Consanguineous Research Articles

Prevalence of Prolonged Grief Disorder and Related Clinical Factors Among Turkish Psychiatric Outpatients During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Prolonged grief disorder (PGD), a new diagnosis in some classification systems, has gained prominence due to the high mortality rates observed during the Covid-19 pandemic. Herein, the prevalence of PGD (diagnosed with structured clinical interviews), death-related features, and associated clinical factors were investigated among outpatient psychiatric patients who lost a first-degree relative within the past 12-24months. PGD was diagnosed in 30/68 patients (44.1%). PGD development did not differ based on cause of death (Covid-19-related vs. other causes) but was associated with higher age of the bereaved, younger age of the deceased, and degree of kinship. Higher rates of depression, insomnia, and anxious attachment were also observed in PGD patients. Finally, the unexpectedness of death predicted the development of PGD. Due to the high prevalence of PGD among psychiatric patients, clinicians should be aware of the disorder, monitor grief processes in high-risk patients, and consider PGD in treatment planning.

The role of the caregiver in older patients with advanced prostate cancer: results from the ADHERE Prospective Study of the Meet-URO network.

To assess caregivers' characteristics and influence of the presence or absence of the caregiver on clinical outcomes of older (≥70 years) metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients treated with abiraterone (ABI) or enzalutamide (ENZ). Patients from the Meet-URO 5 ADHERE study were assessed with a 5-item caregiver evaluation questionnaire focusing on the presence, age, degree of kinship, working status and qualification of the caregiver. We investigated the association between the presence of a caregiver and the clinical characteristics and outcomes of enrolled patients. No differences were found in the main clinical characteristics between patients with or without a caregiver, except for a lower median G8 score (p = 0.0453) in the caregiver group. A longer radiographic PFS (rPFS) was observed in the group without a caregiver, with a trend towards more prolonged overall survival (OS) in the same group. Our work suggests a detrimental effect of caregivers in managing older mCRPC patients treated with ABI or ENZ, especially those identified as frail by the geriatric G8 screening score. Further work is needed to identify and address patients' vulnerability areas, which could have a detrimental effect on prognosis.

Deep intronic founder mutations identified in the ERCC4/XPF gene are potential therapeutic targets for a high-frequency form of xeroderma pigmentosum

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genodermatosis defined by cutaneous photosensitivity with an increased risk of skin tumors because of DNA repair deficiency. The worldwide prevalence of XP is ~1 to 4 in million, with higher incidence in some countries and regions including Japan (1 in 22,000) and North Africa due to founder mutations and a high degree of consanguinity. Among XP, the complementation group F (XP-F), is a rare form (1% of worldwide XP); however, this is underdiagnosed, because the ERCC4/XPF gene is essential for fetal development and most of previously reported ERCC4/XPF pathogenic variants are hypomorphs causing relatively mild phenotypes. From the largest Japanese XP cohort study, we report 17 XP-F cases bearing two pathogenic variants, both identified in deep intronic regions of the ERCC4/XPF gene. The first variant, located in intron 1, is a Japanese founder mutation, which additionally accounts for ~10% of the entire Japanese XP cases (MAF = 0.00196), causing an aberrant pre-mRNA splicing due to a miss-binding of U1snRNA. The second mutation located in intron eight induces an alternative polyadenylation. Both mutations cause a reduction of the ERCC4/XPF gene expression, resulting in XP clinical manifestations. Most cases developed early-onset skin cancers, indicating that these variants need critical attention. We further demonstrate that antisense oligonucleotides designed for the mutations can restore the XPF protein expression and DNA repair capacity in the patients' cells. Collectively, these pathogenic variants can be potential therapeutic targets for XP.

Studies on Influence of Breeding Success and Genetic Diversity with in Honey Bee Species

The majority of selection of traits desires in animal breeding are strongly influenced by the environment. The reason for this was that the simultaneous consideration of individuals and siblings performance in the early days of animal breeding /genetic diversity was rather intuitive. As a result of weighting factors account so for degree of kinship between the animals and describes the percentage of shared genes, originating from shared ancestors, inter relationship poses serious challenges in properly estimating breeding values of honey bee.

Formation of a database of relatives of patients of the first degree of kinship operated on for medullary thyroid cancer

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Impact of environmental factors on the epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis in southwestern Europe (2007-2020).

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a disease characterized by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and at least 15 eosinophils/hpf in the esophagus. Other systemic and local causes of esophageal eosinophilia should be excluded. The study objectives were to examine the annual epidemiology of EoE for 14 consecutive years, investigate whether there is a relationship between the count of aeroallergens and the incidence of EoE for 12 years, evaluate whether there are family ties between the patients with EoE, and determine whether there are cases of EoE that are triggered or exacerbated by pollens. We conducted a prospective, descriptive, and analytic study in patients with EoE for 14 years (2007-2020). The study variables were age, sex, relatives with EoE, time of evolution of the symptoms until diagnosis of the disease, and symptoms. We examined incidence and prevalence, annual counts of aeroallergens for 12 years, and number of diagnoses per year (in 2007-2020). We studied patients with active EoE (in April-July) and EoE in remission (in August-March) for 2 consecutive years. Exacerbations were investigated by measuring symptoms using a visual analog scale of 1 to 10. Of the 366 patients with EoE (studied from 2007 to 2020), 83.5% were atopic, with respiratory allergy and 28% had a food allergy. Their mean age was 35 years. The time of evolution of the symptoms was more than 6 years. Only 11% of the patients had a degree of kinship. Of the 366 patients, 87% had dysphagia, 27% had had impactions, and 12.5% had other symptoms of esophageal dysfunction. We found a positive correlation between the incidence of EoE and Platanaceae pollens. We did not detect any case of EoE triggered or exacerbated by pollens. The epidemiology of EoE in southwestern Europe continues to grow. We have corroborated the relevant impact of the environment on genetics. Future studies will clarify the possible relevance of Platanaceae pollens in the increased epidemiology of EoE. The role of grass and Oleaceae pollens in triggering EoE is limited by having a short pollination in time.

GRAPE: genomic relatedness detection pipeline.

Classifying the degree of relatedness between pairs of individuals has both scientific and commercial applications. As an example, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may suffer from high rates of false positive results due to unrecognized population structure. This problem becomes especially relevant with recent increases in large-cohort studies. Accurate relationship classification is also required for genetic linkage analysis to identify disease-associated loci. Additionally, DNA relatives matching service is one of the leading drivers for the direct-to-consumer genetic testing market. Despite the availability of scientific and research information on the methods for determining kinship and the accessibility of relevant tools, the assembly of the pipeline, which stably operates on a real-world genotypic data, requires significant research and development resources. Currently, there is no open source end-to-end solution for relatedness detection in genomic data, that is fast, reliable and accurate for both close and distant degrees of kinship, combines all the necessary processing steps to work on a real data, and is ready for production integration. To address this, we developed GRAPE: Genomic RelAtedness detection PipelinE. It combines data preprocessing, identity-by-descent (IBD) segments detection, and accurate relationship estimation. The project uses software development best practices, as well as Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) standards and tools. Pipeline efficiency is demonstrated on both simulated and real-world datasets. GRAPE is available from: https://github.com/genxnetwork/grape.

Identifying the genetic causes of phenotypically diagnosed Pakistani mucopolysaccharidoses patients by whole genome sequencing.

Background: Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a group of inherited metabolic diseases, which encompass more than 50 different subtypes of pathologies. These disorders are caused by defects in lysosomal enzymes, transporters, and other non-lysosomal proteins. Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is the most common subgroup of lysosomal storage disorders in which the body is unable to properly breakdown mucopolysaccharides. The aim of the present study was to identify novel genes and pathogenic variants in families from diverse regions of Pakistan with clinically diagnosed mucopolysaccharidosis type I and mucopolysaccharidosis type II. Methods: Clinical diagnosis identified 12 with mucopolysaccharidosis I and 2 with mucopolysaccharidosis II in 14 families and whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to identify the causative variations in 15 affected individuals. Twenty-two unaffected individuals including parents or normal siblings of patients were also sequenced. Putative causal variants were identified by co-segregation and functional annotation. Results: Analysis of whole genome sequencing data revealed ten novel and six previously reported variants in lysosomal storage disorders-associated genes (IDUA, GALNS, SGSH, GAA, IDS, ALDOB, TRAPPC4, MASP1, SMARCAL, KIAA1109, HERC1, RRAS2) and a novel candidate gene (ABCA5) for lysosomal storage disorder-like phenotypes, which has previously been associated with symptoms strongly related with lysosomal storage disorder in animal models. Conclusion: Multigenic inheritance was found in several families highlighting the importance of searching for homozygous pathogenic variants in several genes also in families with a high degree of consanguinity.

Electroencephalographic findings in asymptomatic relatives of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: relationship with the degree of kinship.

A prevalence of 1 to 71% of electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities has been reported in asymptomatic relatives of patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). To determine the frequency of EEG abnormalities in asymptomatic relatives of patients with JME according to the degree of kinship. Prospective, analytical study. First-, second, and third-degree relatives of patients with JME who agreed to participate and signed informed consent were included. The analysis was descriptive, bivariate. 209 asymptomatic relatives were included, out of which 115 (55%) were females and 94 (45%) were males, with a mean age of 35.9 ± 16.9 (range between 6 and 73 years). Forty-four (21.1%) relatives had abnormal EEGs. First-degree relatives (12%) had abnormalities more frequently in comparison with second- and third-degree relatives (p = 0.007). EEG abnormalities were observed in one third of asymptomatic relatives. It is important to highlight that there were more alterations among first-degree relatives. In the future, these findings might enable for the risk of clinically developing the disease to be estimated and for genetic counseling to be provided.

Genetic Associations Between Stress-Related Disorders and Autoimmune Disease.

Objective: Emerging evidence supports a bidirectional phenotypic association between stress-related disorders and autoimmune disease. However, the biological underpinnings remain unclear. Here, the authors examined whether and how shared genetics contribute to the observed phenotypic associations. Methods: Based on data from 4,123,631 individuals identified from Swedish nationwide registers, familial coaggregation of stress-related disorders (any disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) and autoimmune disease were initially estimated in seven cohorts with different degrees of kinship. Polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses were then performed with individual-level genotyping data from 376,871 participants in the UK Biobank study. Finally, genetic correlation analyses and enrichment analyses were performed with genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Results: Familial coaggregation analyses revealed decreasing odds of concurrence of stress-related disorders and autoimmune disease with descending kinship or genetic relatedness between pairs of relatives; adjusted odds ratios were 1.51 (95% CI=1.09–2.07), 1.28 (95% CI=0.97–1.68), 1.16 (95% CI=1.14–1.18), and 1.01 (95% CI=0.98–1.03) for monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, full siblings, and half cousins, respectively. Statistically significant positive associations were observed between PRSs of stress-related disorders and autoimmune disease, as well as between PRSs of autoimmune disease and stress-related disorders. GWAS summary statistics revealed a genetic correlation of 0.26 (95% CI=0.14–0.38) between these two phenotypes and identified 10 common genes and five shared functional modules, including one module related to G-protein–coupled receptor pathways. Similar analyses performed for PTSD and specific autoimmune diseases (e.g., autoimmune thyroid disease) largely recapitulated the results of the main analyses. Conclusions: This study demonstrated familial coaggregation, genetic correlation, and common biological pathways between stress-related disorders and autoimmune disease.

Characterization and phylogenetics of beta-lactamase Temoneira gene in Escherichia coli of the Bali cattle on Lombok island, Indonesia

This study aims to determine the character and phylogenetics of the β-lactamase Temoneira (blaTEM) gene in Escherichia coli isolated from the reproductive tract of Bali cattle with repeat breeder cases. This study was conducted in June 2021 that used 16 female Bali cattle with repeat breeder cases to take their reproductive tract fluid using a plastic sheet gun. Isolation of Escherichia coli, using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar was identified by biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test on E. coli samples was carried out by disc diffusion method. The screening test for the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase was done using the double-disk approximation test method. Characterization of the blaTEM gene in E coli, using the PCR method and sequences of the blaTEM gene, were phylogenetically analyzed. The results showed that 4 E. coli isolates were obtained from 16 samples of reproductive tract fluid. The sensitivity test to antibiotics of 4 isolated samples of E. coli showed that 50% were resistant to penicillin and cefotaxime. Samples of E. coli resistant to penicillin and cefotaxime showed synergy results in the double-disk approximation test. The PCR results showed that the samples of E coli encoded the blaTEM gene which was located at the 560 bp position on gel electrophoresis. The phylogenetic tree analysis found that the blaTEM gene encoded by E. coli was related to E. coli encoding the blaTEM-206 gene. The character blaTEM gene in samples of E. coli showed the character of blaTEM-206 gene of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli. Escherichia coli from the reproductive tract of Bali cattle showed the character of E. coli S2.2-EK pEC-S2.2 blaTEM gene for class A broad-spectrum B-lactamase TEM-206 with a high degree of kinship.

Prospective Study of Prolonged Grief Disorder in Relatives of COVID-19 Deceased

Introduction COVID-19 pandemic along with its social restrictions changed our burial practices and the way we bury our dead. In consequence, it affected people’s experiences and traditions which could lead to severe, persistent, or disabling grief. Thereby, it is relevant to understand how someone may be more susceptible to developing pathological grief and what can we do to prevent it. Objectives To assess the risk of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) in family members of patients who died from COVID-19 infection and identify possible risk factors. Methods Prospectively, we performed follow-up interviews conducted with family members of all patients who died from COVID-19 infection in 2020 at our hospital. The sample was characterized, and clinical follow-up was performed for at least 6 months after the date of death. By that time, the PG-13 scale was applied. Results A total of 269 individuals who had some type of relationship with patients who died from COVID-19 were included, with 68% being female with a mean age of 53.7 years. After clinical follow-up, 10.8% of the patients met the diagnostic criteria for PGD. Regarding the degree of kinship, the only predictor of PGD was “spouse” (OR 11,236, [4,762; 26,316]; p < 0,001). A closer and more regular interaction with the deceased was also associated with an increase in PDG (OR 5.682, [1.314; 24.390] p = 0.009). Feelings of denial and guilt by the time of death notification were also risk predictors for PGD (OR 2,412, [1,091; 5,332] p = 0,026) and OR 2,888, [1,244; 6,703] p = 0,011, respectively). The impossibility of being present at the funeral was associated with a risk of about 3 times higher of developing PGD (OR 3,817 [1,727; 8,403] p < 0,001). Older age (p<0,001) and lower educational qualification (p=0,003) were also presented as risk factors. Other characteristics including gender, marital status, previous suicide attempts, psychiatric or consumption history, previous significant bereavement or the social and family support of the person contacted were not predictors of PGD. Conclusions The present prospective study made it possible to reinforce and support the way in which the COVID-19 pandemic, associated with significant social modifications, changed the way people experience grief. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Incomplete Fermatean fuzzy preference relations and group decision-making

Abstract There may be cases where experts do not have in-depth knowledge of the problem to be solved in decision-making problems. In such cases, experts may fail to express their views on certain aspects of the problem, resulting in incomplete preferences, in which some preference values are not provided or are missing. In this article, we present a new model for group decision-making (GDM) methods in which experts’ preferences can be expressed as incomplete Fermatean fuzzy preference relations. This model is guided by the additive-consistency property and only uses the preference values the expert provides. An additive consistency definition characterized by a Fermatean fuzzy priority vector has been given. The additive consistency property is also used to measure the level of consistency of the information provided by the experts. The proposed additive consistency definition’s property is presented, as well as a model for obtaining missing judgments in incomplete Fermatean fuzzy preference relations. We present a method for adjusting the inconsistency for Fermatean fuzzy preference relations, a model for obtaining the priority vector, and a method for increasing the consensus degrees of Fermatean fuzzy preference relations. In addition, we present a GDM method in environments with incomplete Fermatean fuzzy preference relations. To show that our method outperforms existing GDM methods in incomplete Fermatean fuzzy preference relations environments, we have provided an example and compared it with some methods. It has been seen that our proposed GDM method is beneficial for GDM in deficient Fermatean fuzzy preference relation environments and produces meaningful results for us.

Características de los Varones Filicidas de Menores de Edad: una Revisión Sistemática

The incidence and severity of filicides, along with the high social upheaval and media coverage that they produce, demand research that ease the prevention of these crimes. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the existence or not of common characteristics among filicidal males of underage children, considering several personal and contextual factors, such as degree of kinship, mental disorders, or commission of suicide afterwards. Through an exhaustive search in Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, and ProQuest, 8,698 results were obtained, and 23 studies were included after applying the inclusion and quality criteria. The results suggest that filicides share certain behavioral and contextual features, although some of these characteristics depend on the degree of kinship with the victim. However, more studies that analyze common or differential indicators of filicidal males are required to design specific prevention strategies.

Kekerabatan Bahasa Melayu Ujung Gading Kecamatan Lembah Melintang dan Bahasa Mandailing Air Bangis Kecamatan Sungai Beremas Kabupaten Pasaman Barat

The benefits of this research are (1) to determine the proportion of the degree of kinship between the two languages ​​being studied (2) to determine the length of time the separation between the two languages ​​is being studied (3) to find out the sound correspondence between the languages ​​being studied. Comparative history of linguistics is the type of research used. Next, qualitative and quantitative are the methods used by the researcher. The object of this research is the Malay language which originates from Nagari Ujung Gading which is in the Lembah Melintang sub-district and the Mandailing language in the Nagari Air Bangis area which is in the Sungai Beremas sub-district, West Pasaman Regency. The information in this research is the cognate vocabulary of two hundred basic Swadesh vocabulary and three hundred cultural vocabulary from the two languages ​​that will be studied. Recording equipment/cameras and stationery are research instruments. Proficiency procedures (fishing method and conversant methods) and advanced methods (advanced proficient engagement methods and note-taking methods) are procedures and methods for providing data in research. The method used to analyze information is a lexicostatistical method with a glottochronology method. Based on calculations and research data using lexicostatistical techniques, it was found that related vocabulary in the Malay language in the Ujung Gading area, which is in the Lembah Melintang sub-district, and the Mandailing language in the Air Bangis area, which is in the Sungai Beremas sub-district, to be precise, in the West Pasaman Regency, is 242 words cognat (relatives) and then 258 words are not. cognate. So, the proportion level of kinship between the two languages ​​is 41.5%. Furthermore, based on the calculation of the glotochronological method, it was found that the separation of the two languages ​​was 2027 years ago. Based on the five hundred vocabularies found sound correspondences, there are 103 vocabularies of similar or identical forms, 79 selected sound/phoneme vocabulary, 47 sound/phoneme absorption vocabulary, and 13 sound/phoneme accumulations that correspond to sound.

Cobertura vacinal contra o HPV de familiares adolescentes de mulheres com câncer cervical

PURPOSE: To evaluate the HPV vaccine coverage in adolescents and young adults relatives of women with cervical cancer. METHOD: A Prospective study held in the oncology department at a tertiary referral Hospital, using an adapted form. RESULTS: Epidemiological data were collected from 102 women with CC and 59 family members between 9-21 years. The degree of kinship between these young woman and cancer patients treated at the Hospital in the study was daughter (56%), sister (3%), niece (22%) and granddaughter (19%). Most of these girls (81%) were instructed to carry out HPV prevention, with the school (39%) being the main responsible for promoting vaccination. Regarding the reasons for not performing the immunization, the lack of information about the vaccine was the most mentioned (63%). When asking the girls relatives if they would vaccinate their daughters, 17% said they would not and none of these relatives knew the function of the vaccine. CONCLUSION: despite advances in HPV vaccination programs, there is still a great deal of misinformation about the topic in the population, especially among family members of the target audience. The school was identified as the protagonist in access to information and can be used as a means of access to the vaccine for young women and information for their families.

Frailty is associated with sociodemographic and health factors and related to the care context of older caregivers: a Brazilian cross-sectional study.

The task of caring can arise suddenly without guidance or support, resulting in psychological tension and health impairment, which can culminate in the development of frailty. To analyze the relationship between frailty and sociodemographic and health aspects related to the care context of older caregivers. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 65 older caregivers registered in family health units in the interior of the state of São Paulo. The participants were interviewed individually using the following instruments: a characterization questionnaire, Fried's frailty phenotype, Zarit Burden's Interview, Mini-Mental State Examination, Geriatric Depression Scale, Katz Index, and Lawton Scale. In addition, the following statistical tests were applied: Pearson's chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test. A significance level of 5% was considered to be statistically significant. Women who took care of their spouses predominated without prior training or the help of other people. Most of the patients were pre-frail (72.3%). Frailty was significantly related to marital status (P=0.016), depressive symptoms (P = 0.029), cognitive decline (P = 0.029), the degree of kinship (P=0.015), and burden (P = 0.004). Older caregivers without a partner, with severe depressive symptoms and cognitive changes, who cared for their parents, and had higher levels of burden, presented a higher proportion of frailty.

Da influência dos laços familiares no quotidiano claustral feminino em Évora no período moderno. O caso do mosteiro de S. Bento de Cástris

In this article we want to emphasise the phenomena of attraction and facilitation of family involvement that monasteries and convents exerted on some families during the early modern period in Portugal, particularly in one of Évora’s religious communities, the monastery of St Benedict of Cástris. Particularly in this community, there are different cases and degrees of kinship, where the female community was socio-economically affected by male primogeniture, with novices from the same family entering the monastery at the same time or a short time apart. From the community’s foundation onwards, family networks were created within the monastery, meaning protection and surveillance for the new arrivals, and the families also found space to express their power and influence as patrons.

Хотоны Калмыцкого ханства XVIII в.

Introduction. The article analyzes a little–studied problem in historiography – khotons (nomadic settlements) the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, which at the same time were the smallest administrative units. Materials and methods. The study is based on an extensive set of archival materials, primarily clerical correspondence, which somehow deposited information about the khotons of the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, the number of people in them, the degree of kinship, etc. Historical-genetic, comparative-historical, functional and descriptive methods were used in the analysis of source and bibliographic material and in writing the text of the article. Analysis. The analysis showed that a significant part of khotons consisted of 10-15 kibits (families), which were connected with each other by kinship relations, including those who were at different levels of kinship relations. However, archival documents show that in the 18th century, in addition to ordinary khotons consisting of related families, nomadic settlements began to appear in the Kalmyk Khanate, consisting of families or individuals not related by kinship and even belonging to different sub-ethnic groups. Sometimes, for various reasons, several khotons could unite and form a separate group of several dozens of kibits, and in some cases, due to extraordinary circumstances, they could form groups even of several hundred kibits, though for a short period. In addition to the official authorities, khotons and other nomadic groups of khoton type had their own internal public self-government built on the life experience and authority of their managers. Results. Thus, it can be concluded that in the socially stratified Kalmyk society of the XVIII century tribal relations began to deform under the influence of the prevailing circumstances.

М. Lysenko's Christmas Kontakion “Today the Virgin Gives Birth to the Transcendent One”: Technical Characteristics, Performance Features

The purpose of the research is to introduce into scientific circulation one of the most significant spiritual and musical works of Mykola Lysenko, the Christmas kontakion “Today the Virgin Gives Birth to the Transcendent One”. The research methodology. The author of the research uses a structural-functional method to analyse the musical material, as well as a comparative-historical method to explain the original transformation of biblical texts by the composer, which fits into the general spiritually oriented methodological system. The scientific novelty of the research. The article offers a musicological and performing analysis of one of the composer's brightest spiritual works, the Christmas kontakion “Today the Virgin Gives Birth to the Transcendent One”, with the aim of introducing it into scientific circulation. Conclusions. The analysis of the structure of the work, musical and performing means has shown that M. Lysenko, in his work on the ancient church melody of the Christmas kontakion in the chant version of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, significantly changed the melody of the original. So much so that he completely rethought the content concept of church chanting. In the composer's version, the festive chant of the Nativity of Christ took on the meaning of a world event that changed the world order due to its significance. The church singing turned into a choral concert with vivid contrasting episodes in which the events of Christmas are conveyed as separate pictures, emphasising their significance for humanity and depicting the nativity characters in a pronounced and almost cinematic way. The composer used a wide range of musical means: original interpretation of the form (fugue elements), extensive use of textural contrasts (solo episodes, choral unisons), strong tonal movement (deviation to the third degree of kinship), expressive choral fingering.