Band Of Connective Tissue Research Articles

Surgical management of fibroadenoma in udder with special reference to ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in three Jaffarabadi buffalo heifers

The present report describes a surgical management of fibroadenoma in udder of three Jaffarabadi buffalo heifers of 2-3 years of age. The history of firm udder mass increasing gradually since last 5-6 months. Ultrasonography revealed a mass with isoechoic to hyperechoic parenchyma, separated from surrounding tissue by well differentiated hypoechoic margin. Under sedation and local analgesia, homogenous mass was removed surgically in lateral recumbency. All animals had a postoperative recovery without any complications. Grossly, mass was pale, firm, encapsulated and fasciculated. On histology, tubules and acini lined by layers of cuboidal epithelium and separated by bands of fibrous connective tissue. On the basis of history, clinical findings, ultrasonography and histopathology; these cases were diagnosed as fibroadenoma.

Sensory nerve formations in the myodural bridge complex of adult humans

The myodural bridge complex (MDBC) consists of connective tissue bands connecting the spinal dura mater to the suboccipital muscles passing throughout the posterior atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial spaces. It is a universal evolutionarily conserved anatomical structure present in most vertebrate species including humans. Its physiology is unknown, but it is thought that it may be related to cerebrospinal fluid circulation. On the other hand, there is no information about the possible innervation of MDBC in humans. In the present study, immunohistochemistry (S100 protein and neurofilament proteins) was used to study the innervation of MDBC in five specimens of adult human cadavers. In all cases, nerve profiles were observed forming isolated nerve fibers or small nerve bundles, sometimes associated with blood vessels. In one case (1/5), at the level of the junction of the MDBC with the posterior rectus capitis minor muscle, complex capsulated formations containing a variable number of sensory nerve formations were found. We consider that such formations may be related to the proprioceptor system of the suboccipital muscles, but further studies are needed to determine their frequency, density and possible function.

Foot, Toe, and Nail Changes: Are They Interdependent?

Plain Language SummaryThe foot of man is a strong organ consisting of 26 bones, 33 joints, of which 20 are actively movable, and more than 100 muscles, tendons and connective tissue bands keeping this complex body part together. The foot is usually divided into three parts, the hind, mid, and forefoot. The latter contains the toes as their most forward-pointing parts. They are covered by the nails, which are plates of hard horn substance. The toes increase the weight-bearing surface of the foot and are thus important for balance while standing and walking, for running and jumping. If the foot is not healthy this will seriously influence its function and also change the toenails. An examination of more than 1,600 persons’ toenail photographs was performed to find out, whether foot anomalies can be found in patients with toenail changes. This was in fact the case in a very high number of the patients.

Symptomatic pericardial cysts and dilemmas in their diagnosis.

Pericardial cysts (PCs) or pleuropericardial cysts are rare congenital mediastinal lesions with an approximate incidence of one in 100 000 persons. Usually, they are asymptomatic, being incidentally discovered during a routine chest imaging examination or an autopsy exam. The study involved a retrospective evaluation of clinicopathological findings in a 6-year series of PCs, treated in the Clinic of Pulmonary Diseases, Iaşi, Romania. A group of five cases of PCs, four females and one male, were evaluated. All patients displayed different symptoms, such as dyspnea, chest pain, chronic cough, fatigue, palpitation, and epigastric pain. The cystic lesions were located in the right and left cardiophrenic angle, in four cases, and in the central mediastinum in a single case. The lesions had a fluid content and a maximum diameter that ranged between 35 and 95 mm. The microscopic examination of the surgical resection tissues revealed a thin connective tissue wall without any associated smooth muscle cells. The loose connective tissue band was lined by a layer of mesothelial cells with no cellular atypia, which displayed discrete papillary projections, in one case. Although PCs are rare incidental findings, they should be considered in differential diagnoses of mediastinal cysts, especially as they are associated with non-specific symptoms. Furthermore, considering the possibility of development of severe complications, PCs should be thoroughly explored for suitable patients' management.

Functional bony entrapment of the dorsalis pedis artery caused by cranial subluxation in the talonavicular joint

A 66-year-old female presented in the emergency department with Blue-Toe-Syndrome (BTS) and signs of osteitis of her left big toe. Imaging workup of the peripheral vasculature showed no findings. Upon invasive angiography, severe focal stenosis of the dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) could be seen at the talonavicular joint. Complete regression of the stenosis was inducible by dorsal extension in the ankle joint. Further imaging revealed an underlying subluxation of the talonavicular joint as cause of the arterial compression. Entrapment of the DPA is a rare condition and most often described in relation to connective tissue bands or variant muscular tendons (McCabe et al. 70:213–8, 2021; Weichman et al. 24:113, 2010; Smith et al.58:212–4, 2013; Griffin et al. 20:325–8; 2012). In the presented case, bony compression of the PDA due to cranial subluxation of the talus was seen as the cause of BTS and osteitis of the phalanx of the first toe.

Lower Extremity Rare Preaxial Polydactyly. A Case Report and Literature Review

The condition known as pediatric foot polydactyly can manifest itself in a broad range of malformations, from a single extra digit that is only connected to the rest of the foot by a thin band of connective tissue to intricate central foot duplications that involve the duplication of tarsal bones. The presentation of preaxial polydactyly of the foot is crucial to understand, even though it is quite uncommon. This is because in over half of the cases, several congenital malformations, such as syndactyly and atrial septum defects, have been described. The result of surgical reconstruction should be a foot that is stable, mobile, and pain-free, with five aesthetically pleasing toes. This should allow the patient to wear standard footwear and walk without experiencing any discomfort.

Atrophy of the long process of the incus with unknown origin – a rare cause of acquired conductive hearing loss: A clinical case report and mini-review of the literature

Introduction: Among the pediatric population, the most common cause of conductive hearing loss is exudative otitis media. If fluid is not present in the tympanic cavity, an assessment of the middle ear transmission system is recommended. Aim: To present a clinical case of atrophy of the long process of the incus in a 17-year-old patient with a 10-year history of conductive hearing loss, exhibiting an air-bone gap of 30 to 50 dB in the right ear qualified for exploratory tympanotomy. Literature review of internet databases to identify similar clinical cases. Material and methods: CARE guidelines were used to standardize the description of the clinical case. Surgical treatment included an exploratory tympanotomy using an endaural approach, visualizing atrophy of the long process of the incus and the connective tissue band connecting the stapes head to the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity. The eardrum was preserved. An ossiculoplasty was performed using autogenic materials – interposition of the incus. Internet databases PubMed and Scopus were searched using the search string „Incus atrophy” OR „Incus necrosis” AND NOT „Stapedectomy”. Results: On follow-up one month after surgery a hearing improvement was observed with a reduction in air-bone gap to 10–15 dB. No complications were observed. Discussion: Atrophy of the long process of unknown origin is a very rare cause of acquired conductive hearing loss. A review of literature revealed 8 manuscripts describing similar cases, which are presented and discussed in the manuscript. Ossiculoplasty in such cases might be performed using autogenic or artificial materials as partial ossicular prostheses or bone cement. Conclusions: Careful evaluation of imaging studies and hearing tests can often identify a defect in the conductive system; exploratory tympanotomy is often required. In cases such as the one presented, interposition of the incus might be a viable option.

About The Physiology of Hearing

The membrana basilaris plays an important role in the theory of traveling wave. It originates from the ectoblast of the connective tissue, and is bereft of both afferent or efferent innervation. Vibrations of the membrana basilaris formed into a transverse wave occur together with the organ of Corti and a band of connective tissue on the inferior membrane surface. Vibrations take place in a fluid which has suppressive properties. The length and the mass of the membrana basilaris in mammals and birds are very different and there is no relationship between the membrane basilaris length and the length of the sound wave, especially in the range of low frequencies. Small sound intensities, supraliminal, have amplitudes within the limits of a few picometers upon the entrance into the auditory meatus. This amplitude disappears in cochlear fluids and cannot reach the receptor through cochlear fluids. It cannot be intensified by OHC contractions, since there is no depolarization of the external acoustic cell. Short sounds, whose duration time is equal to tenth parts of milliseconds, are perceived by the receptor and recognized is the frequency of those waves, although they do not generate any resonance with the membrana basilaris. Attention was paid to molecular, intracellular transformations responsible for the transfer of information and intracellular amplification. An important role in those processes is played by ion channels of sodium, potassium, calcium and chlorine in the lateral and inferior wall of the acoustic cell. They are responsible for the polarization and depolarization of a cell. Underlined is the role of calcium in the signal transmission and its amplification in an acoustic cell

About the Physiology of Hearing

The membrane basilaris plays an important role in the theory of traveling wave.It originates from the ectoblast of the connective tissue, and is bereft of both afferent or efferent innervation. Vibrations of the membrana basilaris formed into a transverse wave occur together with the organ of Corti and a band of connective tissue on the inferior membrane surface. Vibrations take place in a fluid which has suppressive properties. The length and the mass of the membrana basilaris in mammals and birds are very different and there is no relationship between the membrane basilaris length and the length of the sound wave, especially in the range of low frequencies. Small sound intensities, supraliminal, have amplitudes within the limits of a few picometers upon the entrance into the auditory meatus. This amplitude disappears in cochlear fluids and cannot reach the receptor through cochlear fluids. It cannot be intensified by OHC contractions, since there is no depolarization of the external acoustic cell. Short sounds, whose duration time is equal to tenth parts of milliseconds, are perceived by the receptor and recognized is the frequency of those waves, although they do not generate any resonance with the membrana basilaris. Attention was paid to molecular, intracellular transformations responsible for the transfer of information and intracellular amplification. An important role in those processes is played by ion channels of sodium, potassium, calcium and chlorine in the lateral and inferior wall of the acoustic cell. They are responsible for the polarization and depolarization of a cell. Underlined is the role of calcium in the signal transmission and its amplification in an acoustic cell. Słowa kluczowe: Komórka słuchowa, wzmocnienie sygnału, receptor, kanały jonowe

Knowledge and awareness of anterior cruciate ligament injury among the population of the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia

Background: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a band of dense connective tissue between the femur and the tibia. Many signs are associated with ACL injuries, which include joint effusion, altered movement, and decreased practical ability. This study aimed at assessing the knowledge and awareness of ACL injury among the population of the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 383 participants, ranging in age from 18 to 65. Participants' sociodemographic characteristics were assessed with the help of a questionnaire with closedended questions. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 28. Results: Most respondents reported ACL injuries to be a multi-factorial condition caused by multiple factors, including sports activity, lifting heavy weights, inadequate warming up, lack of awareness of protective methods, and being overweight. Furthermore, the results indicated that the respondent's attributed rest could decrease the pain associated with an ACL injury. Conclusion: The study revealed a significant association between age groups, gender, and sports participation. The study recommended that more knowledge and awareness be developed about ACL injury to help manage it and reduce its incidence.

Meningovertebral ligaments could be a barrier for migration of a herniated intervertebral disc: An anatomical study.

PurposeIntervertebral disc degeneration can manifest as sequestration. In most cases, the material could be found ipsilateral to the annular tear; however, a contralateral migration is also possible. We present an anatomical description of anterior meningovertebral ligaments (MVLs) as a possible barrier for disc migration.MethodsAnatomical dissection of 20 fresh human cadavers was carried out. Complete lumbar laminectomies with facetectomies were performed. All lumbar segments were exposed. Morphologic and morphometric descriptions of anterior MVLs were presented, with special attention to possible routes of herniated disc migration.ResultsAnterior MVLs were present in all cases. They were divided in three separate groups: medial, lateral, and attached to the nerve roots. The medial group was the thickest, its mean length was 26.2 ± 1.2 mm, and it had no attachment to the disc in 51% of cases. The lateral group was less firm than the medial group, its mean length was 26.9 ± 1.0 mm, and it had no relation with the disc in 47% of cases. Ligaments related to the nerve root were the most delicate and always attached to the intervertebral disc. Their mean length was 14.9 ± 1.8 mm.ConclusionsThe medial group of anterior MVLs are strong connective tissue bands dividing the anterior epidural space. The lateral group is more delicate, and in most cases, lateral MVLs lack annular attachment. MVLs could be an anatomical barrier for disc migration in particular cases.

INTRAMUCOSAL MELANOCYTIC NEVUS: CASE REPORT

Melanocytic nevi are rare benign lesions in the oral mucosa. They originate from the proliferation of nevi cells. A 29-year-old woman presented with a sessile nodule, with a smooth and firm palpation surface, located in the palate. A previous history of using an orthodontic appliance was reported. With the clinical hypothesis of fibroma, surgical excision of the lesion was performed. The anatomopathologic examination revealed a mucosa with absence of atypia and melanocytic activity. The lamina propria was composed of a band of fibrous connective tissue, followed by proliferation of polygonal and epithelioid cells, smaller rounded cells, and angular and spindle cells. They were distributed in the superficial, medium, and deepest areas of the specimen. The histopathologic aspects were consistent with intramucosal melanocytic nevus. So far, the patient has no signs of recurrence.

Comparative Study of Efficacy of Muscle Energy Technique and Positional Release Therapy in Post ACL Reconstruction in Young Adults: A Randomised Clinical Trial

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), it is a dense connective tissue band originating from the medial wall of the lateral femoral condyl and inserts into the middle of the intercondylar region on the tibia. It is regarded as a crucial component in the knee joint because it resists anterior tibial translation and rotational load. Young athletes who participate in sports that demand turning, decelerating, and jumping are at high risk for ACL injury. People who participate in Pivoting sports are likely to have them (e.g. football, basketball, netball, soccer, European team handball, gymnastics, downhill skiing). Environmental (e.g., high friction between shoes and the playing surface) and anatomical variables are also risk factors for ACL injury (e.g. narrow femoral intercondylar notch). Knee instability causes a reduction in activity, which can result in a decrease in knee-related quality of life. ACL injury risk factors have been classified as either internal or external to a person. Type of competition, footwear and surface, and environmental conditions are all external risk factors. Anatomical, hormonal, and neuromuscular risk factors are all internal risk factors.
 Aim and Objective: to compare the efficacy of Myofacial Release Technique versus Positional Release Therapy on range of motion post ACL reconstruction.
 Methodology: In this study total 45 patients with post ACL reconstruction will be divided into two groups, one group will receive muscle energy technique and other group will received positional release therapy. The treatment will be given for 5 sessions per week for six weeks. The assessment will be done at day one of treatment at the end of treatment at the end of first week and at the end of six week.
 Discussion: This study will find the better technique for improving Range of motion Post ACL reconstruction.
 Conclusion: Conclusion of the study will be drawn after the statistical analysis of the data gathered from the individuals enrolled in the study.

Assessment of the Complications and Associated Findings by Conventional MRI in Post-Operative ACL Reconstruction

Background: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) runs from the femur to the tibia in the knee joint and is a thick band of connective tissue that may be exposed to tears. Accurate MR imaging evaluation of these patients requires an understanding of the usual postoperative MR imaging appearance of postoperative ACL graft and any abnormalities. Objective: To assess the complications and associated findings by conventional MRI in post-operative ACL reconstruction. Patients and methods: This study included 27 symptomatic patients (23 males and 4 females). The study was carried out at the Radiology Department at Zagazig University Hospitals. They were assessed by conventional MRI after the ACL operations. Results: The mean age of the studied patients was 29.26 ± 7.79 years old. Most of the studied patients were males (85.2 %). 14.8% of the studied patients had anterior tibial translation, graft impingement in 2/27 (7.4 %) of patients and anteriorly displaced tibial hardware was found in 3/27 (11.1 %) of the studied patients. 18.5% of the studied patients had joint effusion. PCL buckling and bone marrow edema were found in 7.4% of the studied patients and PHMM degeneration was found in 11.1% of the studied patients. Conclusion: In order to properly evaluate the post-operative knee, particularly in patients who had cruciate ligament repair, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee is required.

A CASE REPORT ON IMPORTANCE OF SHOULDER PROPRIOCEPTIVE TRAINING AND PNF TECHNIQUES ALONG WITH CONVENTIONAL EXERCISES IN FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY OF THE INDIVIDUAL WITH ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS SECONDARY TO ROTATOR CUFF TENDINOSIS.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adhesive capsulitis is a condition where there is inammation of shoulder capsule (capsulitis) which in turn causes bands of sticky connective tissue (adhesions) between the joint's surfaces. Due to this (1) shoulder movement becomes painful and often completely restricted .The purpose of this case report is to highlight Importance of Shoulder Proprioceptive training and shoulder PNF techniques using theraband and inatable ball (30 cm) along with Conventional exercises in Functional Recovery of the patient with adhesive capsulitis secondary to rotator cuff tendinosis. CASE DESCRIPTION A 66-year-old female who presented with right shoulder pain and neck pain and limited range of motion (ROM) since 1 month with a past medical history of type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hypothyroidism on medication was diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis secondary to rotator cuff tendinosis based on clinical examination, ROM assessment, Radiographical investigations-MRI and past medical history. INTERVENTION The patient was treated for a total of 10 physical therapy sessions over the span of 2 weeks. Interventions included were incorporating shoulder proprioceptive exercises with a help of inatable ball and textured towel, shoulder PNF patterns using Red theraband along with cryotherapy(icepacks),mobilizations (Maitland grade 2) with oscillatory techniques, therapeutic exercises, Active assisted ROM exercises with the help of a wooden wand, capsular stretching, myofascial trigger point release, postural correction exercises, strengthening and home exercise program. Outcome measures included ROM goniometric measurements, pain rating scale, Angle reproduction test for proprioception, Manual muscle testing and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) Score. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This case report conclude that appropriate combinations of interventions including shoulder proprioceptive exercises with an inatable ball, shoulder pnf patterns(D1-D2) , stretching, mobilisations, MFR and strengthening exercises resulted in an improvement in overall functional performance of the patient with adhesive capsulitis secondary to rotator cuff tendinosis .An improvement in post-test scores of Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) , ROM , DASH scores was observed after 10 sessions. Rationale for treatment was based on various research articles. The treatment was altered based on patient's need and response.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and its Rehabilitation in Nepal.

Anterior cruciate ligament is one of the most common ligaments to get injured especially in athletic population. It is a band of dense connective tissue which arises from the antero-medial aspect of the inter condylar area on the tibial plateau and passes upwards and backwards to attach to the posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle. There is increasing rate of its reported injuries among athletes in Nepal and surgeons report increased consultations among athletes regarding adequate intervention strategies. Factors like over use, inadequate recovery time, playing surface, fitness incompatibility are involved in the increase of anterior cruciate ligament injury among athletes in Nepal. Treatment approach for anterior cruciate ligament injury is ever evolving with regular studies and innovation, but constant guidance and rehabilitation in an institution-based setting have shown positive feedback in recovery and return to play.

Age-related type I collagen modifications reveal tissue-defining differences between ligament and tendon

Tendons and ligaments tend to be pooled into a single category as dense elastic bands of collagenous connective tissue. They do have many similar properties, for example both tissues are flexible cords of fibrous tissue that join bone to either muscle or bone. Tendons and ligaments are both prone to degenerate and rupture with only limited capacity to heal, although tendons tend to heal faster than ligaments. Type I collagen constitutes about 80% of the dry weight of tendons and ligaments and is principally responsible for the core strength of each tissue. Collagen synthesis is a complex process with multiple steps and numerous post-translational modifications including proline and lysine hydroxylation, hydroxylysine glycosylation and covalent cross-linking. The chemistry, placement and quantity of intramolecular and intermolecular cross-links are believed to be key contributors to the tissue-specific variations in material strength and biological properties of collagens. As tendons and ligaments grow and develop, the collagen cross-links are known to chemically mature, strengthen and change in profile. Accordingly, changes in cross-linking and other post-translational modifications are likely associated with tissue development and degeneration. Using mass spectrometry, we have compared tendon and ligaments from fetal and adult bovine knee joints to investigate changes in collagen post-translational properties. Although hydroxylation levels at the type I collagen helical cross-linking lysine residues were similar in all adult tissues, ligaments had significantly higher levels of glycosylation at these sites compared to tendon. Differences in lysine hydroxylation were also found between the tissues at the telopeptide cross-linking sites. Total collagen cross-linking analysis, including mature trivalent cross-links and immature divalent cross-links, revealed unique cross-linking profiles between tendon and ligament tissues. Tendons were found to have a significantly higher frequency of smaller diameter collagen fibrils compared with ligament, which we suspect is functionally associated with the unique cross-linking profile of each tissue. Understanding the specific molecular characteristics that define and distinguish these specialized tissues will be important to improving the design of orthopedic treatment approaches.

In silico investigations of intratumoral heterogeneous interstitial fluid pressure

Recent preclinical studies have shown that interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) within tumors can be heterogeneous Andersen et al. (2019). In that study tumors of two xenograft models, respectively, HL-16 cervical carcinoma and Panc-1 pancreatic carcinoma, were investigated. Significant heterogeneity in IFP was reported and it was proposed that this was associated with division of tissue into compartments separated by thick connective tissue bands for the HL-16 tumors and with dense collagen-rich extracellular matrix for the Panc-1 tumors. The purpose of the current work is to explore these experimental observations by using in silico generated tumor models. We consider a mathematical multiphase model which accounts for tumor cells, fibroblasts and interstitial fluid. The model has been trained to comply with experimental in vitro results reported in Shieh et al. (2011) which has identified autologous chemotaxis, ECM remodeling, and cell-fibroblast interaction as drivers for invasive tumor cell behavior. The in silico model is informed with parameters that characterize the leaky intratumoral vascular network, the peritumoral lymphatics which collect the fluid, and the density of ECM as represented through the hydraulic conductivity of the interstitial space. Heterogeneous distribution of solid stress may result in heterogeneous compression of blood vessels and, thus, heterogeneous vascular density inside the tumor. To mimic this we expose the in silico tumor to an intratumoral vasculature whose net effect of density of blood vesssels and vessel wall conductivity is varied through a 2D Gaussian variogram constrained such that the resulting IFPs lie within the range as reported from the preclinical study. The in silico cervical carcinoma model illustrates that sparse ECM was associated with uniform intratumoral IFP in spite of heterogeneous microvascular network, whereas compartment structures resulted in more heterogeneous IFP. Similarly, the in silico pancreatic model shows that heterogeneity in the microvascular network combined with dense ECM structure prevents IFP to even out and gives rise to heterogeneous IFP. The computer model illustrates how a heterogeneous invasive front might form where groups of tumor cells detach from the primary tumor and form isolated islands, a behavior which is natural to associate with metastatic propensity. However, unlike experimental studies, the current version of the in silico model does not show an association between metastatic propensity and elevated IFP.

Clinical Anatomy of the Anterior Meniscofemoral Ligament of Humphrey: An Original MRI Study, Meta-analysis, and Systematic Review.

Background:The anterior meniscofemoral ligament (aMFL) of Humphrey is an anatomically variable fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches between the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle and posterior horn of the lateral meniscus, running posterior to the anterior cruciate ligament and anterior to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). The presence of an intact aMFL may contribute to stabilization of the lateral compartment of the knee joint.Purpose:The original magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) arm of this study aimed to assess the aMFL incidence among Polish patients. The goal of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to review the literature discussing the clinical anatomy of the aMFL and provide data on its prevalence. It was hypothesized that significant heterogeneity exists within the published literature.Study Design:Cross-sectional study and systematic review; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A retrospective investigation was performed on the MRI scans of 100 knees (52 right, 48 left) of Polish patients. Scans were randomly selected from a database of MRI examinations performed in 2019. For the meta-analysis, major online databases were queried for data on the aMFL, and 2 authors independently assessed and extracted data from all included studies. A quality assessment of the included articles was performed using the Anatomical Quality Assessment tool.Results:In the MRI arm of this study, the aMFL was found in 62 of the 100 lower limbs. The meta-analysis included 41 studies with a total of 4220 limbs. The aMFL was present in 55.5% (95% CI, 45.5%-65.3%) of cases. Arthroscopic studies yielded the highest prevalence (82.3% [95% CI, 36.6%-100.0%]); of MRI studies, the highest prevalence was at 3.0-T strength (51.0% [95% CI, 13.3%-88.2%]).Conclusion:Significant variability in the prevalence of the aMFL was found in the literature. More emphasis should be placed on the clinical relevance of injuries to the aMFL because of its significant role in the function of the knee. It is important to be aware that, because of the anatomy of the aMFL, the ligament can also function to support a torn PCL.

Fibrolipoma em cavidade oral - Relato de caso

Fibrolipoma is a benign neoplasm characterized by the presence of mature adipose cells separated by broad bands of dense fibrous connective tissue. This pathology is a microscopic variant of lipoma and can affect any part of the body. However, its occurrence in the oral cavity is uncommon. It is usually a smooth-surface lesion, asymptomatic, slow-growing, pedicled, asymptomatic, yellowish or pinkish color when deeper, soft on palpation, occurring mainly in the jugal mucosa. Thus, the aim of this paper is to describe the main clinical, histopathological and treatment characteristics of a clinical case of fibrolipoma. A 67-year-old female patient, leukoderma, had a normochromic, asymptomatic, firm palpation nodule, fibrous consistency, and smooth surface, with a time course of approximately two years, located in the left jugal mucosa. The diagnostic hypotheses were lipoma, fibroma, mucus extravasation phenomenon and giant cell fibroma. The patient underwent excisional biopsy and histopathological examination revealed the definitive diagnosis of fibrolipoma. The patient is in preservation, with no sign of relapse. It is concluded that, although fibrolipoma is a benign lesion, its growth can reach large dimensions, reinforcing the need for surgical excision. It should also emphasize the importance of histopathological examination to differentiate histopathological variations of lipoma.