Conjunctive Normal Form Research Articles

A Generalized Method for Proving Polynomial Calculus Degree Lower Bounds

We study the problem of obtaining lower bounds for polynomial calculus (PC) and polynomial calculus resolution (PCR) on proof degree, and hence by [Impagliazzo et al. ’99] also on proof size. [Alekhnovich and Razborov’03] established that if the clause-variable incidence graph of a conjunctive normal form (CNF) formula F is a good enough expander, then proving that F is unsatisfiable requires high PC/PCR degree. We further develop their techniques to show that if one can “cluster” clauses and variables in a way that “respects the structure” of the formula in a certain sense, then it is sufficient that the incidence graph of this clustered version is an expander. We also show how a weaker structural condition is sufficient to obtain lower bounds on width for the resolution proof system, and give a unified treatment that highlights similarities and differences between resolution and polynomial calculus (PC) lower bounds. As a corollary of our main technical theorem, we prove that the functional pigeonhole principle (FPHP) formulas require high PC/PCR degree when restricted to constant-degree expander graphs. This answers an open question in [Razborov’02], and also implies that the standard CNF encoding of the FPHP formulas require exponential proof size in polynomial calculus resolution (PCR). Thus, while onto-FPHP formulas are easy for polynomial calculus, as shown in [Riis’93], both FPHP and onto-PHP formulas are hard even when restricted to bounded-degree expanders.

The Function and Structure of Nominative Participial Constructions in Modern English

The following paper examines the syntactic construction and functional variety of nominative participial constructions in Contemporary English, focusing on the syntactic economy provided by nominative participial constructions and the contribution to discourse clarity. Based on examples from the British National Corpus and the Corpus of Contemporary American English, this chapter discusses how these sorts of structure embed delicate actions or states into sentences without elaborate clause structures. This chapter will explore how nominative participial constructions serve these discourse functions through the use of examples from academic, journalistic, and literary registers-foregrounding information, summarizing preceding actions, and emphatic purposes. The study also provides comparative insights into nominative participial constructions in relation to other forms of non-finite clauses, such as gerunds, which uniquely allow for condensation with a clearly identifiable subject even in highly reduced syntactic environments. In all, these findings contribute to a view that nominative participial constructions in English represent an instance of embodiment of the functional-syntactic interface: conciseness vs. richness of description, contributing to a more flexible and expressive syntax.

Interpretable neural network classification model using first-order logic rules

Over the past decade, the field of neural networks has made significant strides, particularly in deep learning. However, their limited interpretability has constrained their application in certain critical domains, drawing widespread criticism. Researchers have proposed various methods for explaining neural networks to address this challenge. This paper focuses on rule-based explanations for neural network classification problems. We propose IRCnet, a scalable classification model based on first-order logic rules. IRCnet consists of layers for learning conjunction and disjunction rules, utilizing binary logic activation functions to enhance interpretability. The model is initially trained using a continuous-weight version, which is later binarized to produce a discrete-weight version. During training, we innovatively employed gradient approximation method to handle the non-differentiable weight binarization function, thereby enabling the training of split matrices used for binarization. Finally, Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) or Disjunctive Normal Form (DNF) rules are extracted from the model’s discrete-weight version. Experimental results indicate that our model achieves the highest or near-highest performance across various classification metrics in multiple structured datasets while demonstrating significant scalability. It effectively balances classification accuracy with the complexity of the generated rules.

ALIH KODE DAN CAMPUR KODE BAHASA MAKASSAR KE BAHASA BUGIS DI PELELANGAN IKAN PA’JUKUKANG KABUPATEN BANTAENG

The main problem in this research is the form of code switching and code mixing between sellers and buyers at the Pa'jukukang fish auction, Bantaeng district. This research aims to describe the forms of code switching and code mixing from Makassar language to Bugis language of sellers and buyers at the Pa'jukukang fish auction, Bantaeng district. This type of research is a qualitative approach with a descriptive qualitative research design. The subjects in this research were sellers and buyers at the Pa'jukukang fish auction, Bantaeng district. The data in this research is in the form of oral data in the form of words, clauses and sentences containing code switching and code mixing from Makassar language to Bugis language sourced from sources, namely sellers and buyers at the Pa'jukukang fish auction, Bantaeng district, which was taken while the conversation process was in progress. Data collection was carried out using recording, listening and note-taking techniques. The results of this research show that there are three forms of code switching at the Bantaeng district fish auction, namely inter-sentence consisting of three data, intra-sentence consisting of three data, and code switching in tags consisting of three data. There are two forms of code mixing, namely the insertion of elements in the form of words consisting of three data and the insertion of elements in the form of phrases consisting of three data.

Syntactic Analysis of Nominal Clauses Based on Chomsky’s Generative Grammar and Implications for Language Teaching

Nominal clause is a clause with nominal feature and syntactic analysis is the study of laws of sentence constructions. And Chomsky’s Generative Grammar is a very useful method to analyse a sentence in an explanatory way. This paper aims to focus on how to understand a nominal clause under Generative Grammar (GG) for the explanatory adequacy. In doing so, it will give a brief explanation to the generative mechanisms of simple sentence under GG, then move on to the similar mechanisms of complex sentence, here, it will focus on nominal clauses. On the syntactic analysis of nominal clauses, there are two steps: first recognizing its position in the whole sentence, then picking a proper connective for the nominal clause. Notice this paper will analyse a complex noun sentence for two sentences, one is the whole sentence, and another is the small clause, namely, the nominal clause within the whole sentence. Thus, it can conclude a way to analyse nominal clauses syntactically, and understand their inner constructions. Furthermore, it can explain why a nominal clause form like this and have a better understanding of complex sentences. More importantly, such method can play its role in linguistics and foreign language teaching, which would help language teachers build up a better understanding of the nature of language and the process of language learning.

SAT Solving Using XOR-OR-AND Normal Forms

This paper introduces the XOR-OR-AND normal form (XNF) for logical formulas. It is a generalization of the well-known Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) where literals are replaced by XORs of literals. As a first theoretic result, we show that every CNF formula is equisatisfiable to a formula in 2-XNF, i.e., a formula in XNF where each clause involves at most two XORs of literals. Subsequently, we present an algorithm which converts Boolean polynomials efficiently from their Algebraic Normal Form (ANF) to formulas in 2-XNF. Experiments with the cipher ASCON-128 show that cryptographic problems, which by design are based strongly on XOR-operations, can be represented using far fewer variables and clauses in 2-XNF than in CNF. In order to take advantage of this compact representation, new SAT solvers based on input formulas in 2-XNF need to be designed. By taking inspiration from graph-based 2-CNF SAT solving, we devise a new DPLL-based SAT solver for formulas in 2-XNF. Among others, we present advanced pre- and in-processing techniques. Finally, we give timings for random 2-XNF instances and instances related to key recovery attacks on round reduced ASCON-128, where our solver outperforms state-of-the-art alternative solving approaches.

Mixed Thermal and Renewable Energy Generation Optimization in Non-Interconnected Regions via Boolean Mapping

Global efforts aiming to shift towards renewable energy and smart grid configurations require accurate unit commitment schedules to guarantee power balance and ensure feasible operation under different complex constraints. Intelligent systems utilizing hybrid and high-level techniques have arisen as promising solutions to provide optimum exploration–exploitation trade-offs at the expense of computational complexity. To ameliorate this requirement, which is extremely expensive in non-interconnected renewable systems, radically different approaches based on enhanced priority schemes and Boolean encoding/decoding have to take place. This compilation encompasses various mappings that convert multi-valued clausal forms into Boolean expressions with equivalent satisfiability. Avoiding any need to introduce prior parameter settings, the solution utilizes state-of-the-art advancements in the field of artificial intelligence models, namely Boolean mapping. It allows for the efficient identification of the optimal configuration of a non-convex system with binary and discontinuous dynamics in the fewest possible trials, providing impressive performance. In this way, Boolean mapping becomes capable of providing global optimum solutions to unit commitment utilizing fully tractable procedures without deteriorating the computational time. The results, considering a non-interconnected power system, show that the proposed model based on artificial intelligence presents advantageous performance in terms of generating cost and complexity. This is particularly important in isolated networks, where even a-not-so great deviation between production and consumption may reflect as a major disturbance in terms of frequency and voltage.

Verifying chip designs at RTL level

As chip designs become increasingly complex, the potential for errors and defects in circuits inevitably rises, posing significant challenges to chip security and reliability. This study investigates the use of the SAT-based bounded model checking (BMC) for Propositional Projection Temporal Logic (PPTL) to verify Verilog chip designs at the register transfer level (RTL). To this end, we propose an algorithm to implement automated extraction of state transfer relations from AIGER netlist and construction of Kripke structure. Additionally, we employ PPTL with the full regular expressiveness to describe the circuit properties to be verified, especially the periodic repetitive properties. This is not possible with Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) and Computational Tree Logic (CTL). By combining the PPTL properties with finite system paths and transforming them into conjunctive normal forms (CNFs), we utilize an SAT solver for verification. Experimental results demonstrate that our verification tool, SAT-BMC4PPTL, achieves higher verification efficiency and comprehensiveness.

PROBATION PERIOD IN THE INDIVIDUAL LABOR CONTRACT. THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS

To check the skills of the employee, at the conclusion of the individual employment contract for an indefinite period, a probation period of no more than 90 calendar days may be established for the execution functions and no more than 120 calendar days for management positions. The probation period is, as a rule, optional, in the individual employment contract and is stipulated in the form of a contract clause. There are a number of important advantages in this way of checking the skills of the employee, which is why in practice it is frequently used by the parties of the individual employment contract. This study aims to analyse this specific clause of the individual employment contract and its impact on both sides of the individual employment contract, as well as the controversial aspects of judicial practice regarding the probation period

Bridging Data Models in Health Care With a Novel Intermediate Query Format for Feasibility Queries: Mixed Methods Study.

To advance research with clinical data, it is essential to make access to the available data as fast and easy as possible for researchers, which is especially challenging for data from different source systems within and across institutions. Over the years, many research repositories and data standards have been created. One of these is the Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) standard, used by the German Medical Informatics Initiative (MII) to harmonize and standardize data across university hospitals in Germany. One of the first steps to make these data available is to allow researchers to create feasibility queries to determine the data availability for a specific research question. Given the heterogeneity of different query languages to access different data across and even within standards such as FHIR (eg, CQL and FHIR Search), creating an intermediate query syntax for feasibility queries reduces the complexity of query translation and improves interoperability across different research repositories and query languages. This study describes the creation and implementation of an intermediate query syntax for feasibility queries and how it integrates into the federated German health research portal (Forschungsdatenportal Gesundheit) and the MII. We analyzed the requirements for feasibility queries and the feasibility tools that are currently available in research repositories. Based on this analysis, we developed an intermediate query syntax that can be easily translated into different research repository-specific query languages. The resulting Clinical Cohort Definition Language (CCDL) for feasibility queries combines inclusion criteria in a conjunctive normal form and exclusion criteria in a disjunctive normal form, allowing for additional filters like time or numerical restrictions. The inclusion and exclusion results are combined via an expression to specify feasibility queries. We defined a JSON schema for the CCDL, generated an ontology, and demonstrated the use and translatability of the CCDL across multiple studies and real-world use cases. We developed and evaluated a structured query syntax for feasibility queries and demonstrated its use in a real-world example as part of a research platform across 39 German university hospitals.

Synthesizing Formal Semantics from Executable Interpreters

Program verification and synthesis frameworks that allow one to customize the language in which one is interested typically require the user to provide a formally defined semantics for the language. Because writing a formal semantics can be a daunting and error-prone task, this requirement stands in the way of such frameworks being adopted by non-expert users. We present an algorithm that can automatically synthesize inductively defined syntax-directed semantics when given (i) a grammar describing the syntax of a language and (ii) an executable (closed-box) interpreter for computing the semantics of programs in the language of the grammar. Our algorithm synthesizes the semantics in the form of Constrained-Horn Clauses (CHCs), a natural, extensible, and formal logical framework for specifying inductively defined relations that has recently received widespread adoption in program verification and synthesis. The key innovation of our synthesis algorithm is a Counterexample-Guided Synthesis (CEGIS) approach that breaks the hard problem of synthesizing a set of constrained Horn clauses into small, tractable expression-synthesis problems that can be dispatched to existing SyGuS synthesizers. Our tool Synantic synthesized inductively-defined formal semantics from 14 interpreters for languages used in program-synthesis applications. When synthesizing formal semantics for one of our benchmarks, Synantic unveiled an inconsistency in the semantics computed by the interpreter for a language of regular expressions; fixing the inconsistency resulted in a more efficient semantics and, for some cases, in a 1.2x speedup for a synthesizer solving synthesis problems over such a language.

Perlindungan Konsumen Pengguna Jasa Parkir Atas Pelepasan Tanggung Jawab Pelaku Usaha Parkir Menerapkan Klausula Baku dalam Mencapai Keadilan Berkontrak

The Consumer Protection Act 0.8 of 1999 contains provisions regarding the rights and obligations that consumers and business actors have. For example, consumers who have not received legal justice in standard agreements that create business actors, seeing the phenomenon that occurs, namely agreements made by parking business actors for consumers who use parking services, basically to meet the needs of a significant number of consumers, to make it easier for parking business actors, agreements that made for consumers who use parking services to be printed in bulk in the form of standard clauses contained in parking tickets that are made unilaterally. However, this authority contains the potential for fraud for parking business actors through the existence of a clause that is not permitted. The contents of this clause are based on the UUPK which is a clause that contains the loading of the responsibility of the businessperson for the consumer which is contained under Article 18 paragraph 1. From this it can be said that there are still many parking business actors who, in stipulating standard clause agreements in the form of parking tickets, violate the provisions of the Protection Act. Consumers are related to the discrepancy of the clause in UUPK to obtain contractual justice for consumers. With the existence of an agreement that uses the standard clause it is not allowed so that the legal consequences according to the explanation of Article 18 paragraph 3 UUPK are null and void.

Nilai-Nilai Karakter Cerdas dalam Kumpulan Kisah Cerdik Abu Nawas Menjebak Pencuri Versi Mulasih Tary Dan Abdul Muhammad Baiyazid

This research aims to discuss: (1) the value of intelligent character, an attitude of faith and piety, (2) the value of intelligent character, an honest attitude, (3) the value of intelligent character, an intelligent attitude, (4) the value of intelligent character, a tough attitude, (5) the value of intelligent character an caring attitude, Abu Nawas's Ingenious Story Group Traps Thieves Mulasih Tary and Abdul Muhammad Baiyazid's version, published in 2022. This type of research is literary research using descriptive methods. This research data is in the form of words, phrases, clauses or sentences in the form of speech and behavior of characters related to intelligent character values. Data was collected by reading and understanding the contents of the fairy tale, marking words, phrases, clauses and sentences and taking an inventory of intelligent character values. Data is analyzed through the stages of identifying and classifying data, analyzing and interpreting data, drawing conclusions and reporting the results in the form of a thesis. This research found: (1) intelligent character values, attitudes of faith and piety, indicators of faith and piety, carrying out commands and avoiding prohibitions, being grateful and sincere; (2) the value of intelligent character, honest attitude, indicators of saying what is true, acting based on the truth, being responsible, and fulfilling obligations and accepting rights; (3) intelligent character values, intelligent attitudes, indicators of logical thinking, finding solutions, creative, forward thinking and positive; (4) intelligent character values, tough attitudes, indicators of being thorough, patient, skilled, not giving up and being test-resistant; (5) intelligent character values, caring attitudes, indicators of politeness, obeying orders, deliberation, being helpful and forgiving.

Represi dan Resistensi Negara dalam Novel Laut Bercerita Karya Leila S.Chudori

The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed explanation of: (1) the novel "Laut Bercerita" by Leila S. Chudori explores the presence of repressive state apparatus (RSA), (2) the novel "Laut Bercerita" by Leila S. Chudori explores the concept of the ideological state apparatus (ISA), (3) The novel "Laut Bercerita" by Leila S. Chudori explores forms of direct and indirect resistance. This research uses a qualitative approach and uses a descriptive method. The novel "Laut Bercerita" by Leila S. Chudori, the 52nd edition published by KPG (Gramedia Popular Library) is a source of data and an object of research. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences taken from the narrator's exposition and the dialogues of the characters in the novel Laut Bercerita by Leila S. Chudori. Based on the results of the study, the following were found. First, there is a form of repressive state apparatus (RSA) in the novel Laut Bercerita by Leila S. Chudori which includes: (1) persecution 11 data, (2) intimidation 14 data, (3) oppression 4 data. The two forms of ideological state apparatus (ISA) in the novel Laut Bercerita by Leila S. Chudori include: (1) family 10 data, (2) education 3 data. The third resistance in the novel Laut Bercerita by Leila S. Chudori (1) directly 3 data, (2) indirect 1 data.

THE ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIES IN TRANSLATING SWEAR WORDS IN FREE GUY MOVIE SUBTITLE

This research aims to analyze the types of swear words and translation strategies used by translators in translating swear words in Free Guy movie. The data used in this research consists of subtitles from the movie in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The film can be accessed via Disney+Hotstar.com and was released in 2021. The research adopts a descriptive-qualitative methodology and employs Anderson and Trudgill's theory on swear word and Baker's theory on translation strategies. The results of the research indicate that a total of 85 swear words. The most frequent type of swear word is expletive swearing with 55 data (64.70%). The second most common type is abusive swearing with 15 data (17.64%). Auxiliary swearing has 9 data (10.58%), and the least frequent is humorous swearing with 6 data (7.05%). In terms of translation strategies, there are four strategies were identified. The most frequently used strategy is translation using a more neutral meaning with 34 data (40%). The second most common strategy is translation using common words with 25 data (29.41%). Translation by omission has 21 data (24.70%), and the least frequent strategy is paraphrasing using related words with 5 data (5.88%). The high occurrence of expletive swearing is attributed to the characters expressing their emotions or feelings rather than intending to intimidate, insult, or joke. The translation strategy using more neutral or less expressive words is often employed by translators when they encounter difficulties in translating the cultural context from the SL to the TL.

A New Challenge on Consumer Protection with Disclaimer Inclusion in E-Commerce Sites in Indonesia

AbstractThe development of information and technology has brought the economy to a new stage known as e-commerce. The presence of e-commerce also presents a new problem in society, namely the presence of a disclaimer. To examine these problems, this research uses normative legal research methods. This research shows that the disclaimer is a form of standard clause. As a form of e-commerce consumer protection, the standard clause must comply with the provisions regarding standard clauses as stipulated in statutory regulations. In Indonesia, e-commerce is regulated in Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions. So, the implementation of the disclaimer in e-commerce transactions must be adjusted to the existing laws in Indonesia. Keywords: E-Commerce; Disclaimer; Consumer Legal Protection.

Struktur Sintaksis dan Makna Semantik Ungkapan Tradisional sebagai Representasi Masyarakat Jawa

This article aimed at describing syntactic structures and semantic meanings in Javanese traditional expressions that represent Javanese local wisdoms. The local wisdoms that were reflected in the Javanese traditional expressions were traditions and noble values used by Javanese society as life patrone managing the community behavior in the context of social and spiritual life. The Javanese traditional expressions were part of culture as they were formed from ideas, behaviors, and works of the Javanese society. Traditional expressions were rapidly growing among the community as advice, thoughts, and educations in life. The Javanese traditional expressions could be in the form of “bebasan”, “sanepa”, “pepindhan”, “saloka”, and “paribasan”. Data of this study were phrases, clauses, and sentences covered by the Javanese traditional expressions. The data of this research were taken from Kamus Ungkapan Bahasa Jawa 1990 released by the Department of Education and Culture, the Republic of Indonesia. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method. While the collected data were analyzed by using syntactic and semantic approaches. Findings of this study inferred that the language structures that construct the Javanese traditional expressions were in the form of phrases, clauses, and sentences. In addition, the semantic meanings contained in the Javanese traditional expressions represented the common characteristics and the behaviors of Javanese society.

Analysis of Anti-Upset Utterances by Netizens on Social Media: A Case Study of Comments in the Video Column of the Song “Lara” by Dialog Senja on Youtube (A Psycholinguistics Study)

A person's psychological condition affects the process of language production as a means of communication in expressing themselves. This qualitative descriptive research aims to describe netizens’s anti-upset speech due to heartbreak, love triangles, and love does not reach the comments of the Dialog Senja song entitled "Lara". The research data is an anti-upset speech contained in the comments written on the you tube channel of the band Dialog Senja on the song entitled "Lara", obtained by listening techniques. The research data were analyzed in an analytical descriptive manner according to the problems studied using a psycholinguistics approach. The results showed that anti-upset speech used by netizens to express anti-upset feelings was in the form of words, clauses, and sentences. Words used to express anti-upset feelings, for example, jangan, and ayo. Frasa is used to express anti-upset feelings, such as moving on. Clauses used to express anti-upset feelings, for example, Emang gue pikirin. As for the sentence used to express anti-upset feelings, for example, Dia memang bukan jodoh saya.

The settlements of C.M.R. convention (Geneva, 1956) on the carrier’s liability – between mobility and incumbency

This paper analises the provisions of the Convention on the contract for the international carriage of goods by road (C.M.R.), adopted in Geneva, on 19.05.1956, which points the carrier’s liability for inexecution or partial performance of the obligations which arise from the C.M.R. contract. This research joints the analysis of the particularities of the liability with the possibility of examining litigations through international commercial arbitration. The study is focused on the interpretation of the art. 33 of the C.M.R. Convention, with the aim to clarify the possibility of inserting an arbitral clause in a C.M.R. contract. Considering that art. 33 of the Convention doesn’t settle the form of the arbitral clause in such a contract, there is going to be analysed the groundworks from the German, Polish and Swiss doctrine, for an efficient interpretation of the nominalized provision.

Potret Disabilitas dalam Novel Pasukan Matahari Karya Gol A Gong

Literary works are a reflection of the social reality that exists in the environment in which they are created. One of the problems of life that has received a lot of attention and has received various assessments from the community is the problem of disability. This research aims to describe: (1) the forms of disabilities borne by the characters in the novel Pasukan Matahari by Gol A Gong, (2) the causes of disabilities borne by the characters in the novel Pasukan Matahari by Gol A Gong, (3) the impact of disabilities borne by the characters in the novel by Gol A Gong. This research is a literary research using descriptive method. The data is in the form of words, phrases, clauses and sentences related to disability and in the form of narrator descriptions, character speech, character actions contained in the novel Pasukan Matahari by Gol A Gong. The results of this study are: (1) the form of disability carried by the characters in the novel Pasukan Matahari by Gol A Gong, consists of only one form of disability, namely physical disability (disability). (2) the cause of disability in the novel Pasukan Matahari by Gol A Gong only consists of one cause, namely an accident. (3) The impact of disability in the novel Pasukan Matahari by Gol A Gong consists of two impacts, namely: (a) social and emotional impacts, (b) physical and health impacts. The social-emotional impacts that occur to the characters are heartache, limited social activities, feeling a burden on others. While the physical and health impacts that occur to the character are physical differences with other people and must use assistive devices such as crutches.