Conjunctive Adverbs Research Articles

Additive and Causal Connectives in GFL Argumentative Writing

The main objective of foreign language learning and teaching is the development of communicative language competence. One of its key components is discourse competence which consists of three main elements: cohesion, coherence and text composition (Bagarić Medve and Pavičić Takač 2013). The development of writing skills is acknowledged as one of the main challenges in foreign language learning and teaching, which includes the appropriate usage of cohesive devices in order to tackle the semantic relationships within a text. In German, explicit cohesive devices refer to coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions and adverbial connectors. While a bulk of previous research has focused on English as a foreign language, the studies conducted among the learners of German are still scarce Earlier studies (e.g. Breindl 2016; Vaakanainen and Maijala 2022) pointed to a limited range of variations within the same semantic group and an inappropriate use of connectives when comparing their usage between native speakers and learners of German as a foreign language (GFL). The aim of the present study is to analyse the frequency, variation and errors of causal and additive connectives (coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions and adverbial connectors) in GFL argumentative writing. The corpus consists of 43 argumentative essays written by Croatian GFL students at B2 level. The findings concerning frequency show that additional connectives are most frequently used within the whole corpus, whereas causal connectives take third place. The additive coordinating conjunction und is the most frequent additive item, the subordinating conjunction weil is the most frequently used causal item. The results connected to variation point to a wider range in the use of additional connectives in comparison to causal, but also reveal more error recognition within the additive semantic group. The most common types of errors concerning connectors detected in the corpus are as follows: syntax, meaning, spelling/punctuation, redundancy and register. In order to utilize these research findings aiming at improving the writing skills of GFL students in the learning/instructional process, practical implications are presented at the end.

The Syntactical Analysis of Compound Sentence Found in Crazy Rich Asians Novel

Compound sentence is a sentence that has a couple or extra independent clause that connected by conjunction coordinator Fanboys, semicolon/coma, and conjunctive adverb. The center of this study is on compound sentence found in “Crazy Rich Asians” novel by Kevin Kwan. The aim of this study are follows: (1) to find out types of compound sentence in Crazy Rich Asians novel by Kevin Kwan. (2) to analyze the constituent structure of compound sentence found in Crazy Rich Asians novel by Kevin Kwan. Moreover, qualitative research method is used to analyze the data found in this study. In order to analyze the data, there are two theories are used. The first main theory is from Oshima and Hogue (1998) about type of sentence, and the second as supporting theory is from Brown and Miller (1991) about tree diagram structure. There are two ways of presenting the data in this study; formal and informal method. The formal method used in form of tree diagram and the informal method used words to explain the data descriptively. The result of the study shows type of compound sentence found in the novel. There are 38 data connected with coordinator, only 3 data connected by semicolon / coma, and the rest 2 following data connected with conjunctive adverb.

The Particle bal in Qur’anic Arabic

This paper provides a linguistic characterization of the particle bal, roughly translated as ‘rather’ in English, in Qur’anic Arabic. In the Qur’an corpus, which includes 77880 words, the particle occurs 121 times, and in its various occurrences, the particle does not have the same syntactic categorization nor the same semantic meaning or function. Therefore, the present paper explores the syntactic and semantic features of the particle alongside its uses in its varying positions. It examines the positions, distributions, semantic meaning and functions of the particle in different contexts. The paper also sheds light on the recurrent linguistic aspects that characterize the structures in which the particle occurs. The method employed involves distributional and qualitative descriptive techniques. The study shows that, in terms of positions, the particle either introduces a clause or occurs between two equal elements. In terms of functions, the study highlights that the use of the particle involves transitioning from and, in certain instances, invalidating the proposition expressed by the preceding clause as well as affirmation of and, in certain instances, an intensification of the proposition expressed by the following clause. The study also indicates the polysemy of the particle and that it can be synonymous with e.g. lakin ‘but’, bi-l-2aHra: ‘rather’, Haqqan ‘indeed’, badalan min ‘instead of’ and the emphatic particles 2inna and 2innama:. Moreover, based on the investigation of the features of the particle bal in its varying contexts, the study proposes a number of categories through which the particle can be analyzed, which include: an adversative coordinator, a conjunctive adverb, and a complementizer. The findings thus highlight the diversity in the syntax and semantics of a single particle that is realized as bal in the contexts of Qur’anic Arabic, and the paper makes a contribution to literature in the understudied area of the syntax and semantics of Qur’anic Arabic.

20세기 전기 접속부사의 분포 양상과 담화 기능

The purpose of this paper is to study the distribution and functional characteristics of conjunctive adverbs appearing in spoken language corpus of the early 20th century. Through this, we presented the patterns in which conjunctive adverbs were used in spoken language and attempted to argue that the multi-layered connecting function of conjunctive adverbs was formed and continued during the early modern Korean language. Similar to the 21st century, conjunctive adverbs in the early 20th century had a distributional characteristic in which ‘그러-’ type conjunctive adverbs {그러면}, {그러나}, {그리고}, {그런데}, {그래서} appeared with high frequency. On the other hand, there were differences by period in the distribution of individual lists of conjunctive adverbs, and this was interpreted to be related to the formation period of individual conjunctive adverbs, register, and the expansion and contraction of their functions. Meanwhile conjunctive adverbs in the early 20th century also performed discourse functions in addition to general connecting functions. The discourse functions of conjunctive adverbs showed various aspects, including ‘utterance beginning’, ‘utterance finishing’, ‘utterance evading’, ‘filler’, ‘interruption’, ‘positive’, ‘utterance prompting’.

The Usage of Adverbial Connectors by Saudi Female EFL Learners

The paper investigates the different usage of adverbial connectors in Saudi Female EFL learners’ (NNS) writings compared to native English (NS) writings. The 10 most frequent connectors in the two corpora, a compiled Saudi English learners’ corpus and the BNC Baby Corpus of academic prose were selected to examine the differences between both writing samples. The results support previous studies that Saudi learners are generally more prone to overuse and underuse connectors and tend to overuse specific listing and contrastive connectors while ignoring others redundantly. It also presents evidence of Saudi learners’ tendency to position adverbial connectors only sentence-initial or sentence medial, whereas native speakers of English interchange between medial and initial positions. These findings should be considered pedagogically to enhance EFL learners’ understanding of English discourse connectors to produce better cohesive writing.

Informal features in English academic writing: Mismatch between prescriptive advice and actual practice

This study empirically investigates the mismatch between English academic writing materials and actual language use by comparing prescriptive advice on informal features given in academic style manuals with descriptive practice in published academic writing. We summarise the advice about linguistic features traditionally associated with an informal style offered in 25 style manuals, and conduct an empirical study to examine the distribution of these features in a 1.87-million-word corpus of research articles in linguistics and physics. Findings indicate that the common advice given in style manuals generally matches the actual use. Despite some disagreements among manual authors, generally it is discouraged to use most informal features, but the authors acknowledge first personal pronouns, unattended this and sentence-initial conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs. In actual practice, published writers use these three categories of informal features frequently, but tend to avoid the other features. However, most style manuals tend to treat academic writing as a monolithic and homogeneous entity, or only discuss the use of informal features across broad disciplinary groupings, without capturing the disciplinary-specific use of individual features as evidenced in this corpus-based research. These findings have potential implications for English academic writing instructors as well as material designers.

STUDENTS’ PROBLEMS IN WRITING COMPOUND SENTENCES

The purpose of this research was to describe the third year students’ problems in writing compound sentences expressing contrast, reason, and additional idea at English Department of Bung Hatta University. Descriptive method was used as the design of this research. The number of population members was 53 students. The writer used total sampling technique to select the sample. Writing test was the instrument to get the data. The students were asked to write 21 compound sentences : 7 sentences expressing contrast, 7 sentences expressing reason, and 7 sentences expressing additional idea. The test was reliable because the reliability of the test was high (0.98).The result of this research showed that generally the third year students at English Department of Bung Hatta University had problem in writing compound sentences. They had problems in writing compound sentences expressing contrast, reason, and additional idea. Among those problems, the most problem the students face was writing compound sentences expressing reason (39.49%). In writing compound sentences expressing reason, the most problem the students face was in mechanics (41.06%), especially in punctuation (25.13%).Dealing with the conclusion, the writer suggested to the lecturers to use matching picture as the media to teach compound sentence to the students. The students are suggested to do more exercises in writing compound sentences expressing reason by using matching pictures. The next writers are expected to find out students’ problems in writing compound sentences in other conjunction such as compound sentences with semicolon, correlative conjunction, and conjunctive adverbs. REFERENCES Brandon, Lee & Kelly Brandon. (2011). Paragraph and Essays with Integrated Readings (11thed). Boston : Wadsworth Cengange Learning. Cahyo, Fuad Nur. (2013). Using The Mind Mapping Technique To Improve The English Writing Skill of The Tenth Grade at MAN Yogyakarta III in The Academic Year 2012/2013. (S1 Degree). Online Publish Thesis. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Gay, L.R, Geoffrey E. Mills, & Peter Airasian. (2009). Educational Research : Competencies for Analysis and Application. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Pearson Education, Inc. Lauder, Allan. (2008). The Status and Function of English in Indonesia : A Review of Key Factors. Makara, Sosial Humaniora.,12(1),1-12. McMillan, James. H. (1996). Educational Researh : Fundamentals for the Consumer. (2nded). New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. Sudijono, Anas. (2015). Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. Usman, Husaini & Purnomo Setiady Akbar. (2011). Pengantar Statistika. Jakarta : Bumi Aksara.

On two types of dicendial causal markers (with a special focus on the languages of Eurasia)

Constructions involving speech act verbs are a well-known diachronic source of adverbial connectors, but the latter have so far received less attention in the literature compared to other common products of grammaticalization of verba dicendi, such as reportatives or complementizers. This paper focuses on dicendial causal markers in the languages of Eurasia. The majority of such elements fall into two distinct types (“saying / having said” and “if you / one say(s) why”), defined on the basis of their formal make-up, but clearly diff erent in their positional and semantic properties as well. It is shown that the differences between the two types are directly linked to their diachronic origins. Previously proposed universal grammaticalization clines for speech act verbs can only be relevant for the fi rst type. The paper also puts forward hypotheses concerning the syntactic status of causal clauses introduced by markers of the two types and sketches prospective avenues for further languagespecific research.

Prosodic Marking of Conjunctive Adverbs as Discourse Markers in Serbian EFL Students’ Oral Argumentation

Prosodic Marking of Conjunctive Adverbs as Discourse Markers in Serbian EFL Students’ Oral Argumentation

A Corpus‐based Study of Textual Metaphor in English Academic Writing

AbstractThis article conducted a corpus‐based study on the discipline distributions of two types of textual metaphor identified by He et al. (2015) and He and Wen (2017), conjunctionalization of conjunctive adverbs and zero conjunctionalization of hypotactic conjunctions. It is found that conjunctionalization of conjunctive adverbs is more prevalent in soft science texts than in hard science texts and zero conjunctionalization of hypotactic conjunctions is similarly distributed in hard science texts and in soft science texts. However, conjunctionalization of conjunctive adverbs is more prevalent in native English linguistics texts than in EFL Chinese linguistics texts while zero conjunctionalization of hypotactic conjunctions dominates in EFL Chinese linguistics texts because of the relatively lower frequency of hypotactic clause complexes in EFL Chinese linguistics texts. Textual metaphor functions to increase the grammatical intricacy of text and hence is not a characteristic feature of scientific writing. It is hereby concluded that EFL Chinese linguists do not write as technical texts as native English linguists.

Proscribed informality features in published research: A corpus analysis

Some linguistic features are proscribed in academic writing as they are considered too informal. However, from a descriptive perspective, the extent to which academic writers follow popular proscriptions is an empirical question. Although previous studies present important findings about the frequency of proscribed informality features in academic writing, they do not explore how many academic writers use these features because frequencies were typically not calculated per text (i.e., per article). Additionally, previous research may have included quotes in frequency counts. These methodological limitations are addressed in the current study, which examines (a) whether proscribed informality features are commonly used by a wide range of academic writers, (b) whether disciplines differ in their use of these features, and (c) whether the use of these features has changed over time. The findings show that academic writers tend to avoid many of the proscribed informality features, but some features such as initial conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs, first-person pronouns, and unattended references have higher frequency rates, which corroborates the findings of previous research. Unlike previous research, the current study shows that these high frequencies come from a few academic authors as most authors either use these features minimally or completely avoid them.

A comparison of the pragmatic patterns in the spontaneous because- and if-sentences produced by children and their caregivers

Findings from corpus (e.g. Diessel, 2004) and comprehension (e.g. De Ruiter et al., 2018) studies show that children produce the adverbial connectives because and if long before they seem able to understand them. However, although children's comprehension is typically tested on sentences expressing the pragmatic relationship which Sweetser (1990) calls “Content”, children also hear and produce sentences expressing “Speech–Act” relationships (e.g. De Ruiter et al., 2021; Kyratzis et al., 1990). To better understand the possible influence of pragmatic variation on 2- to 4- year-old children's acquisition of these connectives, we coded the because and if Speech–Act sentences of 14 British English-speaking mother-child dyads for the type of illocutionary act they contained, as well as the phrasing following the connective. Analyses revealed that children's because Speech–Act sentences were primarily explanations of Statements/Claims, while their if Speech–Act sentences typically related to permission and politeness. While children's because-sentences showed a great deal of individuality, their if-sentences closely resembled their mothers’, containing a high proportion of recurring phrases which appear to be abstracted from input. We discuss how these patterns might help shape children's understanding of each connective and contribute to the children's overall difficulty with because and if.

텍스트 유형별 말뭉치와 한국어 교재 말뭉치에 나타나는 ‘그러면’의 사용 양상 연구

This study aims to qualitatively analyze examples of ‘Geureomyeon’ in two types of corpora, a Korean register corpus and a Korean textbook corpus, by describing the aspects of uses and comparing their uses in a respective corpus. To this end, first, the use of ‘Geureomyeon’ was classified into three categories -conjugated form, conjunctive adverb, and discourse marker- in accordance with their definitions suggested in a Korean dictionary. The next step was to analyze the examples, as a result, it was found that both corpus illustrated the same ordering by frequency. Conjunctive adverbs constituted the most frequent, discourse marker was the second most and conjugated form accounts for the least. In case of the Korean textbook corpus, more than half of the examples of ‘Geureomyeon’ were employed as conjunctive adverbs, showing a certain degree of difference from real language data. Meanwhile, both corpus did not show significant differences in the use of ‘Geureomyeon’ as a purpose of discourse marker. Lastly, the examples classified as conjugated forms accounted for a lower proportion of use, particularly in the Korean textbook corpus, than those of other categories. These results indicated that Korean language text for education should reflect Korean usage more realistically.(Yonsei University)

‘그러니까’의 의미 기능과 실현 양상 연구

The purpose of this study is to classify the pragmatic-semantic function of ‘Geureonikka’ and to explore the pragmatic-semantic function and realization aspect of ‘Geureonikka’ through an analysis of a written Korean corpus. Therefore, Sweetser’s(1990) cognitive approach to the analysis of pragmatic ambiguity was examined, and his theory was applied to describe the realization aspect in a written Korean corpus of the conjunctive adverb ‘Geureonikka’. Subsequently, four findings were identified. First, the semantic function of ‘-nikka’ correlates with that of ‘Geureonikka’. and the connective ending ‘-nikka’ was verified as a cause for the semantic function formation of ‘Geureonikka’. Second, similar to ‘because’ in English, ‘Geureonikka’ was used in every domain: content connection, epistemic connection, and speech-act connection. Third, ‘Geureonikka’ in a written Korean corpus was extensively used in epistemic connection while it was infrequently used in content connection. Fourth, the syntactic position of ‘Geureonikka’ was determined by the semantic function of ‘Geureonikka’. The limitations of this study were also identified: (i) The analyzed genre of a written Korean corpus was limited, and (ii) further research is needed to investigate similar conjunctive adverbs to ‘Geureo’ to reveal their differences from ‘Geureonikka’. Nevertheless, this research is meaningful as the pragmatic-semantic function of ‘Geureonikka’ was classified and the realization aspect of ‘Geureonikka’ in a written Korean corpus was demonstrated. (Yeungnam University)

A Computer Corpus-Based Study of Chinese EFL Learners’ Use of Adverbial Connectors and Its Implications for Building a Language-Based Learning Environment

This research adopts the methodology of corpus-based analysis and contrastive interlanguage analysis (CIA), using three corpora as the data source to analyze the adverbial connectors used by Chinese EFL (English as a foreign language) learners (i.e., university students in Guangzhou, China) in their written English. Major findings show that Chinese EFL learners have displayed a general tendency to overuse English adverbial connectors in terms of total tokens when compared with native speakers of English, and Chinese EFL learners deviate notably from the native speakers of English in the use of some individual English adverbial connectors. The research explores that Chinese EFL learners’ use of English adverbial connectors might be influenced by L1 transfer, writing handbooks’ and teachers’ instruction, learners’ lack of audience awareness, and lack of stylistic awareness. The research has some implications for language learning: a large collection of learner corpora, a target language's native speakers corpus, a learner's mother language corpus, and corpus software AntConc can complement textbooks in language learners’ deep learning process, constituting a language-based learning environment for human languages with reduced perplexity and increased accuracy.

ERROR ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB USED BY THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS

This research was aimed at finding out the errors on conjunctive adverb found in descriptive text written by the eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Sindue. The researcher analyzed the data by applying simple descriptive analysi. The research sample was 22 students. The instruments of data collection were a writing test. The students were assigned to write descriptive text by using conjunctive adverbs. The result of data analysis showed that there were two errors made by students, i.e. misplace of conjunctive adverbs and inappropriate conjunctive adverbs. There were 7 or 38.88% errors in misplace of conjunctive adverbs, 3 or 16.66% errors inappropriate conjunctive adverbs, and 18 or 94.73% used conjunctive adverbs correctly. The occurrence of these errors may be caused by misunderstanding of the teacher’s explanation in the target language and may be also caused by the inability of using rules into context eventhough they have been taught items in the target language repeatedly. The causes of these errors included in the category of intra-lingual errors i.e. the false concept hypothesis and incomplete application of the rules.

A Study on Utilization of Lexical Information of Conjunctive Adverbs for Korean Language Education

A Study on Utilization of Lexical Information of Conjunctive Adverbs for Korean Language Education

On adverbial clauses in spoken Lithuanian

The aim of the paper is to investigate adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession in spontaneous private communication. The study explores semantic relations between the main and subordinate clauses, grammatical features and predominant conjunctions.The data for the research was collected from the morphologically annotated Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian, namely, its sub-corpus of spontaneous private speech which is used at home, at friends’ place, or which is produced by close friends.The analysis of spontaneous private communication shows that the finite adverbial clauses of time, cause, condition and concession are related to a set of conjunctions, but other indicators such as the use of verbal categories (especially tense, aspect and mood), contextual lexical markers as well as pragmatic inference also help to determine the semantic relationship between the main and the subordinate clause.In a spoken language, temporal clauses are usually combined with the conjunctions kai, kaip ‘when’, kol ‘while’, less frequently – with kada ‘when’; causal clauses are combined with the conjunction nes ‘because; since’, less frequently – with kad and kadangi ‘because’; conditional clauses are typically combined with the conjunction jeigu ‘if’, less frequently – with jei ‘if’, concessive clauses – with the conjunction nors ‘though’. The conjunctions kai ‘when’, kol ‘while’, kadangi ‘because’, jeigu and jei ‘if’ correlate with the particle tai that is very frequent in a spoken language, while the conjunction nors ‘though’ – with the contrastive conjunction bet ‘but’.In the natural language flow, the structure of adverbial sentences is modified: other sentential and discourse units can intervene between the main and the subordinate clauses, and the adverbial conjunction moves from the initial to the medial position.Traditional Lithuanian grammars emphasise that the position of adverbial clauses is undefined: they can appear before or after the main clause. However, the analysis of spontaneous speech shows that the position of a subordinate clause is influenced by the semantic relationship between the clauses. If a subordinate clause refers to a previous action or event, then it dominates in a preposition. Besides, the position of an adverbial clause is also influenced by correlative conjunctions: the main clause with the correlative particle tai dominates in the postposition.The research also revealed that Lithuanian adverbial clauses could function at the discourse level: in dialogues, the structure of a complex sentence is broken down and subordinate adverbial clauses can acquire additional – discourse – functions. Adverbial conjunctions, in their turn, can indicate relations with a previous discourse.

ЭРГАШ ГАПЛИ ҚЎШМАГАПЛАРНИ ШАКЛЛАНТИРИШДА АНТИТЕЗАНИНГ ЎРНИ

In this article, the phenomenon of antithesis, which serves to provide emotionality, the formation of this methodological tool, its special nature, antithesis syntactic devices, the phenomenon of antithesis used in Uzbek folk proverbs and its linguistic aspect, the condition between parts of speech formed using antithesis relations such as tense, conditional, indefinite, as well as linguistic means, contradictory words, some lexical-grammatical forms, words of affirmative-negative form, phrases, predicative units involved in the occurrence of the phenomenon of antithesis in adverbial conjunctions

Signaling of Causal Relations in Spanish: Variety, Functionality, and Specificity

While some recent studies on Spanish have shown that some causal discourse markers specialize in expressing certain types of causal relations, others have revealed that causal relations may be signaled by a variety of linguistic devices. Given that we were interested not only in specificity and variety, but also in the (poly) functionality of signals, our objective in the present study was threefold. First, to identify the variety of markers used to signal causal relations in Spanish. Second, to describe the (poly) functionality of those causal markers. Third, to determine whether there exists a relationship of specificity between markers and particular types of causal relations. We analyzed a corpus of 2,514 causal coherence relations previously annotated. 40 different linguistic devices used to signal causal relations were identified. These devices were grouped into two main classes: Discourse Markers and Cue Phrases. Regarding the (poly) functionality of the markers, we found that 8 of the most frequent markers were used to signal different relations. Regarding specificity, it was observed that various conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs specialize in signaling specific relations.