Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale Research Articles

Teacher’s invisible hands—the association between teacher-student relationship and subjective happiness among left-behind children: the chain mediating roles of resilience and learning engagement

In this study, we employed the chain mediation model to examine the associations between teacher-student relationships, resilience, learning engagement, and subjective happiness among left-behind children (LBC). A sample of 431 LBC from southwestern China was assessed at three different time points at six-month intervals. The Subjective Happiness Scale, Teacher-Student Relationship Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Learning Engagement Questionnaire were utilised for measurement purposes. The findings revealed that the subjective happiness of LBC was influenced by their teacher-student relationships through the separate pathways of resilience and learning engagement. Moreover, the teacher-student relationship could predict LBC’s subjective happiness either via a pathway from resilience to learning engagement or through a pathway from learning engagement to resilience. This study underscores the crucial role of teachers in facilitating positive development among LBC and highlights implications for policymakers to prioritise quality training for teachers in rural primary schools. By enhancing childhood teachers’ understanding of key factors influencing children’s positive development, appropriate strategies can be implemented effectively to support LBC.

Relationship between work-family conflict and anxiety/depression among Chinese correctional officers: a moderated mediation model of burnout and resilience

BackgroundCorrectional officers tend to have high levels of work-family conflict (WFC). WFC has been found associated with various forms of psychological distress and to affect the overall well-being of correctional officers. Burnout and resilience may affect the relationship between WFC and psychological distress, however, this association still remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the mediating effect of burnout on the relationship between WFC and anxiety/depression and the moderating role of resilience, within the context of correctional officers.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted in China from October 2021 to January 2022. WFC, burnout, resilience, anxiety, and depression were evaluated using the Work-Family Conflict Scale (WFCS), Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). Mediation and moderation models were then tested using the PROCESS macro in SPSS, with burnout being a mediator and resilience playing a moderating role in the relationship between WFC and anxiety/depression.ResultsA total of 472 correctional officers were included. Burnout was found to mediate the relationship between WFC and anxiety (b = 0.14, 95%CI [0.10, 0.19]) and the relationship between WFC and depression (b = 0.23, 95%CI [0.18, 0.28]). Additionally, resilience played a moderating role in the direct effect of WFC on anxiety (b = − 0.02, p < 0.01) and the first half of the indirect effect of WFC on anxiety (b = − 0.007, p < 0.05). Furthermore, resilience was also found to moderate the first half of the indirect effect of WFC on depression (b = − 0.02, p < 0.01), but not the direct effect of WFC on depression (b = − 0.005, p > 0.05).ConclusionThe findings of the present study may improve our understanding by elucidating the fundamental mechanisms of the connection between WFC and psychological distress among correctional officers. The results have significant implications for policymakers and individuals, as they suggest that diverse interventions may help promote the mental well-being of correctional officers.

Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the 10-item Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC-10), the 8- and 10-item post-traumatic growth inventory-short form (PTGI-SF) scales.

Given their clinical significance and impact on stress response and their potential malleability, resilience and posttraumatic growth (PTG) should receive greater attention as relevant constructs in clinical and research practice in the Arab context. We aimed through the present study to test the psychometric properties of Arabic translations of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC-10), the 10-item and the 8-item Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF) in a sample of Lebanese adults from the general population. Three hundred eighty-seven Arabic-speaking participants (mean age = 26.17; 58.4% females) responded to a self-report web-based questionnaire. The forward and backward translation method was applied with the approval of the original developers of the scales. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that fit of the one-factor model was acceptable, and all indices suggested that configural, metric, and scalar invariance was supported across gender for all the three scales. The CD-RISC-10, the 10-item and the 8-item PTGI-SF yielded a good internal consistency, with a McDonald's ω of .89, .95, and .93, respectively. Higher resilience and higher PTG were significantly and positively associated with greater cognitive reappraisal and lower emotion suppression, supporting convergent validity. We preliminarily suggest that these Arabic instruments are appropriate for use in Lebanese community adults to assess different positive responses after life crises, identify people with lack or low levels of resilience and growth who might need intervention, and monitor their response to therapy. Further cross-cultural validations should seek to extend their use in broader Arabic-speaking populations and settings.

Psychometric Properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in Spanish Adolescents.

Few studies have examined the psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a large adolescent community sample, finding a significant disparity. This study explores the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC among Spanish adolescents by means of exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Rasch analysis, and measurement invariance (MI) across sex, as well as internal consistency and criterion validity. The sample was comprised of 463 adolescents (231 girls), aged 12 to 18 years, who completed the CD-RISC and other measures on emotional status and quality of life. The EFA suggested that the CD-RISC structure presented a unidimensional model. Consequently, shorter unidimensional CD-RISC models observed in the literature were explored. Thus, the Campbell-Sills and Stein CD-RISC-10 showed the soundest psychometric properties, providing an adequate item fit and supporting MI and non-differential item functioning across sex. Item difficulty levels were biased toward low levels of resilience. Some items showed malfunctioning in lower response categories. With regard to reliability, categorical omega was. 82. Strong associations with health-related quality of life, major depressive disorder symptoms, and emotional symptoms were observed. A weak association was found between resilience and the male sex. Campbell-Sills and Stein's CD-RISC-10 model emerges as the best to assess resilience among Spanish adolescents, as already reported in adults. Thus, independently of the developmental stage, the core of resilience may reside in the aspects of hardiness and persistence.

The mediating roles of psychological resilience and psychological well-being of caregivers for the older adults.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating effects of psychological resilience and psychological well-being for caregivers at nursing homes on the relationship between insomnia and elder maltreatment. As the world is aging quickly and the number of older individuals cared for by formal caregivers has been increasing, this study's results could help create intervention programs to minimize the occurrence of older people's maltreatment. A total of 431 care workers who met all criteria, from 21 care service centers for older adults in Fukuoka, Japan, completed the Conditions of Maltreatment Scale, Caregivers' Belief in Ideal Care, Insomnia Severity Index, WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed that participants with no insomnia had greater resilience, higher psychological well-being, and greater belief in ideal care and to treated older clients less roughly compared to participants with insomnia. Psychological resilience and well-being were significant mediators in the relationship between insomnia, rough care, and beliefs in ideal care. As formal caregivers are in urgent demand, society should take care of them. The most effective and successful intervention for improving their physical and psychological well-being should be initiated at the individual and organizational levels.

Mental Health, Stigma, Resilience, and Mental Health Literacy among Schoolteachers: A Cross-sectional Survey from South India

Abstract Introduction: The mental well-being of teachers profoundly influences educational quality and directly impacts the mental health of students. Recognizing the challenges faced by schoolteachers is crucial for policymakers to address these issues. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate Indian schoolteachers’ mental health, aiming to uncover issues such as stigma, resilience, and mental health literacy. Methods: This cross-sectional study employed an online survey method, incorporating demographic information, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale, and Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire. Google Form survey was disseminated through e-mail to teachers across 65 schools. The study targeted full-time teachers aged between 25 and 50 years, with at least 3 years of experience. Results: Among the 404 completed surveys, a significant majority (59.4%) of teachers demonstrated elevated scores, signaling a need for diagnostic evaluation for anxiety and depression, with 37.4% experiencing comorbid symptoms, and 30.7% reporting elevated stress levels. Teachers with anxiety and depression symptomatology had significantly lower hardiness (t = 3.616, P ≤ 0.001), coping (t = 2.946, P = 0.003), optimism (t = 2.156, P = 0.032), emotion regulation (t = 3.133, P = 0.002), self-efficacy (t = 5.042, P ≤ 0.001), and total resilience scores (t = 3.213, P = 0.001). Despite the majority reporting no personal experience with mental health issues, a substantial number expressed neutrality toward living (42.8%), working (36.1%), or residing nearby (37.6%) with individuals with mental health problems. However, 34.9% slightly disagreed with maintaining relationships with friends facing mental health challenges. While teachers exhibited above-average knowledge of mental health problems and related skills, they also displayed higher levels of erroneous beliefs or stereotypes. Conclusion: These results provide preliminary, data-based insights into the mental health, resilience, stigma, and mental health literacy of schoolteachers in India. The findings underscore the need for targeted programs to empower teachers as effective gatekeepers of child and adolescent mental health.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Schema Therapy on Emotional Regulation and Resilience of Mothers with Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Background and Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Schema Therapy (ST) on emotional regulation and resilience of mothers with children diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods and Materials: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test control group design, and follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all mothers with children aged 3 to 7 years with ADHD in Tehran in 2023. From this population, 45 participants were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (each with 15 participants) and one control group (15 participants). The CBT group received 10 sessions of 60 minutes each, while the ST group received 12 sessions of 60 minutes each, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. The instruments used in the present study included the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Garnefski &amp; Kraaij, 2006) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Connor &amp; Davidson, 2003). Data analysis was conducted in two sections: descriptive and inferential (repeated measures analysis of variance). Findings: Results indicated a significant difference between the ST and CBT groups at the 0.05 level for the components of positive refocusing and positive reappraisal. Thus, considering the post-test means, the ST method had a more significant effect on changing the components of positive refocusing and positive reappraisal compared to the CBT group. Additionally, results showed a significant difference between ST and CBT at the 0.05 level for resilience, indicating that ST had a more significant effect on changing resilience compared to the CBT group. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that CBT and ST could improve the study variables in mothers with children with ADHD during the follow-up stage. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant impact of Schema Therapy over Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in enhancing emotional regulation and resilience among mothers with children diagnosed with ADHD. The findings suggest that both therapeutic approaches are beneficial, but Schema Therapy offers a more substantial improvement in the measured variables, which sustains over time.

Assessing mental resilience with individual and lifestyle determinants among nursing students: An observational study from Greece

&lt;p&gt;The educational environment is important for the development of life skills of nursing students in late- and post-adolescence. Strengthening their mental resilience, enhancing their individual confidence, and controlling stress are necessary conditions in this direction, which will help them cope with the future challenges of their chosen profession. We aimed to study the resilience profiles of nursing students by investigating their mental resilience and its association with their individual characteristics and lifestyle factors. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD–RISC–25) scale for resilience, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS–14) scale for perceived stress, and the Personal Trust and Connection (PerTC) scale for trust and connections were used. The lifestyle determinants were also assessed. An e-survey that targeted 250 nursing students was conducted from November 22 to April 23. Descriptive and advanced statistical analyses were performed. 146 students participated in the study via an on-line questionnaire; the students were predominantly female (82.2%) with mean age of 22 years (&lt;italic&gt;SD&lt;/italic&gt; = 6.8). Two out of ten students smoked (20.5%), 66.4% consumed at least one drink during a usual week, and 48.0% participated in sports during the last year. The mean hours spent on the Internet daily was 4.2 (&lt;italic&gt;SD&lt;/italic&gt; = 1.8) and on social media was 2.7 (&lt;italic&gt;SD&lt;/italic&gt; = 1.6) hours/day. The students scored highly on the 1-to-10 life-satisfaction item (&lt;italic&gt;Mean&lt;/italic&gt; = 6.3, &lt;italic&gt;SD&lt;/italic&gt; = 1.9), where the perceived stress was assessed as moderate/high with a mean of 33 (&lt;italic&gt;SD&lt;/italic&gt; = 4.4) and trust and connections had a mean of 6.2 (&lt;italic&gt;SD&lt;/italic&gt; = 1.1). In the multivariate analysis, the factors found to significantly associate with resilience (CD–RISC–25; &lt;italic&gt;Mean&lt;/italic&gt; = 64.2, &lt;italic&gt;SD&lt;/italic&gt; = 11.8) were age (&lt;italic&gt;β&lt;/italic&gt; = 0.4; 95% &lt;italic&gt;CI&lt;/italic&gt;: 0.1, 0.7), sports participation (&lt;italic&gt;β&lt;/italic&gt; = 5.7; 95% &lt;italic&gt;CI&lt;/italic&gt;: 2.3, 9.1), hours per day spent on social media (&lt;italic&gt;β&lt;/italic&gt; = -1.3; 95% &lt;italic&gt;CI&lt;/italic&gt;: -2.3, -0.3), and the number of friends (&lt;italic&gt;β&lt;/italic&gt; = 0.3; 95% &lt;italic&gt;CI&lt;/italic&gt;: 0.05, 0.5). Finally, resilience was positively associated with life satisfaction and the trust and connections scale (&lt;italic&gt;β&lt;/italic&gt; = 1.8; 95% &lt;italic&gt;CI&lt;/italic&gt;: 0.9, 2.7 and &lt;italic&gt;β&lt;/italic&gt; = 1.8; 95% &lt;italic&gt;CI&lt;/italic&gt;: 0.2, 3.4, respectively).&lt;/p&gt;

Link between individual resilience and aggressiveness in dental students and the mediating effect of spirituality: A path analysis

BACKGROUND: The role of spirituality in people’s lives, particularly the lives of health professionals, as well as its impact on mental health issues like anger and aggressiveness and resilience, are particularly significant. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the link between the propensity for violence and personal resilience in dental students by taking into account the function of spirituality as a mediator. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional questionnaire survey, 211 volunteer dentistry students participated from a government institute in Jammu and Kashmir, India using a stratified sample procedure. The Spiritual Orientation Scale, Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale were used to gather the data. SPSS version 20.0 was used for conducting a bivariate analysis to ascertain the directionality connection between the research variables. In addition; structural equation modelling analysis was conducted by Smart PLS. RESULTS: According to the findings, resilience and spirituality have a substantial and positive link (r = 0.468 r = 0.023). Aggressiveness and resilience revealed a statistically significant inverse link (r = 0.325, P = 0.04), but aggression and spirituality had no significant correlation. Spirituality played a substantial mediation influence in the indirect pathway of violence on resilience (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: According to the study’s findings, spirituality can help pupils become more resilient as individuals and can act as a helpful intermediary between aggressiveness and resilience.

Determining the Effectiveness of Positive Psychology on Resilience and Depression Among Master's Students at Payame Noor University of Karaj

Objective: The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of positive psychology on resilience and depression among master's students at Payame Noor University of Karaj. Methods and Materials: This study employed an experimental methodology with a quasi-experimental design, specifically a pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population comprised all master's students at Payame Noor University of Karaj. The sample size was considered to be 30 individuals. Data collection methods included both library and field approaches. The data collection instruments used in this study were two standardized questionnaires: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (1978), along with a protocol for group-based positive psychological training and guidance. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 21 (SPSS). Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were used in the pretest and posttest stages. To assess the normality of the variables, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was employed, and to examine homogeneity of variances, Levene's test was used. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to compare the mean scores of the experimental and control groups and to account for the effect of pretest scores and other confounding variables on the posttest. Findings: The results indicated that positive psychology training had a significant impact on the resilience of the master's students at Payame Noor University of Karaj. Conclusion: In sum, positive psychology training improved the resilience and depression levels of the students, with a more pronounced effect on resilience compared to depression.

The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Quality of Life and Resilience in Women with Chronic Pain

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the quality of life and resilience of women suffering from chronic pain. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study using a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The sample consisted of 120 women with chronic pain who visited medical centers in Tonekabon, from which 30 were selected through simple random sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group (15 per group). Data were collected using the Quality of Life Questionnaire (Ware &amp; Sherbourne, 1992) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003). The experimental group received eight weekly sessions based on the Kabat-Zinn protocol (2003). During this period, the control group did not receive any training. Data were analyzed using repeated measures and SPSS software version 22. Findings: The results indicated that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy significantly improved the quality of life (F=15.25, p&lt;0.001) and resilience (F=38.86, p&lt;0.001) of women with chronic pain. Conclusion: It can be concluded that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy enhances the quality of life and resilience of women with chronic pain and therefore, this therapy can be utilized to alleviate the problems faced by women with chronic pain.

Status and influencing factors of nurses' burnout: A cross-sectional study during COVID-19 regular prevention and control in Jiangsu Province, China.

Chinese nurses working with immense stress may have issues with burnout during COVID-19 regular prevention and control. There were a few studies investigating status of burnout and associated factors among Chinese nurses. However, the relationships remained unclear. To investigate status and associated factors of nurses' burnout during COVID-19 regular prevention and control. 784 nurses completed questionnaires including demographics, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Insomnia Severity Index, Impact of Event Scale-revised, Perceived Social Support Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, General Self-efficacy Scale and Maslach Burnout Inventory. 310 (39.5%), 393 (50.1%) and 576 (73.5%) of respondents were at high risk of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and reduced personal accomplishment (PA). The risk of EE, DP and reduced PA were moderate, high and high. Nurses with intermediate and senior professional rank and title and worked >40h every week had lower scores in EE. Those worked in low-risk department reported lower scores in PA. Anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), self-efficacy and social support were influencing factors of EE and DP, while social support and resilience were associated factors of PA. Chinese nurses' burnout during COVID-19 regular prevention and control was serious. Professional rank and title, working unit, weekly working hours, anxiety, PTSD, self-efficacy, social support and resilience were associated factors of burnout.

The Effectiveness of Imago Therapy on Resilience and Difficulty in Emotion Regulation in Women Victims of Domestic Violence

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Imago Therapy on resilience and difficulties in emotion regulation, including its sub-components, among women who are victims of domestic violence. Methods and Materials: The study employed a semi-experimental pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. Thirty women victims of domestic violence were selected using purposive sampling from counseling centers in Isfahan, Iran. They were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The experimental group received 10 weekly 90-minute sessions of Imago Therapy, while the control group was placed on a waiting list. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) were administered at three time points (pre-test, post-test, and follow-up). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Findings: The inferential analysis using repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant effects of the intervention on both resilience and difficulties in emotion regulation, as well as all its sub-components. Bonferroni post-hoc tests confirmed that these improvements from pre-test to post-test were maintained at follow-up. Conclusion: Imago Therapy was found to be effective in enhancing resilience and improving emotional regulation among women victims of domestic violence. The therapy offers a promising intervention for addressing the emotional and psychological needs of this vulnerable population, fostering long-term emotional stability and well-being.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Emotion-Focused Therapy on the Resilience of Caregivers of Individuals with Dementia

Objective: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) on the resilience of caregivers of individuals with dementia. Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental, utilizing a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of this study was selected from the primary caregivers (female spouses and daughters) of individuals with dementia who visited the Iranian Dementia Association (located in Tehran) in 2023. From this population, 45 participants were selected using purposive sampling and were randomly assigned into three equal groups of 15 (two experimental groups and one control group). To collect data, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC, 1991) was used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and multivariate covariance analysis tests. Findings: The results indicated that both interventions, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Emotion-Focused Therapy, resulted in a significant difference in the resilience of caregivers of individuals with dementia in the post-test and follow-up phases compared to the control group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that Emotion-Focused Therapy had a greater impact on the resilience of caregivers of individuals with dementia.

Beyond the Bedroom: How Resilience and Thought Control Influence Sexual Satisfaction

This study aimed to explore the predictive relationships between resilience, thought control, and sexual satisfaction among adults in romantic relationships. Utilizing a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 450 participants through validated scales measuring sexual satisfaction (Index of Sexual Satisfaction), resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale), and thought control (Thought Control Questionnaire). Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted using SPSS-27 to examine the predictive value of resilience and thought control on sexual satisfaction. The regression analysis revealed that both resilience (β = 0.29, p &lt; 0.01) and thought control (β = 0.30, p &lt; 0.01) significantly predicted sexual satisfaction, accounting for 49% of the variance in sexual satisfaction scores. The findings suggest a substantial relationship between these psychological constructs and sexual satisfaction. The study underscores the importance of resilience and thought control as significant predictors of sexual satisfaction. These findings highlight the need for incorporating psychological resilience and cognitive strategies into interventions aimed at enhancing sexual well-being in intimate relationships.

The Effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Therapy on Resilience and Emotion Regulation in Women Experiencing Domestic Violence

Background and Objective: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on resilience and emotion regulation in women experiencing domestic violence in Tehran. Methods and Materials: This semi-experimental study employed a pre-test and post-test design with experimental and control groups and follow-up. The statistical population comprised all women victims of domestic violence in Tehran who visited psychological clinics in the first half of 2023. Participants were selected voluntarily through convenience sampling and divided into two groups: an experimental group (15 individuals) and a control group (15 individuals). The experimental group received 12 sessions of 90-minute group emotion-focused psychotherapy, while the control group remained on a waiting list. The measurement tools used in the study were the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski &amp; Kraaij, 2006). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23 in both descriptive and inferential sections (mixed ANOVA). Findings: The results indicated that emotion-focused therapy increased resilience in women experiencing domestic violence. Additionally, the findings showed that emotion-focused therapy enhanced emotion regulation in these women. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that group emotion-focused psychotherapy is an effective method for improving resilience and emotion regulation in women experiencing domestic violence.

Development of a Structural Model for Predicting Psychological Well-Being Based on Mindfulness with the Mediating Role of Resilience in Women on the Verge of Divorce in Isfahan

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a structural model for predicting psychological well-being based on mindfulness, with the mediating role of resilience, in women on the verge of divorce in Isfahan. Methods and Materials: This research utilized a descriptive, correlational approach with structural equation modeling (SEM) as the primary analytical technique. The statistical population included all women who visited counseling centers in Isfahan in 2022. A sample of 302 participants was selected based on Morgan's table. The data were collected using standardized questionnaires, including Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale, the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). The model’s fit was assessed using Amos-24 software after verifying the assumptions of normality, missing data, and outliers. Findings: The findings demonstrated that mindfulness is significantly related to psychological well-being in women, with resilience playing a significant mediating role in this relationship. The structural model showed a good fit with the data, with mindfulness explaining 33.2% of the variance in resilience and both mindfulness and resilience together explaining 82.5% of the variance in psychological well-being. The direct effect of mindfulness on psychological well-being was significant, as was the indirect effect mediated by resilience. Conclusion: The study concludes that mindfulness is a strong predictor of psychological well-being in women on the verge of divorce, and resilience significantly mediates this relationship. The findings suggest that enhancing mindfulness and resilience could be effective strategies for improving psychological well-being in this population.

Effectiveness of Positive Psychology on Self-Control and Resilience in Nursing Assistants

Objective: Nursing assistants, due to their sensitive and serious work, have an urgent need to enhance their capabilities. Accordingly, this research aimed to compare the effectiveness of positive psychology training on self-control and resilience among nursing assistants. Materials and Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental research conducted in three phases: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population consisted of nursing assistants in the city of Isfahan during the years 2021-2022, from which 45 nursing assistants were purposively selected and divided into three groups (each group containing 15 individuals). The Tangney et al. (2004) Self-Control Scale and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003) were used to measure the dependent variable at three stages. Two training groups, each underwent 8 sessions of 75 minutes of training, and the control group did not receive any treatment. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test through SPSS software version 26. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant difference in self-control and resilience between the positive psychology training and the control group (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of positive psychology training in enhancing self-control and resilience, it is recommended that this approach be employed in hospitals for nursing assistants.

The Effect of Resiliency Training on Mental Health and Resilience of Pregnant Women with Unwanted Pregnancy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Unwanted pregnancy has many negative consequences in terms of women's physical and mental health. Resilience is a process of utilizing important resources to maintain mental health in the face of stress. In addition, resilience can be promoted through. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of resiliency training on the mental health and resilience of pregnant women with an unwanted pregnancy. This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 66 women in Sabzevar, Iran, in 2020 with unwanted pregnancies, mild or moderate mental health problems, and low resilience. The participants were randomly divided into two groups through a simple lottery. In the intervention group, resilience training was performed once a week in groups of 10-15 people in six training sessions, each lasting 60 to 90 minutes. Mental health and tolerability were measured using the 28-item General Health Questionnaire and the Connor-Davidson Resilience scale before the intervention, and immediately after and 1 month after the intervention. The mean (SD) of mental health immediately 35.46 (5.59) and 1 month after the intervention 33.73 (3.85) in the intervention group (F = 91.23; p < 0.001) was reduced significantly compared to the control group (F = 94.02; p < 0.001). The results of the mean (SD) showed that the resilience training intervention significantly increased the resilience score in the intervention group 84.36 (8.49)(compared to the control group (49.13) 6.67)((p < 0.001). Resilience training was effective in promoting the mental health and resilience of pregnant women with unwanted pregnancies.

Correlation analysis of mental toughness, family social support, and anxiety of nursing staff.

This study aims to explore the impact of family social support affects anxiety levels and mental toughness among nursing staff, and to identify the pathways of how mental toughness develops. We selected 256 nursing staff from the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu using a convenience sampling method. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing family social support, anxiety level and mental toughness of the nursing staff. The questionnaires included the general information questionnaire, Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Then, we analyzed the correlation between nursing staff' family social support, anxiety symptoms and mental toughness by using Pearson correlation. Finally, we analyzed the effect of family social support on mental toughness and anxiety levels by using linear regression, and analyzed the path of family social support and psychological toughness on anxiety symptoms by using structural equation modeling. We finally collected 246 valid questionnaires with a valid recovery rate of 96.09%. 116 (47.15%) nursing staff reported a moderate level of family social support, with a mean PSSS score of (58.98 ± 7.64). Anxiety risk was identified in 43.39% of participants, with a mean SAS score of 50.47 ± 10.96. In terms of mental toughness, 104 (42.28%) nursing staff exhibited a low level of mental toughness, and 116 (47.15%) demonstrated moderate level of mental toughness with CD-RISC score of (58.23 ± 10.12). Correlation analyses revealed a strong negative correlation between the family social support, mental toughness and their anxiety (r = -0.586, -0.516, respectively), and a strong positive correlation between family social support and mental toughness (r = 0.571). Regression analysis showed that family social support was a significant negative predictor for anxiety (β = -0.841, t = -9.488), but a significant positive predictor for mental toughness (β = 0.756, t = 11.669). Mediation analysis indicated that mental toughness mediated 26.28% of the relationship between family social support and anxiety levels. Family social support can significantly reduce anxiety levels in nursing staff directly, as well as indirectly by increasing mental toughness.