Conjunctive Normal Form Research Articles

A Neural Network-Based Cognitive Obfuscation Toward Enhanced Logic Locking

Logic obfuscation is introduced as a pivotal defense against multiple hardware threats on Integrated Circuits (ICs), including reverse engineering (RE) and intellectual property (IP) theft. The effectiveness of logic obfuscation is challenged by the recently introduced Boolean satisfiability (SAT) attack and its variants. A plethora of countermeasures has also been proposed to thwart the SAT attack. Irrespective of the implemented defense against SAT attacks, large power, performance, and area overheads are indispensable. In contrast, we propose a cognitive solution: a neural network-based unSAT clause translator, SATConda, that incurs a minimal area and power overhead while preserving the original functionality with impenetrable security. SATConda is incubated with an unSAT clause generator that translates the existing conjunctive normal form (CNF) through minimal perturbations such as the inclusion of pair of inverters or buffers or adding a new lightweight unSAT block depending on the provided CNF. For efficient unSAT clause generation, SATConda is equipped with a multi-layer neural network that first learns the dependencies of features (literals and clauses), followed by a long-short-term-memory (LSTM) network to validate and backpropagate the SAT-hardness for better learning and translation. Our proposed SATConda is evaluated on ISCAS85 and ISCAS89 benchmarks and is seen to defend against multiple state-of-the-art successfully SAT attacks devised for hardware RE. In addition, we also evaluate our proposed SATCondas empirical performance against MiniSAT, Lingeling and Glucose SAT solvers that form the base for numerous existing deobfuscation SAT attacks.

Etnoekologi dalam Buku Kumpulan Dongeng Desa Telayap Pelalawan Riau Karya Noni Andriyani

Human relations with the environment for a long time then gave birth to various characteristics of society by the characteristics of the environment which is seen as culture. The culture is strongly influenced by the availability of natural resources in the environment. This study aims to analyze, interpret, describe and conclude ethnoecology in the Book Collection of Fairy Tales in Pelalawan Riau Village by Noni Andriyani. This research is ethnographic research with a descriptive method. This research method is used to describe and analyze the forms of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs that contain ethnoecology. The data was taken from the book Collection of Fairy Tales in Pelalawan Riau Village by Noni Andriyani using hermeneutic data collection techniques. Based on the analysis and discussion of the research, it can be concluded that the elements of culture related to ethnoecology are in the form of a religious system, a livelihood system, and a living/technology equipment system in the Book of the Collection of Fairy Tales in Pelalawan Riau Village by Noni Andriyani. The elements of culture related to ethnoecology that is more dominant in this fairy tale are ethnoecology in living equipment systems/technology because living equipment/technology such as objects used in everyday life are more helpful for them in fulfilling their life needs and helping them in terms of livelihood.

THE MEANING OF ADVICE SIGNS IN DIWAN ALI BIN ABI THALIB THE STUDY OF PRAGMATIC SEMIOTICS

Diwan Ali Bin Abi Talib is a literary work that is poetic and rich in the meaning of worldly advice. To reveal the poetic meaning of worldly advice in Ali Bin Abi Talib's verse, a deeper study is needed in terms of form and content. This study examines worldly advice in the diwan of Ali Bin Abi Talib. The purpose of this study is to reveal the meaning of the sign and the purpose of the speech of advice in Ali Bin Abi Talib's diwan specifically. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with semiotic and pragmatic approaches. Semiotics is used to describe the meaning of signs in the stanzas of advice poetry. While pragmatics is used to describe the purpose of the advice utterance. The results of this study indicate that there are 334 verses that can be used as guidelines for life in the diwan Ali Bin Abi Talib. Semiotically, the signs are found in the form of phrases, clauses, and sentences, each of which is spread out in each stanza. The signs form the whole meaning unified. Pragmatically,the meaning of the utterances is found.

Algebraic Persistent Fault Analysis of SKINNY_64 Based on S_Box Decomposition

Algebraic persistent fault analysis (APFA), which combines algebraic analysis with persistent fault attacks, brings new challenges to the security of lightweight block ciphers and has received widespread attention since its introduction. Threshold Implementation (TI) is one of the most widely used countermeasures for side channel attacks. Inspired by this method, the SKINNY block cipher adopts the S_box decomposition to reduce the number of variables in the set of algebraic equations and the number of Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) equations in this paper, thus speeding up the algebraic persistent fault analysis and reducing the number of fault ciphertexts. In our study, we firstly establish algebraic equations for full-round faulty encryption, and then analyze the relationship between the number of fault ciphertexts required and the solving time in different scenarios (decomposed S_boxes and original S_box). By comparing the two sets of experimental results, the success rate and the efficiency of the attack are greatly improved by using S_box decomposition. In this paper, We can recover the master key in a minimum of 2000s using 11 pairs of plaintext and fault ciphertext, while the key recovery cannot be done in effective time using the original S_box expression equations. At the same time, we apply S_box decomposition to another kind of algebraic persistent fault analysis, and the experimental results show that using S_box decomposition can effectively reduce the solving time and solving success rate under the same conditions.

A first polynomial non-clausal class in many-valued logic

The relevance of polynomial classes of formulas to deductive efficiency motivated their further research, and currently, a great number of such classes is known. Nevertheless, they have been exclusively sought in the setting of propositional logic and clausal form, which is of course expressively limiting for real-world applications.Along these lines and towards making tractability applicable beyond propositional clausal logic, firstly, we define theRegular many-valuedHorn Non-Clausal (NC) class, or RH, obtained by suitably amalgamating both regular classes: Horn and NC. Then we show that recognizing whether any NC formula is Horn-NC takes only linear time.Secondly, we demonstrate that the relationship between RH and: (1) its subclass of regular Horn formulas is that syntactically RH subsumes the Horn class but semantically both classes are equivalent; and (2) its superclass of regular non-clausal formulas is that RH contains all non-clausal formulas whose clausal form is Horn.Thirdly, we define Regular Non-Clausal Unit-Resolution, or RURNC, and prove that RURNC is complete for RH and also checks its satisfiability in polynomial time. Altogether, RH is a class recognized and solved polynomially, which shows that our intended goal is reached since RH is many-valued, non-clausal and tractable.Fourthly, based on RH, we characterize extensive classes of Horn-NC-like formulas, super-classes of RH, which are composed of formulas that are logically equivalent to some formula in RH. We furnish syntactical patterns of such Horn-NC-like formulas, being outside RH and whose satisfiability test is also decidable in polynomial time.As RH and RURNC are, both, basic in the DPLL scheme, the most efficient in propositional logic, and can be extended to some other non-classical logics, we argue that they pave the way for efficient non-clausal DPLL-based approximate reasoning.Field:Tractable Approximate Automated Reasoning.

NILAI MORAL PADA FILM PENDEK JANGAN BACA PANCASILA KARYA RAFDI AKBAR

The title of this research is Moral Values ​​in the Short Film Don't Read Pancasila by Rafdi Akbar. Film itself is a tool to convey various messages to the public or community with story media. The film Don't Read Pancasila tells the story of a family with a child named Sandy. As a child, Sandy grew up like children in general. But on the other hand, Sandy suffers from a syndrome called Asperger's or in other words called Autism, causing him trouble or difficulty from an early age, so that he is always seen as strange and stupid by many people including his friends because of his temperament and autistic nature. . The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Meanwhile, the results obtained in this study are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences obtained in the short film Don't Read Pancasila by Rafdi Akbar. The data collection technique that the author did in this study used the listening and note-taking technique. This study aims to find the moral values ​​contained in the short film Don't Read Pancasila by Rafdi Akbar. While the results obtained in this research are displayed in the real reality, namely the existence of moral values ​​such as courage, humility, lying and compassion.

Semantic Relation in the Traditional Rituals of Dayak Maanyan Community in East Barito

The Dayak Maanyan community recognizes two types of languages. The language used daily and the language used in traditional rituals. The language used in the ritual is arranged in the form of paired clauses with similar meanings. This article will examine the meaning relation between words in the paired clauses. The research was conducted in the East Barito district, Central Kalimantan province. This study's data collection area is the East Hamlet District in Jaar Village. Documentation of data in ritual leader utterances is done by transcribing recorded speeches during the ritual and recordings during direct interviews with ritual leaders to obtain the entire content of the ritual speech. Based on the results of data analysis from 840 pairs of transcribed clauses, The researcher found that the relation of synonymous meaning dominated the relation of meaning between the two clauses. The researcher also found the meaning relationship between class inclusion and meronymy and case relation. The pattern of meaning relations formed from the words in the paired clauses is that a is equal to b, b is a type of a, a is a component of b, a is a member of b, place b is part of the area of a, b is made of a, a has b, a is related to b, a is b, a does b, a becomes b, does a is accepted by b, does a uses b, does a aims to b.

Diagnoser design strategy for discrete event system: Case study of neutralization system

AbstractIn fault diagnosis, we study model‐based approaches to diagnose the discrete event system that efficiently represents the determined ambiguity, unpredictability, and the observation and judgment of several real‐life problems. Diagnosability is a crucial task for system reliability. This article presents a strategy for verifying the diagnosability of discrete event systems (DESs) using conjunctive normal form (CNF). This strategy introduces CNF‐based finite state machine (FSM). First, the scheme considers the model of the system for diagnosis, and CNF represents all transitions of the DES. CNF‐based FSM constructs a diagnoser known as CNF‐based diagnoser. Diagnoser tests whether faulty events can be detected or not in a given system model, that is, DES. The diagnoser verifies the diagnosability of the given DES‐based FSM using the resolve rule. The construction of diagnoser and diagnosability verification with respect to a real‐world industrial system is illustrated. The complexity of the diagnoser construction and diagnosability verification are shown to be efficient.

Too much information: Why CDCL solvers need to forget learned clauses.

Conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) is a remarkably successful paradigm for solving the satisfiability problem of propositional logic. Instead of a simple depth-first backtracking approach, this kind of solver learns the reason behind occurring conflicts in the form of additional clauses. However, despite the enormous success of CDCL solvers, there is still only a limited understanding of what influences the performance of these solvers in what way. Considering different measures, this paper demonstrates, quite surprisingly, that clause learning (without being able to get rid of some clauses) can not only help the solver but can oftentimes deteriorate the solution process dramatically. By conducting extensive empirical analysis, we furthermore find that the runtime distributions of CDCL solvers are multimodal. This multimodality can be seen as a reason for the deterioration phenomenon described above. Simultaneously, it also gives an indication of why clause learning in combination with clause deletion is virtually the de facto standard of SAT solving, in spite of this phenomenon. As a final contribution, we show that Weibull mixture distributions can accurately describe the multimodal distributions. Thus, adding new clauses to a base instance has an inherent effect of making runtimes long-tailed. This insight provides an explanation as to why the technique of forgetting clauses is useful in CDCL solvers apart from the optimization of unit propagation speed.

Basic Structure of the Riau Malay Clauses

This study aims to explain the basic structure of Riau Malay clauses using a linguistic typology approach. Data obtained from oral and written data. The method used is Sudaryanto (2005). The discussion is based on the opinion of Jufrizal (2012). The results showed that the basic clauses of BMR were in the form of (1) non-verbal basic clauses whose predicates are nouns (pronouns), adjectives, numerals, and prepositions which are located one argument before the predicate (2) verbal clauses in the form of transitive and intransitive forms. Verbs that occupy the predicate position in the two clauses are marked morphologically with affixes and some can stand alone without affixes. The BMR intransitive clause has one argument that comes before the predicate (verb). There are transitive clauses that have two or three arguments.

RU’YAT AL-QAUMIYYAH FÏ SYI’RI MUDHAKKIRÄT ANDALUSIYYA LI NIZAR QABBANI

This study aims to describe the significance of the meaning of nationalism in the poem Mudhakkirät Andalusiyya by Nizar Qabbani and the factors that influence nationalism in the poem. In this study, the model used was library research. The material object in this research is a poem by Nizar Qabbani entitled Mudhakkirät Andalusiyya, written in Cordoba in 1955. This qualitative research is described descriptively using Roland Barthes' semiotic theory with a theory of significance order consisting of connotation and denotation. Sources of data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, and clauses derived from the poem Mudhakkirät Andalusiyya. Data collection techniques are reading techniques, translation techniques, and note-taking techniques. The data analysis technique uses data reduction techniques with close reading methods, data presentation, and conclusions. This research indicates that the poem Mudhakkirät Andalusiyya provides a perspective on the historical awareness of the Arabs as a ruling Spain and an overview of the contribution of the Arab nation and the Arabic language to Spain. The factors that influence Nizar Qabbani in the poem Mudhakkirät Andalusiyya are political factors, the unity of the Arabs, and the identity and history of the Arabs.

STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI GURU BIMBINGAN KONSELING DALAM MENANGANI SISWA BERMASALAH

This study examines the communication strategy of counseling guidance teachers in dealing with problematic students at SMK Darussalam Makassar. Analysis of the data in this study used a functional systemic linguistic approach (LSF), namely to identify forms of communication strategies for counseling teachers in dealing with problematic students. The data of this study are in the form of clauses obtained from the results of conversations between counseling guidance teachers and problem students. The type of research used in this research is qualitative with descriptive method. The research data is in the form of writing from phrases, sentences, and clauses resulting from the conversation between the counseling teacher and the problem students. The source of the data from this study came from the recorded conversations between the counseling guidance teacher and problematic students during the counseling process. Data collection techniques, namely observation and interviews. Data analysis techniques, namely data reduction, data presentation, and verification of research results. The findings in this study are in the form of interpersonal themes based on clauses as messages, clause systems (MOOD) in the form of imperatives based on clauses as an exchange of meaning, and forms of material processes based on clauses as an exchange of meaning.

On Proof Complexity of Resolution over Polynomial Calculus

The proof system Res (PC d,R ) is a natural extension of the Resolution proof system that instead of disjunctions of literals operates with disjunctions of degree d multivariate polynomials over a ring R with Boolean variables. Proving super-polynomial lower bounds for the size of Res ( PC 1, R )-refutations of Conjunctive normal forms (CNFs) is one of the important problems in propositional proof complexity. The existence of such lower bounds is even open for Res ( PC 1,𝔽 ) when 𝔽 is a finite field, such as 𝔽 2 . In this article, we investigate Res ( PC d,R ) and tree-like Res ( PC d,R ) and prove size-width relations for them when R is a finite ring. As an application, we prove new lower bounds and reprove some known lower bounds for every finite field 𝔽 as follows: (1) We prove almost quadratic lower bounds for Res ( PC d ,𝔽)-refutations for every fixed d . The new lower bounds are for the following CNFs: (a) Mod q Tseitin formulas ( char (𝔽)≠ q ) and Flow formulas, (b) Random k -CNFs with linearly many clauses. (2) We also prove super-polynomial (more than n k for any fixed k ) and also exponential (2 nϵ for an ϵ > 0) lower bounds for tree-like Res ( PC d ,𝔽 )-refutations based on how big d is with respect to n for the following CNFs: (a) Mod q Tseitin formulas ( char (𝔽)≠ q ) and Flow formulas, (b) Random k -CNFs of suitable densities, (c) Pigeonhole principle and Counting mod q principle. The lower bounds for the dag-like systems are the first nontrivial lower bounds for these systems, including the case d =1. The lower bounds for the tree-like systems were known for the case d =1 (except for the Counting mod q principle, in which lower bounds for the case d > 1 were known too). Our lower bounds extend those results to the case where d > 1 and also give new proofs for the case d =1.

Construction of Data Resource Sharing Platform in College Students’ Ideological and Political Education Based on Deep Learning

At present, the irrational allocation of IPE (ideological and political education) resources in universities reflects the dilemma of university’s control of university students’ IPE system. In order to make educational big data really useful to us and really promote the sharing of educational resources and improve the utilization rate of resources, this paper discusses the construction of data resource sharing platform for college students in IPE field based on DL (Deep learning) based on the characteristics and existing problems of educational big data. Based on DL, the collected data are parameterized, the matching algorithm parameters are determined, the dynamic data sample subset is incrementally reduced, the discernibility matrix and logical analytic formula are established, the conjunctive normal form is obtained through calculation, and the kernel attribute is introduced into each conjunctions to realize incremental mining of dynamic data. The results show that the model in this paper achieves the best classification effect on six samples, with an average classification accuracy of 88.81%. The results show that the comprehensive shared data matching algorithm based on DL can realize the matching in a short time, and the matching process has high stability.

ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL ASPECTS OF THE TALK SHOW SENTILAN SENTILUN EDITION “DPR LIBRARY FOR WHOM?”

Abstract
 This study aims to determine what grammatical aspects are used in the Sentilan Sentilun discourse "DPR Library for Whom?" and what grammatical aspects are most dominantly used in the discourse. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. This research needs to be done to find out the grammatical aspects of Sentilan Sentilun discourse. In addition, this research is also expected to add the enrichment of research on talk show discourse. This study uses discourse analysis techniques. The data source in this study is the Sentilan Sentilun talk show "DPR Library for Whom?". The data in this study are lingual units in the form of words, clauses, or sentences contained in the speech of the Sentilan Sentilun talk show " DPR Library for Whom?". The data in the study were analyzed using discourse analysis techniques, namely descriptive text analysis, interpretation, and explanation. The results of this study found several grammatical aspects contained in the Sentilan Sentilun text, including references, substitutions, ellipsis, and conjunctions. There are 3 forms of reference grammatical aspects: personal reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative reference. Persona references are 195, demonstrative references are 274, and comparative references are 2. The following grammatical aspect is substitution. The substitution in the Sentilan Sentilun talk show discourse is only in 2 clauses. In addition, the discourse of the Sentilan Sentilun talk show, grammatical aspects of the ellipsis were also found. The ellipsis contained in the discourse consists of 20 words, 31 phrases, 2 clauses, and 1 sentence. While the grammatical aspects of conjunctions are found in several forms, causality is 20 contradictions, 31 excesses 5, objectives 1, additives 20, as many as 13 alternatives, and sequential as many as 7. The dominant grammatical aspect that appears is the demonstrative reference, with a total 274.
 Keyword: discourse analysis, talkshow discourse, grammatical aspects.

Grammatical Alliance of South Nias Dialect

This research aimed to understand (1) the types of complex sentence structures in BNDS, and (2) the determination of grammatical alliance system. This study used a qualitative descriptive method and applied the theoretical framework of language typology proposed by Van Vallin Jr, Lapolla (1999) and Dixon (1994) as the main theory. The data of this research were in the form of clauses and sentences. Based on the results of data analysis that has been carried out, it was found that syntactically BNDS is included in the accusative language group that treats the subject the same as the agent, and gives different treatment to the patient (S = A, ≠ P). BNDS is a language group that works with the S/A pivot system. This grammatical alliance system showed that BNDS is syntactically a nominative-accusative language. Paying attention to S’s behavior in intransitive clauses with A and P’s behavior in BNDS transitive clauses which showed a tendency to be nominative-accusative language.
 Keywords: clauses, complex sentences, pivot test and grammatical alliance

Campur Kode dalam Tuturan Masyarakat Kelurahan Terusan Baru Kecamatan Pangkalan Kerinci Kabupaten Pelalawan

Subdistrict, Pelalawan Regency. code mixing in the speech of the community of Terusan Baru Subdistrict, Pangkalan Kerinci, Pelalawan Regency? (2) what are the factors that cause code mixing events in the speech of the community of Terusan Baru Village, Pangkalan Kerinci Regency, Pelalawan Regency? the occurrence of code-mixing events in the speech of the community of Terusan Baru Village, Pangkalan Kerinci District, Pelalawan Regency.The theory used in this study is the theory of Abdul Chaer (2010: 116-117) and Nababan (1991: 32).The method used in this study is ad is a qualitative method. The results of the research found are 1) the form of code mixing in the speech of the community of Terusan Baru Village, Pangkalan Kerinci District, Pelalawan Regency: code mixing in the form of words, phrases and clauses, and 2) Factors causing code mixing events in the speech of the community of Terusan Baru Village, Pangkalan Kerinci District. Pelalawan Regency is (a) Relaxation or informal situation, (b) there is no clear expression, and (c) showing off their learning. Examples of code-mixing sentences in the form of words; "I don't know, but I'm not mistaken Ambo was using oto dio pogi du", the form of the phrase; "bed cover which is green in color, either way, it's in the form of a clause; "It's cool to walk, amak alun pai again.

Bentuk-Bentuk Dominasi Laki-Laki Dalam Kumpulan Crita Cekak Janji Sejati Karya Kustri Sumiyardhana Menurut Kajian Feminisme

This study aims to describe the forms of male domination in the collection of the crita cekak of the Janji Sejati by Kustri Sumiyardhana. The research method in this study is qualitative research. The source of the research data is a collection of crita cekak Janji Sejati by Kustri Sumiyardhana by choosing six cerkak. They are Nalika Srengenge Anglsup, Primbon, Janji Sejati, Pegatan, Dhukuhe Sumar and Nulung. The data are in the form of phrases, clauses, and sentences that contain elements of forms of male domination. The data collection technique used a document study with the stages of reading and taking notes. This study uses data analysis techniques in the form of data reduction, data display and data verification. The theoretical study chosen is the study of feminism with a focus on forms of male domination.The results obtained by this study found that there are forms of male domination in the collection of crita cekak Janji Sejati by Kustri Sumiyardhana, namely subordination or unimportance, stereotypes or negative labeling, violence including physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence and economic violence. Forms of male domination occur in the family, community and public spheres

On Probabilistic Generalization of Backdoors in Boolean Satisfiability

The paper proposes a probabilistic generalization of the well-known Strong Backdoor Set (SBS) concept applied to the Boolean Satisfiability Problem (SAT). We call a set of Boolean variables B a ρ-backdoor, if for a fraction of at least ρ of possible assignments of variables from B, assigning their values to variables in a Boolean formula in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) results in polynomially solvable formulas. Clearly, a ρ-backdoor with ρ=1 is an SBS. For a given set B it is possible to efficiently construct an (ε, δ)-approximation of parameter ρ using the Monte Carlo method. Thus, we define an (ε, δ)-SBS as such a set B for which the conclusion "parameter ρ deviates from 1 by no more than ε" is true with probability no smaller than 1 - δ. We consider the problems of finding the minimum SBS and the minimum (ε, δ)-SBS. To solve the former problem, one can use the algorithm described by R. Williams, C. Gomes and B. Selman in 2003. In the paper we propose a new probabilistic algorithm to solve the latter problem, and show that the asymptotic estimation of the worst-case complexity of the proposed algorithm is significantly smaller than that of the algorithm by Williams et al. For practical applications, we suggest a metaheuristic optimization algorithm based on the penalty function method to seek the minimal (ε, δ)-SBS. Results of computational experiments show that the use of (ε, δ)-SBSes found by the proposed algorithm allows speeding up solving of test problems related to equivalence checking and hard crafted and combinatorial benchmarks compared to state-of-the-art SAT solvers.

Legislating Extra-Legal References: Naming the Criteria and Placing the Clauses (Polish and European Perspective)

The aim of the study is the analysis of the role of legislating the extra-legal references in the form of general clauses in the statutory legal orders. The main features of legislative policy determine that it is in principle rational activity despite the fact that the objectives of the reference are not fully transparent. Although the clauses refer in a controlled and point-based manner to extra-legal values, in fact they extend the scope of judicial discretion, which allows for a departure in the processes of judicial application of the law from legislative intentions and expectations. Legislators of both in Polish and other European legal orders try to determine the functions of general clauses by giving appropriate names to the criteria of general clauses, by locating clauses in appropriate segments of the legal system and normative act as well as by defining the conditions for the application of clauses in a particular decisional process. The shape of all these activities depends on various factors. The most essential role among them is played however by the type of political system in which the clauses are created and of which properties determine the way of use of the clauses by the courts in processes of application of law.