Conogethes Punctiferalis Research Articles

Unsaturated Cuticular Hydrocarbons Synergize Responses to Sex Attractant Pheromone in the Yellow Peach Moth, Conogethes punctiferalis

Four trienyl hydrocarbons, (Z3, Z6, Z9)-tricosatriene (Z3, Z6, Z9-23:HC), (Z3, Z6, Z9)-pentacosatriene (Z3, Z6, Z9-25:HC), (Z3, Z6, Z9)-heptacosatriene (Z3, Z6, Z9-27:HC), and (Z3, Z6, Z9)-nonacosatriene (Z3, Z6, Z9-29:HC) were identified in a non-polar fraction of the body wax of male and female yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis. The relative amounts and ratios of these hydrocarbons differed between sexes. In females, the ratios in body wax and pheromone gland extracts were similar, with lesser amounts found in gland extracts. Synergistic effects of these hydrocarbons when added to the known aldehyde pheromone components were assessed in wind tunnel tests. A blend of (E)-10-hexadecenal (E10-16: Ald) and (Z)-10-hexadecenal (Z10-16: Ald) elicited upwind flight and orientation of males to the pheromone source, but arriving males did not remain close to source for very long. Among the hydrocarbons identified, only Z3, Z6, Z9-23:HC enhanced the activity of the aldehyde blend by increasing the time spent close to the source and the number of source contacts. Z3, Z6, Z9-23:HC and (Z9)-heptacosene (Z9-27:HC) also increased close-range responses to the aldehyde blend. The activity of the aldehyde blend plus these two hydrocarbons was similar to that of crude pheromone extract. Positive dose-response relationships between the aldehyde blend and two hydrocarbon mixtures were found. The lowest doses that elicited synergism were 10(-1) female equivalents (of body wax extracts) for the two hydrocarbons, and 10(-2) female equivalents for the total unsaturated hydrocarbon mixture.

Calling Behavior and Attractive Response of Cardamom Shoot and Capsule Borer Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to the Female Crude Extract and Synthetic Blend

Calling Behavior and Attractive Response of Cardamom Shoot and Capsule Borer Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to the Female Crude Extract and Synthetic Blend

Insect pests of Camellia oleifera and their natural enemies in Quzhou,China

Camellia oleifera，which has been widely planted in eastern China，is one of the most important economic trees in subtropical areas of China. In this work，pests of C. oleifera and their natural enemies in Quzhou City of Zhejiang Province were surveyed in the field，collected，and then analyzed. Results revealed 225 pest insects belonging to nine orders in 55 families with seven major insect species：Casmara patrona，Curculio chinensis，Dichocrocis punctiferalis，Dasychira dudgeoni，Chrenoma atritarsis，Macrotermes barneyi，and Odontotermes fomosanus. Among the insect pests that damaged C. oleifera trees，Lepidoptera were predominant. Also found were 49 natural enemies belonging to 4 orders and 11 families.［Ch，5 tab. 23 ref.］

Male courtship ultrasound produced by mesothoracic tymbal organs in the yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Insect sound-producing apparatuses are mostly classified into two types: file–scraper and tymbal. Structures and locations of these organs are conserved in some phylogenetic groups, e.g., crickets, grasshoppers, and cicadas. However, moths have evolved diversified sound-producing organs, such as wing castanets and proboscis, in addition to the file–scraper and tymbal, in each species. Here we demonstrate that the yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) has developed mesothoracic tymbal organs never reported so far in insects. Tymbals are male specific and used for generating ultrasonic clicks in mating. We found eight to nine striae on the smooth surface of the tymbal membrane, suggesting the production of several clicks by a single buckle of the membrane in association with contraction/relaxation of the mesothoracic muscles. Acoustic data from click sequences support the idea that the series is generated by side-to-side asynchrony with an active/passive half cycle by an inward/outward buckle, and thus in click group (pulse) production, males emit 28 clicks with the right and left tymbals. The click-producing mechanism is similar, but not homologous, to those of other clicking species in five moth families. Thus, moths have acquired tymbal organs through independent and convergent evolution.

Intercropping for Management of Insect Pests of Castor,Ricinus communis, in the Semi—Arid Tropics of India

Intercropping is one of the important cultural practices in pest management and is based on the principle of reducing insect pests by increasing the diversity of an ecosystem. On—farm experiments were conducted in villages of semi—arid tropical (SAT) India to identify the appropriate combination of castor (Ricinus communis L.) (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) and intercropping in relation to pest incidence. The diversity created by introducing cluster bean, cowpea, black gram, or groundnut as intercrops in castor (1:2 ratio proportions) resulted in reduction of incidence of insect pests, namely semilooper (Achaea janata L.), leaf hopper (Empoasca flavescens Fabricius), and shoot and capsule borer (Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee). A buildup of natural enemies (Microplitis, coccinellids, and spiders) of the major pests of castor was also observed in these intercropping systems and resulted in the reduction of insect pests. Further, these systems were more efficient agronomically and economically, and were thus more profitable than a castor monocrop.

Ultrasonic courtship song of the yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Although generation of ultrasound during courtship has been reported for an increasing number of moth species, the effect of the ultrasound on mating remains uncertain in many cases because of a lack of proper verification. Here we report that males of the yellow peach moth Conogethes punctiferalis (Crambidae) sexually communicate with females by emitting loud ultrasound (103 dB peak equivalent sound pressure level at 1 cm; dominant frequency 82 kHz) before attempting copulation. The male ultrasound consists of consecutive clicks (pulses) in the early phase of the sound train and consecutive pulses (burst) in the late phase. When females were deafened by puncturing the abdominal tympanic membranes, copulation never occurred. We found that deafened females did not assume the wing-raising posture, which, for normal pairs, always precedes successful copulation. Our findings indicate that male courtship ultrasound evokes wing-raising as an acceptance behavior from females, which in turn evokes a copulation attempt by a male.

밤나무림에서 1995-2010년의 복숭아명나방의 피해율 변화

The damage rates of peach pyralid moth(Dichocrocis punctiferalis), which damages the chestnut fruits, were investigated annually from 1995 to 2010 according to year, region, and maturity. The damage rate by D. punctiferalis was the highest (34.5%) in 1998 and was the lowest (17.9%) in 2000. The pattern of the damage rate showed a repeating three-year cycle. There was a negative correlation () between rainfall and damage rate. There was a positive correlation () between temperature and damage rate. The average damage rate of all surveyed regions was 22.2%. Of the surveyed areas, Hapcheon had the highest at 27% and Hamyang had the lowest at 15.0%. The damage rate of chestnut fruit depending on the maturity was 26.1% in an early maturing cultivar (Dantaek), and 19.3% and 21.1% in a late maturing cultivar (Eungi) and a medium maturing cultivar (Chukpa), respectively.

Physical and biological compatibility of diafenthiuron with micro/macro nutrients fungicides and biocontrol agents used in cardamom

In the context of complex field problems, compatibility of an efficacious insecticide with other agrochemicals normally used in the field is essential. In this view diafenthiuron, a novel insecticide which inhibits ATP synthesis, used widely for pest management in cardamom, was tested for its compatibility with agrochemicals viz., fungicides and nutrients normally used in the crop. The results revealed that all the chemicals tested were physically and biologically compatible with diafenthiuron by means of physical stability and phytotoxicity ratings in the field. But the bioefficacy study on Conogethes punctiferalis in the laboratory and bioefficacy studies in the field against Sciothrips cardamomi reveal that diafenthiuron is incompatible and should not be sprayed along with fungicides like mancozeb and copper oxychloride. Another study on the compatibility of diafenthiuron with antagonistic microorganisms of plant pathogens viz., Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens revealed that diafenthiuron had some inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of T. viride. Diafenthiuron did not affect the growth of P. fluorescens and thus can be used simultaneously for the control of insect pests and seed- and soil-borne diseases.

DNA barcoding: a new module in New Zealand’s plant biosecurity diagnostic toolbox

Molecular methods for identification of high risk pests and pathogens have been employed for more than a decade to supplement standard diagnostic protocols. However, as the volume of traded goods continues to increase so does the breadth of taxa that diagnosticians need to deal with. Keeping pace by introducing more molecular tests that are typically species‐group specific is not an efficient way to progress. Since 2005 classical DNA barcoding using cytochrome oxidase I sequence has been employed routinely in New Zealand for the highest risk insect species (fruit flies and lymantriid moths). Subsequently a broader range of pests have been considered. Case studies are presented here for three important lepidopteran pests, Lymantria mathura (pink gypsy moth), Conogethes punctiferalis (yellow peach moth) and Hyphantria cunea (fall web worm), as well as a trial to identify miscellaneous border interceptions. While the data support the effectiveness of DNA barcoding for border diagnostics, they also raise issues around cryptic species identification and potential species discovery that could impact on operational biosecurity systems.

Toxicity of diafenthiuron to honey bees in laboratory, semi-field and field conditions

Cardamom, an important spice crop often attacked by many insect pests, is controlled mainly using synthetic insecticides. As honey bees play a vital role in pollination in cardamom, the impact of insecticides on honey bees needs to be explored to assess its safety. Risk assessment based on contact toxicity revealed diafenthiuron to be a non-selective insecticide to bees with a low selectivity ratio (the ratio between the LD(50) for beneficial and pest species). A dose of diafenthiuron that killed 90% of cardamom borer, Conogethes punctiferalis Guenee, was found to kill 100% of Indian bees. Based on the hazard ratio (the ratio between the field-recommended dose and the LD(50) for the beneficial), diafenthiuron was found to be slightly to moderately toxic to bees. Diafenthiuron, even at low concentrations of LC(1) (the concentration that killed 1% of bees), was found to affect the foraging and homing behaviour of Indian bees. Of bees fed with 30 microg mL(-1) of diafenthiuron, 40% were found missing on the third day after exposure. However, diafenthiuron did not affect bee visits to the cardamom fields. Diafenthiuron is more highly toxic to Apis cerana indica F. than to C. punctiferalis by contact, using selectivity ratio and probit substitution methods of risk assessment, but the hazard ratio revealed diafenthiuron to be a slightly to moderately toxic chemical. Diafenthiuron was found to affect the foraging and homing behaviour of bees at sublethal concentrations. Thus, sublethal effects are more relevant in risk assessment than lethal and acute effects.

Impact of Integrated Pest Management Modules on the Activity of Natural Enemies in Castor Ecosystem

Investigations were carried out during 2001-2004 to study the impact of biointensive integrated pest management (BIPM), chemical pesticide intensive integrated pest management (CIPM) modules and non-integrated pest management (non-IPM) modules (farmers' practice) on the natural enemies of insect pests of castor in Andhra Pradesh. BIPM module proved to be relatively safer to natural enemies with 16.13 and 66.10 % average field parasitization of Achaea janata (L.) eggs and larvae by Trichogramma chilonis Ishii and Microplitis maculipennis Szepligeti, compared to 6.92 and 21.2, 8.80 and 24.00, 8.92 and 22.35 % in CIPM module and non-IPM modules 1 and 2, respectively. M. maculipennis cocoon number per plant increased with increase in duration after treatment in the BIPM module whereas it decreased in CIPM and non-IPM modules. Similarly, average parasitisation by Charops obtusus Morley (3.54%), Rhogas spp. (4.60%), Apanteles hyposidrae Wilkinson (13.85%), Euplectrus maternus Bhatnagar (7.92%) on A. janata larvae and Cotesia flavipes Cameron (8.96%) on Spodoptera litura (F.) was higher in the BIPM module compared to CIPM module (1.65, 1.59, 3.50, 2.37 and 2.49%) and non-IPM modules 1(1.16, 0.80, 2.70, 1.20 and 2.68%) and 2 (1.50, 1.19, 2.80, 3.82 and 1.99%), respectively. BIPM module had higher population of predators like Chrysoperla sp., Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius), Cantheconidea furcellata (Wolff), Rhynocoris kumarii Ambrose and Livingstone and spiders per 10 plants (8.45, 3.41, 3.27 and 7.10) than CIPM module (1.75, 2.90, 1.38, 1.45 and 1.40) and non-IPM modules 1(1.20, 1.82, 1.00, 1.00 and 1.80) and 2 (1.97, 2.41, 1.32, 1.22 and 2.90), respectively. Black drongo ( Dicrurus adsimilis Blyth) and Indian myna ( Acridotheres tristis (L.)) were the predominant predatory birds which used bird perches frequently while predating on A. janata, S. litura and Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) larvae in BIPM and CIPM modules compared to non-IPM modules.

친환경적 밤 종실해충 방제 연구

밤 종실의 생산량과 재배 농가의 소득증대를 위한 친환경적 방제 기술을 보급하고자 밤의 주 생산지인 경상남도 밤나무 집단 재배지에서 몇 가지 친환경적인 방법으로 처리하였다. 그 결과, 복숭아명나방(Dichocrocis punctiferalis)의 피해율은 조생종(단택, 삼조생)의 경우, 웜스톱 처리구에서 피해율이 7.76%로 가장 낮았고, 웜스톱+목초액, 포충등 처리구 순으로 증가였다. 중생종(유마, 축파)의 피해율은 웜스톰 처리구에서 13.39%로 가장 낮았으며, 만생종(박미, 은기)은 피해율간 유의차가 있었다(p<0.05). 처리별 방제가는 조생종, 만생종 밤의 웜스톱 처리구에서 각각 40.49%, 41.89%로 가장 높았다. 밤바구미(Curculio sikkimensis)의 피해율은 조생종과 중생종 밤에서 낮았으며, 숙기별 처리간의 유의차가 없었다(p>0.05). 만생종 밤에서의 피해율은 웜스톱과 이미다클로프리드 처리구가 15.38%로 가장 피해율이 낮았으며, 항공방제, 웜스톱, 포충등 처리구 순이었다. 밤바구미(Curculio sikkimensis)에 대한 처리별 방제가는 조생종과 중생종에서는 낮았고, 만생종의 웜스톱과 이미다클로프리드, 항공방제 처리구에서 방제가는 각각 34.59%, 28.94%였다. This study was conducted to develop environmentally friendly control techniques to reduce chestnut insect pests. The study sites were selected in intensive chestnut orchards of Jinju city, Gyeongnam province. In early and middle-ripening cultivars of chestnut tree, the damage of chestnut fruits by Dichocrocis punctiferalis was significantly lower in wromstop than other treatment such as wromstop+wood vinegar, Capture-machine (p<0.05), While there was no significant difference among treatments in late-ripening cultivars. The hight control effect for D. punctiferalis was showed the highest in wromstop treanment with 40.49% and 41.89% in early and late-ripening cultivars. The control effects for Curculio sikkimensis in late-ripening cultivars of chestnut tree were 34.59% in wromstop imidacloprid treatment and 28.94% in air control treatment.

Honey bees of the cardamom ecosystem and the selective toxicity of diafenthiuron to four different bee species in the laboratory

SummaryBees are important pollinators necessary for fruit set in cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum). Apis cerana indica, Apis dorsata, Trigona iridipennis and Amegilla spp. were observed in cardamom plantations of south India. Since cardamom is attacked by an array of insect pests, synthetic insecticides were used in crop management. Diafenthiuron is one such insecticide found to be very effective against the cardamom borer, Conogethes punctiferalis and thrips, Sciothrips cardamomi. Most insecticides used in crop protection are reported to be hazardous to bees, so diafenthiuron was also tested for its toxicity to bees. Diafenthiuron was found to be slightly harmful to A. dorsata, A. cerana indica, A. foreaand moderately harmful to T. iridipennis. In particular, it was slightly to moderately toxic to bees on contact with treated surfaces in the laboratory. T. iridipennis and A. dorsata are found abundantly in the cardamom ecosystem and unfortunately highly susceptible to the insecticide. It was found that diafenthiuron is highly toxic when applied to the thorax of bees but it is less toxic on ingestion, i.e, contact toxicity is higher than oral toxicity. The labellum, the attractive part of the cardamom flower, where the bees land is not heavily exposed to pesticide sprays in the field because of its position and other reasons, so bees have a reduced chance of exposure to the pesticide in the field. Under critical situations, however, spraying of the chemical during peak bee activity should be avoided.

RAPID ASSESSMENT ON MACRO-MOTH FAUNA AT NUSA BARONG NATURE RESERVE: A LOW DIVERSITY

Rapid assessment on moth faunas with focus on macro-moths was conducted at Nusa Barong Nature Reserve. The aims of the study were to acquire information of macro-moth diversity and to access the composition of the species at this area by comparing data from Meru Betiri National Park, Sebangau National Park and Busang forest. The results showed that the number of species at Nusa Barong, Meru Betiri, Sebangau and Busang were 47, 75, 97 and 297, respectively. The diversity of macro-moth fauna based on William’s α index at Nusa Barong was the lowest as compared to Meru Betiri National Park, Sebangau National Park and Busang forest, which were 34.58, 65.01, 50.91 and 102.08, respectively. The results also show that the similarity based on Jaccard’s index of the binary comparison varies from 0.029 to 0.089. The highest value was the comparison between Nusa Barong and Meru Betiri while the lowest was the comparison between Nusa Barong and Sebangau. In addition, Pyralidae, Geometridae and Noctuidae were dominant across all sites. At Nusa Barong, only 10 species that have been known their host plants; three of them caused damage to some crops, namely, Conogethes punctiferalis, Cydalima laticostalis and Achaea janata. There might be more species that have not been found during this study as indicated by the species numbers across all sites have not reach a plateau. This study clearly showed us that floral diversity and size of area determined the diversity of macro-moths at Nusa Barong Nature Reserve.

Midgut proteases of the cardamom shoot and capsule borer Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their interaction with aprotinin

Protease inhibitors cause mortality in a range of insects, and transgenic plants expressing protease inhibitors have been protected against pest attack, particularly internal feeders that are not amenable to control by conventional means. A study of luminal proteases in Conogethes punctiferalis Guenée was performed to identify potential targets for proteinaceous biopesticides, such as protease inhibitors. The midgut protease profile of the gut lumen from C. punctiferalis was studied to determine the conditions for optimal protein hydrolysis. Optimum conditions for peptidase activity were found to be in 50 mm Tris-HCl, pH 10 containing 20 mm CaCl2; incubation for 30 min at 40 degrees C. Four synthetic substrates, i.e. benzoyl-arg-p-nitroanilide, benzoyl-tyr-p-nitroanilide, succinyl-ala-ala-pro-leu-p-nitroanilide (SAAPLpNA) and leu-p-nitroanilide were hydrolysed by C. punctiferalis gut proteases in Tris-HCl buffer pH 10. Trypsin and elastase-like chymotrypsin were the prominent digestive proteases, and age-related modulation of midgut proteases existed for trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase-like chymotrypsin and leucine aminopeptidase. Serine protease inhibitors such as aprotinin, soybean trypsin inhibitor and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride inhibited peptidase activity. Some metal ions such as Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Pb(2+) and Co(2+) enhanced BApNA-ase activity whereas others like Mn(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(2+) and Hg(2+) were inhibitory at 6 mm concentration. Trypsin and elastase-like chymotrypsin were significantly inhibited by 94% and 29%, respectively, by aprotinin (150 nm) under in vitro conditions. A possible incorporation of protease inhibitors into transgenic plants is discussed.

Insect semiochemical research in Korea: Overview and prospects

Rapid progress has been made in research on insect pheromones and other semiochemicals in Korea during the last two decades. Sex pheromone compositions have been identified in several major orchard and other horticultural moth pest species and some other species in Korea, such as Helicoverpa assulta, Grapholita molesta, Carposina sasakii, Adoxophyes orana, Lyonetia prunifoliella, Phyllonorycter ringoniella, Dichocrocis punctiferalis, Ostrinia furnacalis and Peridroma saucia. Some of these identified sex pheromones have already been successfully incorporated into IPM systems, and are now being used as direct and indirect pest control means in Korea. Korean populations of many of these species showed significant differences in pheromone compositions from those reported in the neighboring countries of Japan and China, suggesting that such interpopulational pheromone polymorphism is more common across the insect world than previously thought. Sex pheromone compositions were also identified in some aphid species in Korea such as Aphis spiraecola and Tuberocephalus momonis, and it was soon found that the aphid sex pheromone components were highly attractive to their predator lacewings. The presence of kairomones responsible for attracting egg parasitoids was shown in a pheromone component, hot pepper odor and male scale factor for H. assulta, and in male accessory glands for Lymantria dispar. Studies on the regulation of pheromone biosynthesis and release were carried out simultaneously in some species in Korea, resulting in the characterization of PBAN (pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide) in H. assulta and Adoxophyes sp. A semiochemical research system has been firmly established in Korea through these studies. In some areas, successful monitoring and mating disruption technology have been effectively transferred from researchers to the end users in Korea, which will soon be expanded to wider areas. Continuous attempts to identify and use semiochemicals as well as wider applications of semiochemicals in pest control are expected in Korea in the coming years. Since Korean research on semiochemicals does not cover vast areas due to limited resources, focused research and practical application will be needed for selected target insect species.

Morphogenetic and biochemical basis for stem borer (Conogethes punctiferalis guene) resistance in turmeric (Curuna longa L.) genotypes

Field trial was conducted in Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) in the Department of Spices and Plantation crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in a randomized block design with twenty six genotypes in two replications during the year 2000-2003. Observations were recorded on yield, stem borer (Conogethes punctiferalis Guen) incidence and various biochemical traits such as total phenols, poly phenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase and catalase. The results revealed that the genotypes with higher tolerance limit showed higher peroxidase, PPO, catalase and phenol content. The genotype CL 101 exhibited lower incidence (10 per cent) coupled with higher yield, total phenols, PPO and catalase activity. The genotypes such as CL2, CL22, CL47, CL101 and CL153 exerted resistance to this pest and hence, these genotypes are suitable for growing under the conditions where the pest incidence is predominant.

Competitiveness of gamma irradiation with fumigation for chestnuts associated with quarantine and quality security

Comparative effects of gamma irradiation and methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation were determined for fresh chestnut on mortality of pests and quality stability. Chestnut was exposed to both irradiation at 0–10 kGy and MeBr fumigation in commercial conditions, and then subjected to the corresponding study during storage at 5°C for 6 months. Pests with quarantine importance for chestnut were found Curculio sikkimensis Heller and Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenee, which showed 100% mortality by MeBr at the 3rd day after fumigation and by irradiation at 0.5 kGy in about 4 weeks. Sprouting was controlled for 6 months with treatments of 0.25 kGy or more and of MeBr, but rotting rate dramatically increased from 2 months after fumigation. Irradiation over 1 kGy as well as fumigation significantly caused changes in the color of stored chestnut. Considering the cumulative mortality of chestnut pests, irradiation at the range of 0.5 kGy is recommendable as one of alternatives to MeBr fumigation for both quarantine and sprout control purposes.

Competitiveness of gamma irradiation with fumigation for chestnuts associated with quarantine and quality security

Comparative effects of gamma irradiation and methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation were determined for fresh chestnut on mortality of pests and quality stability. Chestnut was exposed to both irradiation at 0–10 kGy and MeBr fumigation in commercial conditions, and then subjected to the corresponding study during storage at 5°C for 6 months. Pests with quarantine importance for chestnut were found Curculio sikkimensis Heller and Dichocrocis punctiferalis Guenee, which showed 100% mortality by MeBr at the 3rd day after fumigation and by irradiation at 0.5 kGy in about 4 weeks. Sprouting was controlled for 6 months with treatments of 0.25 kGy or more and of MeBr, but rotting rate dramatically increased from 2 months after fumigation. Irradiation over 1 kGy as well as fumigation significantly caused changes in the color of stored chestnut. Considering the cumulative mortality of chestnut pests, irradiation at the range of 0.5 kGy is recommendable as one of alternatives to MeBr fumigation for both quarantine and sprout control purposes.

Variation in Sex Pheromone Composition of a Few Selected Lepidopteran Species

Composition of insect sex pheromone is not always constant for any particular species. It may be different depending on the geographical area in the distribution of a species, as can be seen in the case of the European corn borer moth, Ostrinia nubilalis (Pyralidae). During the course of examining sex pheromone compositions of several lepidopteran species damaging agricultural and horticultural crops in South Korea, some subtle or apparent differences were noticed in sex pheromone compositions of Korean population belonging to those same species distributed in her neighboring countries. The oriental tobacco budworm moth, Helicoverpa assulta (Noctuidae), in Korea prefers the blend of 100 : 5 between ( Z)-9-hexadecenal and ( Z)-11-hexadecenal, while Thailand population responds best to 100 : 13 and Chinese population to wider blends from 100 : 2 to 100 : 20. Among lepidopteran insect pests on apples and apple tree leaves, the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Tortricidae), showed almost no difference from one region to another. Korean population responded best to the blend of 100 : 5, with other populations to 100 : 6∼100 : 9 between ( Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate and ( E)-8-dodecen-1-ol acetate. On the other hand, the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii (C. niponensis) (Carposinidae), males were attracted best to a single component, ( Z)-7-eicosen-11-one in the case of Korean population, in contrast to Japanese population which was shown to be preferentially attracted to the mixture of the ( Z)-7-eicosen-11-one and ( Z)-7-nonadecen-11-one at the ratio of 100 : 5. The yellow peach moth, Dichocrocis punctiferalis (Pyralidae), seems to consist of two different populations in the northeastern Asia region, with one group responding to the blend of 100 : 8∼100 : 11 between ( E)-10-hexadecenal and ( Z)-10-hexadecenal and the other to that of 100 : 43. The first group was found in Japan and China and the second in Korea and also China. Korean population of the apple leaf miner, Phyllonorycter ringoniella (Gracillariidae), was best attracted to the blend of 100 : 150 between ( Z)-10-tetradecen-1-ol acetate and ( E, Z)-4,10-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, while Japanese and Chinese populations to the blends of 100 : 10∼30 and 100 : 43∼67, respectively. Furthermore, Korean Adoxophyes (Tortricidae) seemed to be a totally different species from Japanese Adoxophyes sp., or Adoxophyes orana fasciata, when viewed in terms of their pheromone composition.