Conjunctive Normal Form Research Articles

Propagation complete encodings of smooth DNNF theories

We investigate conjunctive normal form (CNF) encodings of a function represented with a decomposable negation normal form (DNNF). Several encodings of DNNFs and decision diagrams were considered by (Abío et al., 2016). The authors differentiate between encodings which implement consistency or domain consistency by unit propagation from encodings which are unit refutation complete or propagation complete. The difference is that in the former case we do not care about propagation strength of the encoding with respect to the auxiliary variables while in the latter case we treat all variables (the main and the auxiliary ones) in the same way. The currently known encodings of DNNF theories implement domain consistency. Building on these encodings we generalize the result of (Abío et al., 2016) on a propagation complete encoding of decision diagrams and present a propagation complete encoding of a DNNF and its generalization for variables with finite domains.

ФОРМАЛНО ОПИСАНИЕ НА СЛОВООБРАЗУВАТЕЛНИТЕ СТРУКТУРИ В НОРМАТИВНАТА ГРАМАТИКА НА БЪЛГАРСКИЯ ЕЗИК / FORMAL DESCRIPTION OF WORD-FORMATION STRUCTURES IN BULGARIAN NORMATIVE GRAMMAR

This work proposes principles for the formal description of word-formation structures in a synchronic study within the framework of normative grammar. One of the basic postulates of normative grammar is the independence of the de-scription of form and meaning, which is motivated by relative, though sufficient, au-tonomy of the structure of meaning (semantic structure) and of the formal structure of complex language units. This study takes for granted the existence of structural isomorphism between clauses and derived lexemes. In the context of the description of word-formation phenomena, this means that – in parallel to what is found in clause syntax, which distinguishes between the conceptual structure of a clause and the clausal form – both semantic structure and formal structure are assigned to derived lexemes. The consistent implementation of this distinction leads to defining word-formation as morphemic syntax (similar to sentence syntax) and derived words as structures within which rules for formal and semantic combination of morphemes are applied. The attempt at developing a model for formal derivational structures presented in the paper is based on the formal features of derivational exponents. These features serve to derive the following dichotomic division criteria: 1) affixal – +/- attachment of a given type of affix to the stem; 2) confixal – +/- attachment of two affixes to the stem; 3) alternating – +/- qualitative stem alternation; 4) reductional – +/- stem reduction; 5) paradigmatic – +/- attachment to the stem of a grammatical morpheme other than the one in the derivational base. Keywords: formal description, formal word-formation structures, normative grammar

Technical Perspective

Model counting is the problem of approximately counting the number |Sol(Φ)| of satisfying assignments to a given model Φ, which could, for example, be a formula in conjunctive normal form (CNF) or a formula in disjunctive normal form (DNF).

Cultural Contents in Digital Authentic Greeting Cards as English Teaching Materials for Junior High Schools

This study aimed to discover the cultural contents in the digital authentic greeting cards as English teaching materials for junior high schools. The research data were the cultural values in the form of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences that are contained in the texts on the digital authentic greeting cards. The data sources were taken from several websites providing free digital greeting cards to be downloaded. The data were analyzed with the framework of the cultural dimensions by Moran (2001) and the cultural sources by Chao (2011) by using a qualitative content analysis method. The findings revealed 101 cultural contents that were classified into the four cultural dimensions and three sources of culture. The cultural contents were mostly identified in the Universality across Culture and represented by the Practices dimension through activities and language expressions. It was indicated that a large proportion of the cultural contents were included in universal contents that are not specific to any particular country and were represented by actions and interactions carried out by the cultural members.

INTERFERENSI BAHASA MELAYU TERNATE DALAM PROSES PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA SISWA KELAS VIII SMP NASIONAL BANAU KOTA TERNATE

This research aims to explain the occurrence of Ternate's Malay interference in the process of learning Indonesian VIII grade students at Banau National Middle School in Ternate City describing the factors causing interference in the learning process of Ternate Malay language class VIII Banau National Middle School, Ternate City. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The data used are primary data and secondary data. Data sources were 28 students who spoke Malay in Ternate. Data collection techniques are observation (observation), interview (Interview), decommentation, Speaking. Data analysis techniques use descriptive qualitative (data reduction, data presentation, passing conclusions and verification). Based on data analysis, it was concluded that the Malay language of Ternate in the process of learning Indonesian language in class VIII of Banau National Middle School in Ternate City was found, namely; (a) interference in the form of words, sentences, phrases, and clauses. (b) interference occurs, namely the occurrence of the learning process of Indonesian language in grade VIII Banau National Middle School in Ternate City, namely; (1) Habits, (2) Affected by others (3) preferred or comfortable using Malay language Ternate (4) have not realized or accustomed to using Indonesian in the learning process (5) friends use Ternate Malay language. Causes of Ternate Malay Language Interference, namely; (1) habits, (2) the interlocutors (3) are more comfortable using the Malay language of Ternate (4) have not mastered the Indonesian language (formal).

MAJAS PERULANGAN DALAM BUKU ANTOLOGI PUISI GURU “TENTANG SEBUAH BUKU DAN RAHASIA ILMU” SERTA IMPLIKASINYA PADA PEMBELAJARAN SASTRA DI SMA

The aims of this study were (1) to describe the types of figurative language that are contained in the Anthology of Teacher's Poems about a Book and the Secrets of Knowledge; and (2) describe the implications for learning literature in high school. This research approach is descriptive qualitative, in line with the findings of the study, namely in the form of a description of the types of figurative language repetition in the Anthology of Teacher's Poetry about a Book and the Secrets of Knowledge and their implications for learning literature in high school. This type of research is qualitative, because the data findings are not obtained by statistical calculations (quantitative) but in the form of phrases, clauses and sentences contained in the Anthology of Teacher's Poems about a Book and Secrets of Knowledge. The results of this study show the following data, namely (1) the figurative language of repetition contained in the Teacher's Poetry Anthology of a Book and the Secret of Knowledge is a repetition of alliteration type of figure of speech consisting of nine quotations, the alliteration figure of speech in these quotations gives rise to an aesthetic impression of the poem. The figure of speech of repetition of the mesodiplosis type has one quote, the figure of speech of mesodiplosis in these quotations emphasizes the meaning of the poem. The figure of speech of repetition which is the type of repetition of five quotations, the figure of speech of repetition in these quotations raises the affirmation of meaning and adds to the aesthetics of the poem. The figure of speech of repetition of the epistrofa type has three quotations. the figure of speech of epistropha in these quotations raises the affirmation of the meaning of the poem, thus the dominant form of repetition used in the Anthology of Guru's Poetry About a Book and the Secrets of Knowledge is a form of repetition of the alliteration type. (2) The implications of the analysis of figurative language in the book Anthology of Teacher Poems About a Book and Secrets of Knowledge for the learning of literature in high school can provide an understanding of the types of figurative language of repetition in a poem. These implications can be used as additional teaching materials to improve students' ability to understand the building blocks of a poem while at the same time creating a work of poetry.

CAMPUR KODE PADA NOVEL RESIGN! (2018) KARYA ALMIRA BASTARI

The aims of this research are (1) to describe the form of code mixing in Resign! (2018) by Almira Bastari, (2) describes the function of code mixing in the novel Resign! (2018) by Almira Bastari.
 The approach used in this research is a qualitative approach. The qualitative approach in this study is to describe the form of code mixing and the function of code mixing. The data analysis technique used in this study is using library techniques and reading and note-taking techniques.
 The results of this study indicate that there is a code mixing event in the novel Resign! (2018) by Almira Bastari. First, the form of code mixing found in the novel Resign! (2018) by Almira Bastari totaling 251 data. The data specifically relates to the inclusion of elements of English into Indonesian. (1) mixed code in the form of words, there are 143 data, (2) mixed code in the form of phrases, there are 55 data, (3) mixed code in the form of clauses, there are 11 data, (4) mixed code in the form of repetition of words, there are 2 data, (5) mixed code in the form of expressions or idioms, there are 3 data, and (6) code mixing in the form of baster, there are 37 data. Second, the code mixing function contained in the novel Resign! (2018) Almira Bastari's work is (1) to respect the interlocutor there is 1 data, (2) to emphasize a certain intention there are 23 data, (3) to show self-identity there are 30 data, (4) as the influence of the subject matter there are 2 data, (5) as speech opponent specifications there are 192 data, (6) as quotations there are 3 data. As for the code mixing function, the inclusion of English elements into Indonesian as sentence inserts and as repetition was not found by the researchers.

Strategi Ketidaksantunan Berbahasa dalam Wacana Keagamaan

This study aims to describe the types of language impoliteness strategies in the discourse of religious texts, especially Islam. A pragmatic approach is used in this study. The data of this research are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences that contain impoliteness. The research data sources come from three discourses of Islamic religious texts taken from Youtube in 2020. The data collection method used is the download method. The research data were analyzed using contextual analysis methods. The results showed that there were four types of language impoliteness strategies found in three religious text discourses, namely (i) direct impoliteness strategies, (ii) positive impoliteness strategies, (iii) negative impoliteness strategies, and (iv) pseudo politeness strategies or sarcasm. The type of impoliteness strategy that is most commonly found in the discourse of religious speech texts is a negative impoliteness strategy with the most widely applied sub strategi is degrading sub strategi. The pseudo-politeness strategy or sarcasm is the least used strategy. The imbalance of power or social power between speech participants is the dominant factor in influencing the emergence of language impoliteness in the discourse of religious texts.

The Representation of Men in Online Feminist Magazine Magdalene.Co: A Critical Discourse Analysis

This study attempted to reveal the representation of men in a feminist online magazine named Magdalene.co to perform a transparent relationship between language, social practice, and social structure. For the data analysis, I combined the three-dimensional model from Fairclough (2001) and Halliday’s transitivity (2004). Qualitative approach and document analysis were conducted towards the data in the form of articles taken from Gender and Sexuality rubric. This study found out that there are representations portrayed in Magdalene.co, namely: (1) Men are the Victim of Patriarchy, (2) Men are Socially Pressured and Emotionally Stunted, (3) Men do Have Privileges, (4) Men Need Feminism, and (5) Men Should Freely Express Themselves. These representations occurred mostly in form of active-positive clauses containing relational process. The representations also aligned with the editorial point of view in Magdelene.co which adopts advocacy and gender-sensitive journalism. As the result, Magdalene.co in those articles implied their goals to create a new paradigm regarding masculinity. Furthermore, their goal is influenced by third-wave feminism that leads to the idea of male contribution in feminist movements, such as in Aliansi Laki-laki Baru (ALB). In this case, ALB contributed to the representation in Magdalene.co as the magazine portrayed ALB as the best example of men community in the realm of feminism.

A method for counting models on grid Boolean formulas1

We present a novel algorithm based on combinatorial operations on lists for computing the number of models on two conjunctive normal form Boolean formulas whose restricted graph is represented by a grid graph Gm,n. We show that our algorithm is correct and its time complexity is O ( t · 1 . 618 t + 2 + t · 1 . 618 2 t + 4 ) , where t = n · m is the total number of vertices in the graph. For this class of formulas, we show that our proposal improves the asymptotic behavior of the time-complexity with respect of the current leader algorithm for counting models on two conjunctive form formulas of this kind.

Model Checking Algorithm for Repairing Inference between Conjunctive Forms

Let K be a propositional formula and let ϕ be a query, the propositional inference problem K |= ϕ is a Co-NP-complete problem for propositional formulas without restrictions. We show the existence of polynomial-time cases for some fragments of propositional formulas K and ϕ that are different from the already known case of Horn formulas. For example, in the case that K is a formula in the fragment Krom or Horn or Monotone, then K |= ϕ can be decided in polynomial-time for any CNF ϕ. Given two conjunctive normal forms (CNF’s) K and ϕ, when K ̸|= ϕ, our proposal builds a minimal set of independent clauses S. The falsifying assignments of S are exactly the subset of models of K, which are not models for ϕ. In this way, the CNF S could extend the initial formula K in such a way that repair the inference, it is (S ∪ K) |= ϕ is held.

Gym-saturation: an OpenAI Gym environment for saturation provers

`gym-saturation` is an OpenAI Gym environment for reinforcement learning (RL) agents capable of proving theorems. Currently, only theorems written in a formal language of the Thousands of Problems for Theorem Provers (TPTP) library in clausal normal form (CNF) are supported. `gym-saturation` implements the 'given clause' algorithm (similar to the one used in Vampire and E Prover). Being written in Python, `gym-saturation` was inspired by PyRes. In contrast to the monolithic architecture of a typical Automated Theorem Prover (ATP), `gym-saturation` gives different agents opportunities to select clauses themselves and train from their experience. Combined with a particular agent, `gym-saturation` can work as an ATP. Even with a non trained agent based on heuristics, `gym-saturation` can find refutations for 688 (of 8257) CNF problems from TPTP v7.5.0.

ANALYSIS OF DICTION AND LANGUAGE STYLE OF COMMERCIAL ADVERTISEMENT IN THE JAKARTA POST

This study aims to describe the diction and language style in the commercial advertisement of The Jakarta Post newspaper. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The data source used in this study is The Jakarta Post, published in October 2019. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and expressions in the form of narrative that meet the classification of language style, diction, and advertisement style. Based on the analysis of 19 data, 11 data on Soft Style and 8 Hard Style advertisement styles were found, along with 13 data on connotation diction and 6 data on denotation diction. Meanwhile, 6 data on hyperbole language styles, five alliteration language styles, four metaphorical language styles, two personification language styles, and one each for assonance and metonym language style were found. In addition, the function of the language style is also found, namely 8 data functions to persuade the reader, 5 data functions to create a certain mood, 3 data functions to make the writer’s idea clearer, 2 data functions for the artistic effect of the idea being offered by the writer, and 1 data that serves to increase the reader’s taste. Interestingly, hyperbole is the favorite language style found in the 12 commercial advertisements in The Jakarta Post was published in October 2019, and its function is to persuade the readers.

Medical Term Translation Techniques Analysis on Five Feet Apart Novel

The medical term is one of the most fascinating yet essential to analyze in translation study. This research aims to scrutinize medical terms translation in the Five Feet Apart novel. The researcher inquiries the types of medical terms found and the translation techniques applied to translate them from English to Indonesian. This research is qualitative research. Molina and Albir's (2002) translation techniques theory is used to analyze the data in the form of words and clauses. The data collecting technique is documentation. The researcher managed to collect 424 data, 57 data in the form of phrases and 367 data in the form of words. Based on the analysis, the results show that the most dominant technique used is the established equivalent technique that has 172 data or 40.56%. The order is followed by pure borrowing technique (17.68%), naturalized borrowing technique (14.86%), amplification (12.03%), calque techniques (8.48%), transposition (4.95%), generalization (0.24%) and reduction (0.24%). The most dominant medical term is human body parts terms (33.50%). The list was followed by the medical abbreviation (24.30%), medical tool (12.5%), procedures, treatments, and actions (12.02%), diseases, signs, symptoms, and injuries (8.96%), medication (4.95%) and healthcare occupation (1.65%).

PENGGUNAAN BAHASA GAUL DALAM “MEME” DI MEDIA SOSIAL INSTAGRAM

The Use of Slang in Memes on Social Media Instagram. The study aims to: (1) review the slang form of meme and (2) examine the social function of using slang in meme. This type of study is qualitative work it is done in Makassar and via Internet access to instagram. The research design used is a qualitative description. The focus of the study, which focuses on the slang form of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and calls, as well as the social function of the slang language, shows a direct view of social media in the slang language. The data-gathering technique covered by the reading and research instrument quotes consists of the main instruments that are researchers and supporting instruments that include smartphones. Studies reveal that the use of slang in social media has been found in two things: (1) expressions of using the slang language, including phrases, clauses, and sentences, and (2) as for the function of using the slang language, four are found: consoling, criticizing, insinuating, and counseling.

Tax Treaty Obstacles in Implementing the Pillar Two Global Minimum Tax Rules and a Possible Solution for Eliminating the Various Challenges

This article addresses the interaction between the global anti-base erosion rules (GloBE rules, namely, the income inclusion rule, IIR, and the undertaxed payments rule, UTPR) with tax treaties. In particular, the article analyses potential limitations to the application of the IIR by the provisions of article 9 of tax treaties. Further, the article investigates possible obstacles to the application of the IIR to tax treaties that contain tax sparing clauses. The article then conducts a similar analysis with respect to the UTPR, which is assessed from the perspective of article 9 and the non-discrimination provisions of article 24. Furthermore, the article explores whether importing article 9(1) into the list of exceptions to the saving clause would be appropriate, and the related consequences. Thereafter, the article gives an insight into the problem of tax treaty overrides which may arise if the Pillar Two rules are implemented in national legislation without making relevant changes to tax treaties. Moreover, this contribution also explores the dispute resolution instruments available to solve potential tax disputes that could arise when “taxation not in accordance with the convention” is detected, as well as other tax disputes that could arise from inconsistent application of the GloBE rules. The authors also highlight possible ramifications under non-tax agreements for such situations. In light of the strong arguments made in this article which indicate that conflicts could indeed arise and treaty overrides could occur, the authors put forth a solution in the form of a safeguard clause – as opposed to a saving clause or interpretative MAPs – that policymakers can incorporate in their treaty network to ensure that the GloBE rules can be applied without triggering frictions with tax treaty law. On the other hand, if such a clause is not inserted into tax treaties, then there is a concrete risk that an unforeseen obstacle of considerable magnitude could arise on the path of the Pillar Two initiative. Of course, the Pillar Two rules should be applied within the boundaries of the safeguard clause and if a state goes beyond its authorization, a conflict with the provisions of the treaty could once again arise. This could then possibly give the taxpayers access to MAPs for misapplication or inconsistent application of the Pillar Two rules. Needless to say, such a clause needs to be implemented through a Multilateral Agreement, which the authors discuss in this contribution. Finally, the authors also analyse selected treaty law-related discrimination issues linked to domestic minimum taxes that are being contemplated by several jurisdictions.

Males and females’ complimenting behaviour on the celebrities’ Instagram comments

A compliment is a sincerely positive comment, remark, utterance, or expression about the speaker’s intention to have a good relationship with others by delivering positive or good values toward someone else. This research is purposed to analyze complimenting behavior by males and females found on celebrities’ Instagram comments. This research employed descriptive qualitative research through a documentaries method. 250 comments from 10 most-followed celebrities’ (five males and five females) comment columns were used to identify the complimenting behavior in the form of words, phrases, or clauses containing compliments. This revealed that the differences between males and females in complimenting behavior showed who complimented, to whom they complimented, the compliment types, and the compliment forms. Females complimented more than males did. Besides, complimenting celebrities is commonly directed at the same sex rather than across sex. However, both males and females were more likely to use direct compliments and less indirect compliments. Compliments by both males and females also showed that direct compliment form 8 (ADJ NP!) is dominantly used. The dominance of form 8 occurrence indicated that shorter form of compliment seemed suitable and reasonable for a virtual interaction like Instagram. From this research analysis, it can be concluded that some different contexts of communication require other compliment forms. Therefore, adding a sub-category and additional category from the original compliment forms should be considered.

Politeness Strategies Used by Anies Baswedan in the Interview on Humanities in Southeast Asia

This study applied a qualitative descriptive approach that establishes the requirement that a study must be carried out on the basis of existing facts. This study aims to examine the politeness strategies used by Anies Baswedan in the interview on humanities in Southeast Asia. The source of data of this study was obtained from youtube. This research data is in the form of phrases and clauses which contained politeness strategies. The collected data is assessed using Brown and Levinson's Politeness Strategies theory to find out the types of politeness strategy and its sub-strategies. This study applies a pragmatic study. After analyzing the data, the researchers concluded that there are three types of politeness strategies found in the Interview on Humanities in Southeast Asia. These three types of politeness strategies are: Bald on record, positive politeness, and negative politeness

Reduced Adverbial Clause In English

Human cannot communicate with one another without language. Good language will affect the effectiveness of the information delivery. Using a good adverb clause is one of effective sentence example. However, the continuous use of adverb clauses will also create redundancies in the delivery of information. Therefore, it is necessary to have a variety of uses of adverb clauses, one of which is the use of reducing adverb clauses. This research provides a description of what elements that can be reduced in the Reduced Adverbial Clause and what changes that occurs in Reduced Adverbial Clause after the reduction process is carried out. The data of this research is collected from corpus with note-taking technique. This study uses qualitative methods with interactive techniques. Interactive technique covers three components, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. This research found that adverbial clause can be reduces as long as it has the same subject. Elements that can be reduced in adverbial clause are subject, subject and auxiliary, and conjunction. The changes of reduced clause can be in the form of present participle, past participle, and clause without subject and auxiliaries. Keywords: Reduced Adverbial Clause, Language, Adverbial Clause

ANALISIS CAMPUR KODE DALAM PEMBELAJARAN DARING SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

AbstractThis study aims to background of code-mixing describe the form of code-mixing and function of code-mixing the teacher learning in class VI primary school.  This research uses descriptive qualitative research design. Subjects in this study is a first grade teacher. The data collection method is observation, interviews and documentation. Observation and interviews methods used to find the data forms and types of code-mixing used by teachers, while documentation methods used to find the data background factors causing the teacher did not mix code. The results showed that the mixed form of code used by teachers is a form of words, phrases, and clauses. Mixed types of code that teachers do is code-mixing and code-mixing into the outside. Factors that cause teachers to use mixed code is (1) the factors of limited user codes, (2) factors speaker and personal speaker, (3) factors conversation partner, (4) the factors of functions and objectives, and (5) use factors more popular term ,