Conicum Research Articles

An evaluation of the antioxidant potential and in vitro enzyme inhibition profile of selected bryophytes from Northeast Anatolia (Türkiye)

Interest in the use of bryophytes in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industrial applications is growing worldwide due to their secondary metabolites. In this study, n-hexane crude extracts and further fractions (aqueous, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) of aqueous ethanol (80:20, ethanol:H2O, v/v) were obtained from five different bryophytes (Pellia epiphylla, Conocephalum conicum, Porella platyphylla, Plagiomnium cuspidatum and Mnium spinulosum) collected from Trabzon, Türkiye. The total phenolic compound (TPC) content, antioxidant capacity (AC) and enzyme inhibition activity (acetylcholine esterase, butyrylcholine esterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase) of the extracts and fractions were species-specific and varied significantly between the crude extracts and fractions. Among the different bryophytes, Porella platyphylla and Pellia epiphylla in n-butanol and Plagiomnium cuspidatum and Mnium spinulosum in ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest TPC contents and AC values. The contents of phenolic acids liberated in free, ester and glycoside forms were also species-specific. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) in free form in P. cuspidatum and P. platyphylla, p-coumaric acid (p-CoA) in ester form and m-hydroxybenzoic acid (m-HBA) in glycoside form in M. spinulosum were the major phenolic acids in the bryophytes. The n-hexane extracts of the bryophytes, in particular M. spinulosum, had IC50 values ​​almost 100 times lower than acarbose. This suggests that M. spinulosum in particular may represent a possible candidate for the production of new antidiabetic agents. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Chemical Composition of Salvia fruticosa Mill. Essential Oil and Its Protective Effects on Both Photosynthetic Damage and Oxidative Stress in Conocephalum conicum L. Induced by Environmental Heavy Metal Concentrations.

The genus Salvia L., belonging to the Lamiaceae family, contains more than 900 species distributed in various parts of the world. It is a genus containing aromatic plants used both in the culinary field and above all in the cosmetic area to produce several perfumes. Salvia fruticosa Mill., notoriously known as Greek Salvia, is a plant used since ancient times in traditional medicine, but today cultivated and used in various parts of Europe and Africa. Polar and apolar extracts of this plant confirmed the presence of several metabolites such as abietane and labdane diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and some flavonoids, causing interesting properties such as sedative, carminative, and antiseptic, while its essential oils (EOs) are mainly characterized by compounds such as 1,8-cineole and camphor. The aim of this work concerns the chemical analysis by GC and GC-MS, and the investigation of the biological properties, of the EO of S. fruticosa plants collected in eastern Sicily. The gas-chromatographic analysis confirmed the presence of 1,8-cineole (17.38%) and camphor (12.81%), but at the same time, also moderate amounts of α-terpineol (6.74%), β-myrcene (9.07%), camphene (8.66%), β-pinene (6.55%), and α-pinene (6.45%). To study the protective effect of EOs from S. fruticosa (both the total mixture and the individual compounds) on possible damage induced by heavy metals, an in vitro system was used in which a model organism, the liverwort Conocephalum conicum, was subjected to the effect of a mix of heavy metals (HM) prepared using values of concentrations actually measured in one of the most polluted watercourses of the Campania region, the Regi Lagni. Finally, the antioxidant response and the photosynthetic damage were examined. The exogenous application of the EO yields a resumption of the oxidative stress induced by HM, as demonstrated by the reduction in the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) content and by the increased activity of antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Furthermore, plants treated with HMs and EO showed a higher Fv/Fm (maximal quantum efficiency of PSII in the dark) with respect to HMs-only treated ones. These results clearly indicate the protective capacity of the EO of S. fruticosa against oxidative stress, which is achieved at least in part by modulating the redox state through the antioxidant pathway and on photosynthetic damage.

Tissue localization and the physiological effects induced by an environmentally relevant mix of heavy metals in the liverwort Conocephalum conicum L. Dum

Tissue accumulation, ultrastructural alterations, oxidative stress, and effects on photosynthesis were assessed in the liverwort Conocephalum conicom exposed in vitro to heavy metals (HM) concentrations in three sites of the Savone River, representative of different anthropic impacts. The uptake and accumulation of HM in the thallus of the liverwort was first studied, and the biological effects in relation to the different accumulation sites of HM along thallus, ribs and wings, were then investigated, considering: bioaccumulation (by atomic absorption spectrometry), localization (by X-ray scanning electron microscopy microanalysis), ultrastructural damage of photosynthetic parenchyma (by transmission electron microscopy), oxidative stress (by ROS contents and antioxidant enzymes activities determination), photosynthesis (by chlorophyll fluorescence). The results showed the HM bioaccumulation in C. conicom was dependent by their concentrations in the contaminated water. As for spatial localization, HM preferentially accumulated in the nerve of gametophytes respect to the wings. With respect to tissue localization, HM were mainly found in the hyaline and in the photosynthetic parenchyma. Essential metals (Cu and Zn) were accumulated at higher concentrations with respect to non-essential metals (Pb and Cd). At the ultrastructural level, HM caused alterations of the fine structure of the cells, most evident along the nerve, inducing marked alterations of the chloroplast structure and therefore of the photosynthetic capacity. Based on the results of the presented study, C.conicum can be used as a marker to indicate heavy metal pollution in water natural resources.

Photo-protection and photo-inhibition during light induction in Barbula indica and Conocephalum conicum under different light gradients.

The objectives of this study were to measure the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) parameters of Barbula indica (Hook.) Spreng and Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dumort subjected to various light intensities (LI) as a reflection of their adaptability to their habitats. The electron transport rate (ETR) of all plants under 500μmolm-2s-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was significantly higher than other LI treatments, implying that these plants could be grown under a specific and optimal light intensity adapted to 500 PPFD conditions. As LI increased from 50 to 2,000 PPFD, we observed in all plants increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and photo-inhibitory quenching (qI) and decreased photosystem II efficiency (ΦPSII), potential quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), actual PSII efficiency (ΔF/Fm'%), and Fv/Fm%. In addition, energy-dependent quenching (qE), the light protection system (qE + qZ + qT), and qI increased as ΦPSII decreased and photo-inhibition% increased under 1000, 1500, and 2000 PPFD conditions, suggesting that these plants had higher photo-protective ability under high LI treatments to maintain higher photosynthetic system performance. B. indica plants remained photochemically active and maintained higher qE under 300, 500, and 1000 PPFD, whereas C. conicum qZ + qT exhibited higher photo-protection under 500, 1000, and 1500 PPFD conditions. These ChlF indices can be used for predicting photosynthetic responses to light induction in different bryophytes and provide a theoretical basis for ecological monitoring.

Heavy metal stress induces adaptative responses in the liverwort Conocephalum conicum L. (Dum.): An integrated biologic and metabolomic study

Bioaccumulation, ultrastructural and DNA damage, oxidative stress, and metabolomic analyses were carried out in vitro on the liverwort Conocephalum conicum L. in response to the heavy metal concentrations measured in two sites along the Sarno river (C1 and C2) representative of two different environmental conditions. Bioaccumulation and bioconcentration data confirm C. conicum is a good bioindicator. Our TEM observations showed typically preserved ultrastructure of the chloroplasts in C1 samples, nearly identical to the chloroplasts of the control sample (CTRL; freshly collected and not exposed), whereas in C2 samples they appeared misshaped, swollen and with poorly developed thylakoids in a rather clear stroma. DNA damage, antioxidant enzymatic activity, ROS production and localization showed no difference between CTRL and C1 samples, instead significant differences between C1 and C2 samples. In addition, in this study, we used for the first time the untargeted MS-based molecular networking to examine the role of heavy metal stress in the differential production of the secondary metabolites (SM) in C. conicum. Metabolome analysis evidenced no changes between CTRL and C1 samples, instead a dramatic change in SM production under metal stress conditions, in particular a remodeling of the lipid metabolism through the production of members of betaine and oxidated lipid classes, as well as production of flavonoids was observed. All the occurred variations respond consistently with the heavy metal concentration trend so we can propose them as pollution biomarkers.

Differences in genetic diversity and reproductive performance of a moss, a leafy liverwort, and a thalloid liverwort from forests of contrasting ages

Two competing predictions regarding highly dispersible clonal plants, such as bryophytes, expect levels of genetic diversity to either increase or decrease over time following a disturbance that opens habitat for colonization. Following up on previous research that found higher levels of genetic variation in bryophytes from relatively undisturbed forest sites, we examined unisexual, haploid species of a moss (Plagiomnium ciliare), a leafy liverwort (Porella platyphylloidea), and a thalloid liverwort (Conocephalum conicum sensu lato) from the Mountains, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. In terms of time since last disturbance, sites were ranked Mountains > Piedmont > Coastal Plain. Measures of genetic variation, including percentage of loci polymorphic, mean number of alleles per locus, mean expected heterozygosity, and number of multilocus genotypes, all fit the prediction that genetic diversity should increase over time. We also examined several components of reproductive success expected to influence levels of genetic variation, including colony size, colony mixing, sex expression, phenotypic sex ratio, and sporophyte production (percentage of females producing sporophytes). Most, but not all, of our predictions for populations of varying time since last disturbance were fulfilled, although other ecological differences related to soil, climate, and vegetation are also likely to influence reproductive success.

Revisiting the Effect of 3 Sesquiterpenoids From Conocephalum conicum (Snake Liverwort) on Rat Spleen Lymphocyte Viability and Membrane Functioning

Previously 3 sesquiterpenoids from Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum. (Conocephalaceae) were found to modulate lymphocyte response to different stimuli, suggesting their immunomodulatory potential. Herein we evaluated the impact of low concentrations of these sesquiterpenoids on rat splenocyte viability and membrane permeability, as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, in order to, possibly, shed light on their mechanism of action. After a 24 h incubation of splenocytes with the sesquiterpenoids (from 10−8 to 10−6 M), MTT and trypan blue (TB) assays, as well as histochemical staining for LDH, were performed. The tested compounds were shown not to reduce the ability of cells to metabolize MTT; however, cell membrane permeability to TB was altered, suggesting that a certain percentage of cells were dead. Histochemical staining for LDH presence releveled that only 2, out of the 3 sesquiterpenoids, decreased the staining intensity, indicating either LDH leakage or its inhibition. In conclusion, having in mind the already proven modulatory potential of the tested sesquiterpenoids, the present results suggest that through the changes in the cell membrane function and leakage/inhibition of LDH in unaltered immune cells, some of the tested compounds could be considered promising candidates for further research as anticancer agents.

Antioxidant response to heavy metal pollution of Regi Lagni freshwater in Conocephalum conicum L. (Dum.)

Conocephalum conicum L. is a cosmopolitan liverwort species able to respond to local environmental pollution by changing its biological features. In the present study, we assessed the different biological responses in C. conicum to heavy metal contamination of Regi Lagni channels, a highly polluted freshwater body. As for the in field experiment, we set up moss bags containing collected samples of the local wild growing C. conicum, from the upstream site (non-polluted area), and we exposed them in the three selected sites characterized by different and extreme conditions of heavy metal pollution. In addition, to better understand the contribution of heavy metals to the alterations and response of the liverwort, we performed in vitro tests, using the same concentration of heavy metals measured in the sites at the moment of the exposition. In both experimental settings, bioaccumulation, ultrastructural damage, reactive oxygen species production and localization, antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferases), glutathione (reduced and oxidized) levels, localization of compounds presenting thiol groups and phenolic content were investigated. The results showed that the samples from different sites and conditions (for in vitro tests) showed significant differences. In particular, the ultrastructural alterations show a trend correlated to the different exposure situations; ROS contents, glutathione, antioxidant enzyme activities, and phenolic contents were increased showing an enhancement of the antioxidant defense both by the enzymatic way and by using the synthesis of antioxidant phenolic compounds. This study confirms the ability of C. conicum to respond to heavy metal pollution and the responses studied are, at least partially, correlated to the presence of heavy metals. All the responses considered respond consistently with the pollution trend and they can be proposed as pollution biomarkers. Therefore, we suggest the use of C. conicum to identify local hot spots of pollution in further investigation.

Morphological and ecological diversification of Conocephalum conicum complex in Japan and Taiwan

Morphological and ecological diversification of Conocephalum conicum complex in Japan and Taiwan

Antibacterial properties of thalloid liverworts Marchantia polymorpha L., Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum. and Pellia endiviifolia (Dicks.) Dumort

The antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of three thalloid liverworts, Marchantia polymorpha, Conocephalum conicum and Pellia endiviifolia and bis-bibenzyl marchantin A, the most dominant compound in the methanol extract of M. polymorpha, have been investigated in this research. 1H-NMR spectroscopy revealed that the M. polymorpha and P. endiviifolia extracts of liverwort contain terpenes, oils, sugars and bis-bibenzyls, while these specific macrocyclic compounds were absent in the C. conicum extract. The antimicrobial potential was tested on eight bacterial strains. Antimicrobial effects of extracts and marchantin A were observed against Gram-positive bacteria, while they showed no effect against Gram-negative bacteria in both methods used ? well diffusion and broth microdilution.

Immunomodulatory Constituents of Conocephalum conicum (Snake Liverwort) and the Relationship of Isolepidozenes to Germacranes and Humulanes.

Structural elucidation of three new sesquiterpenoids, namely, (1Z,4E)-lepidoza-1(10),4-dien-14-ol (1), rel-(1(10)Z,4S,5E,7R)-germacra-1(10),6 diene-11,14-diol (2), and rel-(1(10)Z,4S,5E,7R)-humula-1(10),5-diene-7,14-diol (3), isolated from the liverwort Conocephalum conicum, was accomplished by a combination of extensive NMR experiments, 1H NMR simulation, and other means. Additionally, the change of the identity of bicyclogermacren-14-al, previously reported as a C. conicum constituent, to isolepidozen-14-al is proposed. Compounds 2 and 3 appear to be related to 1 via hydration involving a shared intermediate, a substituted cyclopropylmethyl cation, formed by a highly regio- and stereoselective protonation of 1, followed by a stereospecific fission of the three-membered ring. In other words, an isolepidozene derivative might be a branchpoint to humulanes and germacranes; this transformation could be of, up to now, unknown, biosynthetic and/or synthetic relevance. Multivariate statistical analysis of the compositional data of C. conicum extract constituents was used to probe the hypothesized biochemical relations. The immunomodulatory effect of 1-3 and conocephalenol (4) was evaluated in an in vitro model on both nonstimulated and mitogen-stimulated rat splenocytes. The compounds displayed varying degrees of cytotoxicity to nonstimulated splenocytes, whereas 2 and 3 were found to exert immunosuppressive effects on concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes while not being cytotoxic at the same concentrations.

Biological Responses to Cadmium Stress in Liverwort Conocephalum conicum (Marchantiales).

Oxidative damage (production and localization of reactive oxygen species) and related response mechanisms (activity of antioxidant enzymes), and induction of Heat Shock Protein 70 expression, have been studied in the toxi-tolerant liverwort Conocephalum conicum (Marchantiales) in response to cadmium stress using two concentrations (36 and 360 µM CdCl2). Cadmium dose-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and related activity of antioxidant enzymes was observed. The expression level of heat shock protein (Hsp)70, instead, was higher at 36 µM CdCl2 in comparison with the value obtained after exposure to 360 µM CdCl2, suggesting a possible inhibition of the expression of this stress gene at higher cadmium exposure doses. Biological responses were related to cadmium bioaccumulation. Since C. conicum was able to respond to cadmium stress by modifying biological parameters, we discuss the data considering the possibility of using these biological changes as biomarkers of cadmium pollution.

Status and ecology of the tropical liverwort Dumortiera hirsuta in England

ABSTRACT Introduction. Dumortiera hirsuta is rare in Europe, occurring in the UK at the northern edge of its world range. This study investigated its status and ecology in England. Methods. A detailed search was made for D. hirsuta at all sites where it has been reported in England since 1841. Number of occupied 1 m grid cells was recorded and interpreted as ‘individual-equivalents’. Habitat and community composition were recorded by relevés, and response to light measured with a chlorophyll fluorometer. Results and conclusions. Dumortiera hirsuta was refound at all seven previous locations, with a population of 459 individual-equivalents. Its occurrence in South Devon is considered doubtful, since historic records are vague, and no voucher specimen has been traced. The most frequent associate is Thamnobryum alopecurum, followed by Chrysosplenium oppositifolium and Conocephalum conicum. Fairlight Glen (East Sussex) and Combe Martin (North Devon) support exceptional populations, comprising 49% and 30% of the English population, respectively. All colonies are in close association with flowing and moderately alkaline water, including springs, flushes and streams, but never within the spate zone of larger rivers, predominantly in deciduous woodland and strictly in lowland sites. Almost all colonies occur on rock (mudstone, sandstone and slate), usually natural rock outcrops but also stone revetment on stream banks. Fairlight Glen is the only location where sporophytes have been recorded. Response to light is highly typical of shade-adapted bryophytes, whereby linear electron flow through photosystem II exhibits a sharp decline once photosynthetic photon flux density exceeds ca. 200 μmol m−2 s−1.

GC–MS analysis and antifungal activity of acetone extract of Conocephalum conicum (L) Underw (Liverwort) against aflatoxins producing fungi

Aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus sp. are one of the extremely potent toxins of fungal origin that create serious health hazards in plants, animals and humans. The present study aims to search for a reliable and eco-friendly biocontrol of aspergillus by validating the use of some traditionally used bryophytes applying standard antifungal assays. Three bryophytes were collected from different altitudes (213–2100 m) of Western Himalaya. Crude organic extracts (methanol/ethanol or acetone) of three bryophytes viz. Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dumort., Marchantia papillata Raddi and Rhynchostegium vagans A. Jaeger were used for the control of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus through food poisoned technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was determined by micro broth dilution methods. Out of different crude organic extracts, acetone extract of Conocephalum conicum collected from Mukteshwar (altitude 2100 m) showed the highest percent inhibition (75±0.57–76±0.57%) with the lowest MFC (7.81 µg/mL) against A. flavus and A. parasiticus which was compared with an antibiotic, fluconazole. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis of the acetone extract of C. conicum revealed the presence of 30 major compounds out of which, riccardin C was found as a biomarker compound. The scanning electron microscopic studies revealed the structural anomalies in the treated Aspergillus sp. which confirms the fungicidal potential of C. conicum against Aspergillus sp.

The role of vacuolar ion channels in salt stress tolerance in the liverwort Conocephalum conicum

Liverworts are pioneer plants that colonized lands. They had to cope with frequent sea water flooding causing salt stress. The role of vacuoles and in particular slow-activating (SV) channels in the salt stress tolerance was addressed in the present study. A patch-clamp method was used to study sodium fluxes through the tonoplast of the liverwort Conocephalum conicum. The whole-vacuole measurements carried out in a symmetrical Na+ concentration allowed recording of slowly activated outward currents typical for SV channels. In a Na+ gradient promoting an efflux of Na+ from the vacuole, the outward rectifying properties of SV channels were reduced and inward Na+ currents with different inactivation rates were recorded. Single channel analysis proved that a decrease in cytoplasmic Na+ concentration evoked an increase in the open probability of the channels and shifted the activation voltages towards negative values. The number of SV channels recorded at negative voltages was dependent on the vacuolar calcium and decreased at the high concentration of this ion in the vacuole. In some of the tested patches, the channels exhibited a flickering type of activity and two different conductance levels. The role of SV channels in Na+ accumulation during salt stress and its removal after periods of flooding is discussed in the present paper.

Biosynthesis of methyl (E)-cinnamate in the liverwort Conocephalum salebrosum and evolution of cinnamic acid methyltransferase

Methyl (E)-cinnamate is a specialized metabolite that occurs in a variety of land plants. In flowering plants, it is synthesized by cinnamic acid methyltransferase (CAMT) that belongs to the SABATH family. While rarely reported in bryophytes, methyl (E)-cinnamate is produced by some liverworts of the Conocephalum conicum complex, including C. salebrosum. In axenically grown thalli of C. salebrosum, methyl (E)-cinnamate was detected as the dominant compound. To characterize its biosynthesis, six full-length SABATH genes, which were designated CsSABATH1-6, were cloned from C. salebrosum. These six genes showed different levels of expression in the thalli of C. salebrosum. Next, CsSABATH1-6 were expressed in Escherichia coli to produce recombinant proteins, which were tested for methyltransferase activity with cinnamic acid and a few related compounds as substrates. Among the six SABATH proteins, CsSABATH6 exhibited the highest level of activity with cinnamic acid. It was renamed CsCAMT. The apparent Km value of CsCAMT using (E)-cinnamic acid as substrate was determined to be 50.5 μM. In contrast, CsSABATH4 was demonstrated to function as salicylic acid methyltransferase and was renamed CsSAMT. Interestingly, the CsCAMT gene from a sabinene-dominant chemotype of C. salebrosum is identical to that of the methyl (E)-cinnamate-dominant chemotype. Structure models for CsCAMT, CsSAMT and one flowering plant CAMT (ObCCMT1) in complex with (E)-cinnamic acid and salicylic acid were built, which provided structural explanations to substrate specificity of these three enzymes. In phylogenetic analysis, CsCAMT and ObCCMT1 were in different clades, implying that methyl (E)-cinnamate biosynthesis in bryophytes and flowering plants originated through convergent evolution.

Evolutionary Roots of Plant Microbiomes and Biogeochemical Impacts of Nonvascular Autotroph-Microbiome Systems over Deep Time

Since rooted vascular plants rose to dominance, associated microbiota have powerfully influenced global biogeochemistry by mobilizing N and P and otherwise aiding plant health, thereby fostering sequestration of CO2 into coal and soil organics. Less well understood are evolutionary history and biogeochemical roles of microbiomes of ecologically significant nonvascular plants and related algae, whose lineages penetrate more deeply into time. Because analyses of diverse host-microbiome systems indicate that evolutionary history commonly influences microbiome composition and function, we mapped onto a geological time frame biogeochemical features inferred in our previous metagenomic studies of a phylogenetic spectrum of multicellular, freshwater-terrestrial, nonvascular autotroph-microbiome systems: Nostoc commune, representing microbialite-forming cyanobacteria; the Nostoc lichen Peltigera ponojensis; chlorophyte Cladophora glomerata; streptophyte alga Coleochaete pulvinata; moss Sphagnum fimbriatum; and liverwort Conocephalum conicum. Widespread and often abundant today, these species represent ancient lineages of minimal ages ranging from 1450 to 380 Ma, information we used to estimate present global annual magnitudes of organic/inorganic C sequestration, N fixation, and methane oxidation and to calculate biogeochemical impacts during periods from lineage origin to the rise of vascular plants and from lineage origins to present. Functional comparisons indicated that (1) functionally diverse bacterial associates have likely enhanced global C- and N-cycle roles of cyanobacteria for ∼1.5 billion years; (2) by 700–800 Ma, chlorophyte microbiomes retaining ancient functional features (e.g., vitamin B12 biosynthesis and N fixation) had added diverse methane-oxidizing bacteria and eukaryotes, including early metazoans; (3) by ∼500 Ma, streptophyte algal microbiomes possessing ancient functions had incorporated early-diverging fungi; (4) by 450 Ma, microbiomes of early plants included diverse prokaryotes, protists, fungi, and early terrestrial animals; and (5) by 385 Ma, plant microbiomes included P-mobilizing fungi. Autotroph-microbiome systems appear to have accreted functions of global significance over deep time, a new concept that illuminates the early evolution of terrestrial life and that aids modeling past, present, and future biogeochemical impacts.

Chromosome numbers and karyotypes of three sibling species of the Conocephalum conicum complex in Japan

Chromosome numbers and karyotypes of three sibling species of the Conocephalum conicum complex in Japan

Research on the Ecological Community of Mosses in Sygara Mountain of Tibet

In order to investigate the distribution of different ecological communities of Moss in Sygara Mountain of Tibet, we investigated the Mosses and analyzed them in laboratory during 2015 and 2016. The results showed that there were 28 families, 72 genera and 136 species, including Liverwort 3 families, 3 genera and 3 species, namely: Solenostoma obovatum (Ness) Schust, Hepat, Scapania gaochieniaFu ex T. Cao Acta Bot, Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dum. As the dominant families in the area, the order was Bryaceae, Dicranaceae, Pottiaceae, Brachytheciaceae, Grimmiaceae and Hypanaceae. The habitat was divided into 4 species community types: soil, stone, tree and aquatic community. The soil community was the main body among them, and the stone and tree community were subject, and the aquatic community was the lowest.

Volatile Components of the Stressed Liverwort Conocephalum Conicum

The Type-II Japanese Conocephalum conicum, which is known to have (+)-bornyl acetate as a marker compound, was put in the stressed condition to start biosynthesis of a phenyl propanoid, trans-methyl cinnamate. Analysis of the HS-SPME GC/MS of stressed C. conicum showed trans-methyl cinnamate as a major component. This phenomenon results in some confusion from the chemotype perspective since trans-methyl cinnamate is only present in type-III Japanese C. conicum.