Conjunctive Ending Research Articles

한국어 교재 어미 출현 분포의 정보학

The purpose of this study is to find and discuss linguistics implications that can be found in the distribution of endings in Korean textbooks through quantitative analysis of listening and reading passages in Korean textbooks. Through this work, we will have more meaningful information about the distributional characteristics of the appearance of endings in Korean textbooks, and it is expected that this information can be used as an objective basis for seeking improvements in Korean textbooks. This study used Korean textbooks published by Seoul National University as analysis data. Python was used as an analysis tool. The kkma morpheme analyzer included in the konlpy package was used. For analysis, functions such as ‘kkma.sentences()’, ‘kkma.morphos()’, ‘kkma.pos()’, and ‘len()’ were applied. I went through the process of configuring it as a data frame using the pandas library. Through this process, it was possible to know the characteristics of the type frequency and appearance frequency of final endings, pre-final endings, conjunctive endings, and function-converting endings in listening and reading passages, respectively. In addition, the necessary items for the kkma morpheme analyzer to perform more appropriate endings analysis were also mentioned.

The problem with set-up conjunctive endings as ending classifications

This paper has dealt with whether the type classification of non-terminal endings should be consistent with the type classification of complex sentences focused on converb type endings. In Chapter 2, we dealt that conjunction and embedding are not essential concepts in relation to the classification of endings. There is no reason to set the conjunctive ending in terms of shape, traditional grammar, or prescription grammar. In Chapter 3, the criteria why complex sentences and non-terminal endings should be distinguished and classified was explained. Complex sentences and connective endings have different levels of classification and do not have correlation enough to apply the same classification criteria. In terms of semantic structure, it is not because of a single converb type ending that is identified as equivalent or conjunctive. Therefore, the criterion for subclassifying non-terminal endings is what qualifications lower preceding clauses have in terms of syntactic structure.

한국어 L1 화자와 L2 화자의 서사 텍스트에 나타난 응결성 비교

This paper aims to analyze the differences between Korean L1 group and L2 group in cohesive expression in narrative text writing. The previous studies have been pointed out that the Korean L2 texts lack cohesive expression, but not enough contrast studies have been done comparing cohesive expressions between L1 and L2 texts. Thus, it was difficult for L2 speakers to recognize how their textual composition should be modified in comparison to L1 speakers. This paper analyzes the characteristics of L1 text that L2 speakers can refer to for text writing. It examined the method of lexical cohesion, the use of tense forms, the use of sentential conjunctions and conjunctive endings for semantic cohesion, and the use of determinative phrases as representative language devices in cohesive expression. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the expression of lexical cohesion, which was considered to be related to the lack of substitutive pronouns in Korean. In use of the tense form, the two groups showed a distinct contrast, with L2 speakers using the tense form as a deitic function, while L1 speakers used it as a modal function. In addition, although both groups used sentential conjunctions and conjunctive endings as cohesive devices, the L1 group used sentential conjunctions much more diversely and more often. In contrast, the L2 group showed a relatively high dependence on conjunctive endings than sentential conjunctions. Finally, semantic cohesion by determinative phrase differed significantly in the two groups. In L1 text, unlike in L2, noun phrases in each sentential component have been modified by a determinative phrase. In conclusion, L2 speakers need to be trained with the use of sentential conjunctions, along with the modal function of tense forms. In addition, they need to use determinative phrases for semantic cohesion more often. (Jeonju University)

A Study on Conjunctive Endings with Auxiliary Particle of 'do' for Korean Language Education

A Study on Conjunctive Endings with Auxiliary Particle of 'do' for Korean Language Education

The Meaning of “-neunde,” the Conjunctive Ending for Korean Language Education

The Meaning of “-neunde,” the Conjunctive Ending for Korean Language Education

‘그러니까’의 맞장구 기능 형성과 출현 양상

Based on the discourse functional approach, this paper examined from the driving force of the backchannel of ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’ to the appearance of the discourse of it. The summary of this paper is as follows. First, the driving force of the backchannel of ‘geureonikka(그러 니까)’ is the conjunctive ending ‘-nikka(-니까)’ that constitutes ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’. The ‘-nikka(-니까)’ puts the preceding clause in a premise position, which makes ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’ what the conversation participants already know about the information of the interlocutor’s utterance. In addition, due to the characteristic of ‘-nikka(-니까)’ giving a justification to the following clause, ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’ gives a justification to the preceding utterances interlocutor was speaking just before. This shows that the conjunctive ending ‘-nikka(-니까)’ is the driving force of the backchannel of ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’. Second, in the process of discourse markers, ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’ was dedicated to the meaning of the entire phrase ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’ that expresses consent and sympathy with the interlocutor’s utterances. The following utterances of the entire phrase ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’ to agree with the other person’s utterance is usually something that the speaker and listener can guess. As a result, following utterances were frequently omitted, and ultimately, only ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’ was enough to express consent and sympathy for the interlocutor’s utterances. This made ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’ to be used as a marker of backchannel in the discourse dimension. Third, ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’ was appearing in the discourse due to the interactive requirements of ‘-jan-(-잖-)’ and the rhetorical question. The ‘-jan-(-잖-)’ and the rhetorical question have assumed that the content and the answer of the utterance are already shared by the speaker and the listener. In other words, the speaker’s belief that the listener will sympathize with his thoughts in the utterance or utterance itself is revealed in the sentence of the ‘-jan-(-잖-)’ and the rhetorical question. ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’, as mentioned before, ‘-nikka(-니까)’ makes the preceding interlocutor’s utterances already known. Therefore, ‘geureonikka(그러니까)’ is a suitable marker to satisfy the speaker’s beliefs and expectations in the ‘-jan-(-잖-)’ and the rhetorical question.

Conjunctive Endings of Proposition Level(1)- Focusing on ‘-고서, -고는, -고야’ -

이 글은 때매김 요소와 결합을 이루지 못하는 이음씨끝들 가운데 ‘-고’에서 유래한 것들을 대상으로 결합 층위와 그 쓰임을 살펴보았다. ‘-고’는 기저월과 꼴갖춘월의 접속에 두루 결합될 수 있으며, ‘-고’가 기저월 접속에 통합되었을 때만 ‘-서, -는, -야, -도’ 등의 도움토씨가 통합될 수 있음을 살폈다. 그리고 이음씨끝 ‘-고’에 도움토씨 ‘-서, -는, -야’가 통합된 것들은 변화의 과정 중에 있기 때문에 과도기적 현상을 보이는 것으로 보았다. 그러므로 ‘-고서, -고는, -고야’의 형태를 보이는 것들은 이음씨끝 ‘-고’에 도움토씨 ‘-서, -는, -야’가 단순히 통합된 것도 있고, 융합되어 하나의 이음씨끝을 이룬 것이 있음을 밝혔다. ‘-고서, -고는, -고야’는 기저월 이음에만 결합될 수 있기 때문에 때매 김 요소와 통합을 이룰 수 없다. 이것들로 이어진 월의 앞뒤 마디는 시간적 순서의 원칙을 따른 것으로 해석된다. 그리고 뒷마디에 통합된 때매김 요소가 앞마디까지 성분지휘하므로 시제구 구조는 [[VP1+VP2]T]의 유형에 해당함도 확인했다. ‘-고서, -고는, -고야’는 [이유, 원인, 조건]을 공통적인 의미자질로 갖지만, ‘-고서, -고야’는 [+상황 제시]의 의미자질은 갖는데 비해서 ‘-고는’은 그러한 의미자질을 갖지 않았다. 그리고 ‘-고서’는 다른 것들에 비해서 앞뒤 절의 의미관계가 [+대립]의 특징을 보일 때 통합되며, ‘-고는’은 앞마디가 뒷마디의 [+근거]임을 나타낼 때 통합되는 것으로 보았다. 그리고 ‘-고서, -고는, -고야’로 이어진 월은 이음씨끝 ‘-어서, -니까, -는데, -지마는, -어, -어야’로 대치가 가능하지만 그 역의 경우는 성립되지 않았다.This study explored a conjunctive level and its use from conjunctive endings derived from ‘-고’ among those not combined with the elements of tense. ‘-고’ can be largely combined with the conjunction of a proposition level and a kernel sentence level, and only when incorporated into the conjunction of proposition level, delimiters such as ‘-서, -는, -야, -도’ can be incorporated. And that delimiters ‘-서, -는, -야’ were incorporated into a conjunctive ending ‘-고’ shows a transitional phenomenon because it is in the process of evolution. So the forms such as ‘-고서, -고는, -고야’ include both those showing delimiters ‘-서, -는, -야’ only incorporated into a conjunctive ending ‘-고’ and those showing a fused conjunctive endings. ‘-고서, -고는, -고야’ can’t be combined with the elements of tense because they can be incorporated into only the conjunction of proposition level. It seems that the preceding and the following clause of a connected sentence with those follow the temporal sequence principle. And the elements of tense incorporated into the following clause c-command the preceding clause as well, so the structure of tense phrases is [[VP1+VP2]T].

The historical change and grammatical characteristic of conjunctive ending expressing deepening ―focusing on ‘-을수록’

The historical change and grammatical characteristic of conjunctive ending expressing deepening ―focusing on ‘-을수록’

한국어 어휘상 유형과 연결어미 ‘-느라고’의결합 양상 연구

한국어 어휘상 유형과 연결어미 ‘-느라고’의결합 양상 연구

접속어미와 보조조사의 통합과 융합에 관하여

먼저 접속어미와 보조조사가 결합하여 형성된 형식이 통합형인지 융합형인지를 가르는 기준을 논의하였다. 이 글에서는 이 형식들에서 보조조사로 가정된 형식이 보조조사의 형태⋅통사적 특징과 의미적 특징을 유지하면 통합형으로 판단하고, 보조조사의 형태⋅통사적 특징과 의미적 특징을 유지하지 못하면 융합형으로 판단하였다.BR 이러한 기준에 따라, ‘고서’와 ‘어서’를 ‘-고, 어’와 ‘서’가 융합된 형식으로 보았다. ‘고는, 고도, 어도’는 접속어미 ‘-고, -어’와 보조조사의 통합형으로도 쓰이고 융합형으로도 쓰이는데, ‘-어는’은 통합형으로만 쓰인다. ‘고서는, 고서도; 어서는, 어서도’는 접속어미 ‘-고서, -어서’와 보조조사의 통합형으로도 쓰이고, 융합형으로도 쓰인다. 이러한 형식들은 통합형으로 쓰일 때는 접속어미의 의미와 보조조사의 의미가 합성된 의미를 가지지만, 융합형으로 쓰일 때는 접속어미와 보조조사의 의미가 단순히 합성된 의미와는 꽤 다른 의미를 가진다.

‘만’, ‘만큼’, ‘만치’의 문법 양상에 대한 통시적 고찰

This study aims to explain the grammatical functions of ‘man’, ‘mankeum’, ‘manchi’ diachronically focusing on mutual relations. First of all, ‘man’ appeared in various comparative constructions relating with gradability in Middle Korean. And ‘man’ was used to function as adverbial phrase in ‘-l man’ or emphasize the positive characteristic of the target of comparison co-occurring with negative predicates. ‘Man’ did not appear in both ‘gradability predicate’ and ‘-l man VP’ constructions in 19<SUP>th</SUP> century. Second, ‘magom’, ‘masgam’ have been mainly used to compare size or express gradability until 18<SUP>th</SUP> and were substituted for ‘Mankeum’ in 19<SUP>th</SUP>. ‘Mankeum’ appeared in ‘gradability predicate’ and ‘-l mankeum VP’ constructions as well as in ‘(mos) hada’ constructions in 19<SUP>th</SUP>. Lastly, ‘manchi’ extended its distribution to appear following ‘-l’ as ‘mankeum’ in late Modern Korean. This assertion is related to the fact that conjunctive ending ‘-limanchi’ began to be used in Sinsoseol published in the early 20<SUP>th</SUP> century.

접속부사 ‘그리고’와 접속어미 ‘-고’의 의미 비교 연구

This study comparatives a conjunctive adverb ‘geurigo’ and a conjunctive ending ‘-ko’. ‘-ko’ compounds words, phrases, and clauses. ‘geurigo’ compounds words, phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraph. ‘geurigo’ and ‘-go’ have mainly same meaning of [enumerate], [chronicle], [coincidence], [reason], [amplification]. [amplification], following clause or sentence explains antecedent clause or sentence additionally, is newly meaning of ‘-ko’ and ‘geurigo’. [means] and [reason] are distinct meaning of ‘-ko’ and reveal only when ‘-ko’ combine verb phrases. When ‘geurigo’ combines Words and Phrases, ‘geurigo’ only signifies the meaning of [enumerate]. In level of pragmatics, they enumerate events belong to same topic. But ‘geurigo’ is only used to various topic arrays in level of pragmatics in contradistinction to ‘-ko’. Speaker selects between ‘-ko’ and ‘geurigo’ according to the recognition attitude of two or more events: events are whether associated or not, what speaker wants to express about events(tense, aspect, mood ect.), how much information is included each events.

숙달도에 따른 중국어권 한국어 학습자의 응결장치 선택 양상 연구 -연결어미와 접속부사를 중심으로-

The study polled 165 Chinese-speaking Korean learners with TOPIK certificates: 55 beginning, 23 intermediate, 32 level 4, 26 level 5, and 55 level 6 learners. By type, it was found that the ratio of the use of the connective endings gradually increased as the proficiency level increased, but the ratio of use of conjunctive adverbs decreased. At all levels, it seems that Korean learners in Chinese language used more connections than those in Chinese. In particular, when advanced learners connect sentences to beginning and intermediate learners, they tend to prefer linking word endings before conjunctive adverbs. By definition, we could see that Korean learners in Chinese language made more use of their conjunctive endings at all levels than those in connection, regardless of their proficiency in conflict, home, condition, and yield relationships. However, more conjunctive adverbs were used in beginning, intermediate and advanced levels for causative and selective relationships, rather than conjunctive endings. Through this, we found that Korean learners in Chinese language did not prefer connective endings at all levels, and we found that there were some cases in which they chose connecting adverbs before connecting them at certain stages. (Dongguk University)

한국어 연결어미‘-길래’의 교수방안 연구

한국어 연결어미‘-길래’의 교수방안 연구

A Study on the Meaning and Mood Constraints of the Conjunctive Ending ‘-nigga’

A Study on the Meaning and Mood Constraints of the Conjunctive Ending ‘-nigga’

한국어 접속부사와 접속어미의 관련성

한국어 접속부사와 접속어미의 관련성

A Study on Conjunctive Ending ‘-geodeumyeon’

A Study on Conjunctive Ending ‘-geodeumyeon’

연결어미 ‘-길래’의 화용적 연구 - 후행절의 화행과 맥락분석을 중심으로 -

연결어미 ‘-길래’의 화용적 연구 - 후행절의 화행과 맥락분석을 중심으로 -

A Study on the Development of Sentence Final Endings ‘–ngeol’, ‘–lgeol’

This thesis aims mainly to argue the development of sentence final endings ‘-ngeol’, ‘-lgeol’ from noun phrase complement constructions ‘-n geoseul’, ‘-l geoseul’. In chapter 2 and 3, I present that ‘-ngeol’, ‘-lgeol’ has the function as conjunctive endings and sentence final endings mainly in premodern Korean. And especially I explain that ‘-l geoseul’ has various modal meanings such as speculation, regret, and duty through irrealis marker ‘-l’. Also ‘-ngeol’, ‘-lgeol’ and ‘-l geoseul’, -n geoseul’ coexit in modern Korean, and I explain this phenomenon as layering, one of the principles of grammaticlaization. I discuss that the development of ‘-ngeol’, ‘-lgeol’ is related to the sentence that has rhetorical interrogative, and inversion of antecedent and following clause. Finally, I compare ‘-ngeol’, ‘-lgeol’ with other conjunctive endings including accusative case marker ‘-l’.

한국어교육을 위한 연결어미 ‘-건만’의 기술 방안 연구 : 한국어사전, 문법서, 교재의 기술 분석을 기반으로

이 연구는 한국어교육 현장에서 문법 항목들의 의미나 형태, 용법 등의 정보를 일관성 있고 체계적으로 제공하기 위한 방안을 모색해 보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 외국인 한국어 학습자들에게 한국어 문법 항목은 여러 면에서 생소할 수 있기 때문에 일관성 있고 정확하게 정보를 제공해야만 한국어 학습자들에게 도움을 줄 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 한국어 학습자들에게 제공되는 문법 항목 기술의 정확성, 일관성을 확보하고 효율적 기술을 위한 방안의 하나로 연결어미‘-건만’을 대상으로 하여, 그 기술 방안에 대해 논의하였다. 이를 위해 한국어 교수-학습 현장의 매개체인 한국어교재에서 다루는 ‘-건만’의 기술 내용을 검토해 보고 아울러 교실 밖에서 이용할 수 있는 한국어 사전, 문법서, 한국어교육용 사전 등의 기술을 분석하였다. 이와 함께 ‘-건만’의 의미와 형태·통사적 특성을 문법 제약의 측면에서 살펴서 한국어 학습에 적용할 수 있는 기술 모형을 제안해 보았다.