empirically by means of a case study, and then discusses the wider consequences of this different perspective on judging.

BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SPIRITUALITY AT WORKPLACE USING VOSVIEWER

Meaningful work is of utmost importance in creating and fostering an environment of creativity and innovation. A work environment that strives to realize the true potential of its employees must endeavor to fulfil their higher-order needs. The concept of spirituality is related with higher levels of human consciousness. A deeper understanding of self and others may contribute to positive outcomes at the workplace. Ashmos and Duchon (2000), have quoted Wheatly (1992) and Stacey (1992) that the workplaces need to be envisioned as systems that have strong bonds or connections among its employees. The present study was conducted with a view to investigate contribution of researchers in the domain of spirituality at workplace. The objective was to suggest a way forward to business leaders to achieve higher levels of efficiency at work in tandem with employee wellbeing. The present digital era necessitates that motivation towards excellence in work be intrinsic. In the present study, the bibliometric analysis tool VOSviewer was used. Analysis revealed the trend, most cited authors and keywords related to spirituality at workplace research. Findings revealed that mindfulness at work was strongly related to sustainability. The study is of immense significance as there is a global consensus regarding the adoption of sustainable practices in all walks of life. The study also revealed that extensive work remains to be done.

The evolutionary and neurobiological attributes of consciousness: an update.

Consciousness is most frequently defined as a subjective experience of mental processes. The phenomenon of consciousness has always been a subject of great interest in various fields of science, including psychiatry, and the most prominent scientists have engaged in research on it. The studies performed in recent years have brought about novel data on the evolutionary and neurobiological attributes of this phenomenon. In the first part of the article, the evolutionary concepts of consciousness are presented, going back to the beginnings of life on our planet. They are proposed by such illustrious scientists as Joseph LeDoux, Daniel Dennett, António Damásio, and Arthur Reber. Each of them presents the issue of consciousness in the context of evolution slightly differently. However, there are many similarities concerning the development of the nervous system and mental life. The second part discusses the novel research on the cognitive and neurobiological components of consciousness. Among many researchers of this issue, we chose the achievements of two British authors such as Chris Frith and Anil Seth. The neuroanatomical and perceptive aspects of both the level and context of consciousness are provided. Besides presenting the contemporary evolutionary and neurobiological concepts of consciousness, the article aims to bring closer the profiles of the prominent researchers of neuroscience mentioned here. This term can be translated into Polish as "neuronauka", although our country's most frequently used name is "neurobiologia."

A potential prognostic indicator in methanol intoxication: Body temperature

Objective: Methanol intoxication is a type of poisoning with high mortality and morbidity. The current study aims to examine patients diagnosed with methanol intoxication and treated with standardized treatment to collect data that may be used to predict patient outcomes and mortality. Materials and Methods: The current study was a retrospective study and included patients over 18 years of age diagnosed with methanol intoxication between 1st March, 2011 and 1st March, 2021. All patients were treated with the treatment protocol determined by the clinic in accordance with the guidelines. Sociocultural characteristics, vital and laboratory findings, and clinical outcomes of the patients were analyzed. Results: Of the 28 patients included in the study, 80% were male, and the median age was 49. Patients were divided into two groups: survived and deceased. The median time since last alcohol intake was higher in surviving group (7 hours (Q1-Q3:6-12) vs 4 hours (Q1-Q3:2-17), p=0.005) and the amount of alcohol per kilogram of weight was lower in surviving group (3.13 ml/kg (Q1-Q3: 1.34-4.46) vs 8.81 ml/kg (Q1-Q3:5.22-9.49), p=0.002). The body temperature was lower in deceased group (35.40 °C (Q1-Q3:34.95-35.50) vs 36.40 °C (Q1-Q3:36.10-36.55), p=0.001). The current study showed that the other diagnostic factors of mortality in methanol intoxication are serum pH, lactate levels, bicarbonate levels, base deficit, anion deficit, the level of consciousness of the patient at admission, the time since the last alcohol consumption, and the amount of methanol ingested. Conclusion: In this study, it was concluded that moderate hypothermia may be an indicator of mortality in addition to classical findings. Thus, it has been shown that hypothermia will be effective in methanol intoxication in addition to other early markers for early diagnosis and rapid initiation of treatment.

Connecting Environmental Perception, Awe, Face Consciousness, and Environmentally Responsible Behaviors: A Mediated-Moderated Analysis.

Tourists' environmentally responsible behavior (TERB) is one of the key areas in tourism as it concerns tourism sustainability that further influences a destination's competitiveness and image. This study sought to deepen the formation of TERB through tourists' degree of environmental perception, mediated by their feeling of awe towards the environment, and moderated by their level of face consciousness. Data were collected from tourists in Tibet and the findings indicated that awe exerted partial mediation on the tourists' perception-behavior relationship. Furthermore, face consciousness moderated the mediated relationship of humanistic environmental perception, awe, and TERB. This study adds value to existing tourism studies by revealing the influences of awe on constructing tourists' attitude in sustainable tourism. From a practical perspective, the findings offer insights for destination management organizations (DMOs) in promoting tourists' environmentally responsible behavior that fosters sustainable tourism development.

The Centrality of the Workplace and Class Consciousness in the US South: The New Orleans Community Studies

Abstract The popular and scholarly imagination considers Americans—especially those from the US South—to be averse to working-class politics. The South, in particular, is regarded as having especially low levels of class consciousness, hopelessly mired in racist or racialized ideologies which effectively eliminate the possibility of working-class solidarity. This article problematizes these conclusions by presenting the results of a series of studies conducted in New Orleans, Louisiana. Interviews with activists and community leaders, as well as two representative surveys of the city find that New Orleanians are remarkably class conscious, and almost universally regard the workplace as the central social system for determining their overall well-being. These findings are contextualized in Louisiana’s oft-ignored labor history, and contrasted with the currently en vogue “white working class” literature.

Effectiveness of Detailed Information on Subconscious Motor Sequence Learning in Acute Stroke

Introduction: Stroke is defined as a rapidly developing clinical sign of focal disturbance of central function of presumed vascular origin &amp; of more than 24-hours duration1. Clinically a variety of deficits are possible including changes in the level of consciousness &amp; impairment of sensory, motor, cognitive , perceptual &amp; language functions2. Although it is unequivocal that the extremities contra lateral to the unilateral cerebral lesion are more affected than the ipsilesional extremities, there is now a large body of research that suggests that the ipsilesional extremities are not normal often clinically assumed as “the non affected side” ,particular to the upper extremity there is increasing evidence of sensory-motor control deficits on the ipsilesional side3. These ipsilesional deficits may reflect motor control deficits that are masked on the contralateral side by hemiplegia and hemisensory loss3. The non-dominant hemisphere plays a primary role in the function of complex visuo-spatial accuracy, whereas the dominant hemisphere is mainly involved in the motor control of bilateral upper limbs as well as the performance of complex tasks. Although the cause of ipsilesional movement abnormalties have not been elucidated accurately, several possible mechanisms have been suggested i.e. the injury of the uncrossed corticospinal system, inhibitory transcallosal influence on the unaffected hemisphere, the different roles of side-to-side hemispheric function depending on the specific properties of the task &amp; bilateral hemispheric processing for high cognitive activity4. In persons with stroke, deficits in targeted movements, compared with comparison groups, have been identified in the ipsilateral extremities, even when clinical measures of the upper extremities reveal little or no deficit5 Objective: To study effectiveness of detailed information on subconscious motor sequence learning in acute stroke Research Design: Observational design Methodology: A total of 22 subjects with anterior circulation stroke (diagnosed by neurologist) were included in the study. In the group A (No-Explicit Information group) 13 subjects were recruited (total 15 subjects were recruited, but 2 patients left in between). In the group B (Explicit Information Group) 9 subjects were recruited. Result: Descriptive statistics is used to analyze subject characteristics. 22 subjects recruited for the study were randomly assigned to each group, group A (Non EI) with 9 males and 4 females with mean age of 59.94 years and mean score on MMSE, &amp; COVS, were 27.92 and 6.00. Group B (EI) with 8 males and 1 female with mean age of 58.22 years and mean score on MMSE, &amp; COVS were 29.00 and 6.56.On comparing the Age (p=0.75), MMSE score (p=0.09), and COVS score (p=0.08) between the two groups, the results were not significant (at p&lt;0.05). Thus both the groups are comparable. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that explicit information when given prior to physical practice improved implicit motor sequence learning in subjects with acute stroke; however subjects were not able to express it explicitly. Keywords: non-dominant hemisphere, Stroke, disability, uncrossed corticospinal, explicit and implicit learning

Советский спор(т): попытки гальванизации эйдосов в нововременных кинокартинах о выдающихся советских спортсменах

The author believes that the so-called cinematic speaking on the Soviet, that is, an array of texts, formulated within the contours of fi lm, television, and other screen arts, is one of the representative sources shaping the domestic discourse of the reception of the Soviet. Within the framework of this work, research attention is focused on the consideration of modern Russian films about the legends of Soviet sports, which, in the area of the abovementioned cinematic speaking, appeal to a number of phrase themes, such as sports, personality, heroism, asceticism, service, and moral values. According to the author, the repetitive nature of references to Soviet sports mythology is associated with the dire need of having some kind of incredible task fulfilled; but, unlike, for example, S. Toymentsev, the author considers this task to be cultural, educational and didactic rather than politically predetermined. The author sees Soviet sports biopics as a good opportunity for a large-scale conversation at the level of everyday consciousness, designed to ensure the galvanization of eidos, re-launch of values and remastering of meanings. However, despite the self-evidently noble nature of such intentions, modern sports dramas are unable to fully realize their mission for a number of reasons. The first reason why biographical films about Soviet athletes do not turn into a guide to action, and their protagonists do not become sought-after role models, is the dramatic discrepancy between the glorified personal qualities of the heroes and the main plots of current popular psychology, which consistently inculcates the cult of hedonism and the so-called ‘positive mindset’. The second reason that determines the emergence of the viewer’s “cognitive lag” is associated with the unanimous silencing in such films of the ideological component of Soviet social relations as a factor that necessarily shapes personality (or the reduction of this factor to requisite and decorative markers): a complex of behavioral patterns, choices and motives thus turn out to be impenetrable to the viewer in the absence of interpretative model. As the third reason, the author names the formal, ‘dotted’ manner of depicting Soviet temporality in “champion fi lm sagas” and comes to the conclusion that unpacking and appropriating the didactic, instructive potential of legendary sports stories is impossible without a thoughtful depiction of Soviet social time.