Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research Articles

CLA improves the lipo-nutritional quality of pork and regulates the gut microbiota in Heigai pigs.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potential nutritional strategy to regulate meat quality in pigs and produce high-quality pork. However, the effects of CLA on nutritional quality, lipid dynamics, microbiota, and their metabolites in the gut of pigs remain unclear. Our study explored the effects of CLA on lipo-nutritional quality based on a Heigai pig model and investigated the regulatory mechanism using an integrated analysis of multiple omics. A total of 58 Heigai finishing pigs (body weight: 85.58 ± 10.39 kg) were randomly divided into 2 treatments and fed diets containing 1% soyabean oil and 1% CLA for 40 days. 1% CLA significantly decreased the backfat thickness (P < 0.05) and increased the intramuscular fat (IMF) content (P < 0.05). The expression of lipid metabolism-related genes was significantly changed (P < 0.05) and lipidome analysis showed the alternations of lipid dynamics in the longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM). In addition, based on the microbiome and metabolomic analyses, the relative abundances of Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-010 increased and CLA changed the metabolome profiles and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) composition in the gut, which were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Additionally, Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that differential microbial genera and SCFAs induced by CLA had tight correlations with the backfat thickness, IMF content and lipids in the LDM. CLA enhances the lipid accumulation and metabolism in muscle and these changes are associated with the production and functions of the differential bacteria and SCFAs in the gut of pigs.

Development and storage stability of conjugated linoleic acid fortified yogurt

The core objective of this research work was to fortify milk with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and to develop yogurt. Cow milk was analyzed for proximate analysis, minerals content, fatty acid profile and CLA content. After chemical analysis, milk was fortified with 1, 2 and 3% of CLA and yogurts were made. CLA fortified yogurts of cow milk was analyzed for proximate analysis, titratable acidity, synersis, pH, viscosity, CLA and sensory evaluation. Results showed that the proximate composition significantly changed particular fat. CLA contents also changed significantly. The value of titratable acidity was changed significantly in all treatments whereas the entire samples showed lower value of pH after 14 days storage. All treatments showed higher values of viscosity at 0 day and decreased significantly at 14th day. Yogurt samples showed the lowest syneresis value after 14 days of storage. All the treatments were showed overall acceptability. The sensory evaluation indicated good sensory and high textural quality with the maximum consumer satisfactoriness. The results showed that CLA fortification can meet recommended CLA dietary intake for health benefits.

Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplementation on Expression of B-Cell Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in the Bladder Epithelium of Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke.

Bladder carcinoma is the 10th most common cancer in the world with an incidence about 3% of all cancers. The risk factor for smoking is found in 81% of all cases of bladder carcinoma. One of the protein groups associated with bladder urothelial carcinoma is B-Cell Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) contained in cigarette smoke would increase the proliferation of cancer cells through increased the expression of Bcl-2. The expression of Bcl-2 could be suppressed in the presence of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid that has role in reducing the risk of cancer development which is reported in several studies, and then stimulate cell apoptosis. To determine the effect of CLA supplementation on Bcl-2 expression in the bladder of rats which is exposed to cigarette smoke. The study is an experimental study with true experimental posttest only control group design on Wistar rats. Sample was divided into 2 case groups: 0.5% of diet (125 mg) CLA supplementation in group A, 1% of diet (250 mg) CLA in group B; and 2 control groups: group without CLA supplementation (group C) as positive control and without cigarette smoke exposure (group D) as negative control. The study takes 60 days of exposure and then Bcl-2 expression on bladder epithelial was evaluated by immunohistochemistry staining. The results descriptively showed that rats in group C has an average Bcl-2 expression of 25.8±7.33%, while rats in group D has an average Bcl-2 expression 14.1±7.73% which means cigarette smoke exposure has been shown to increase the expression of Bcl-2 by 45.35% (p=0.019) in the bladder mucosa of experimental animals. Group B obtained an average Bcl-2 expression was 14.2±9.6% and has a significant difference when compared to group C, it shows that the addition of 1% CLA would reduce the expression of Bcl-2 by 44.96% (p=0.032). However, for group A, group with 0.5% diet of CLA supplementation did not showed decrease of Bcl-2 expression when compared to the group C (p=0.37). Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) supplementation 1% of diet can reduce Bcl-2 expression in bladder epithelium of wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to cigarette smoke.

Increasing levels of microalga supplementation in diet on

Context In recent years, microalgae have been used in the diet to improve the quality of animal products due to their oil content and quality, but determining the optimum dose is very important to prevent some fermentation and economic losses in animal production. Aims The study investigated the effects of microalga (DHA-gold) supplementation in the diet at different levels in in vitro ruminal biohydrogenation and fermentation. Methods The treatments were control (no additional oil, forage:concentrate ratio 60:40 on a dry-matter (DM) basis) or the addition of 1%, 2%, and 3% of microalga in the diet on a DM basis. Four rumen-cannulated goats were used as donors for the in vitro experiment. The treatments were incubated using a batch culture technique, and the fatty acid profile and fermentation parameters were determined after 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Key results Total conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-11 C18:1 fatty acids increased with supplementation of microalgae. The 24-h biohydrogenation rate of unsaturated fatty acids varied between 61% and 98%. In addition, the highest CLA content was obtained from the 3% algae group. Biohydrogenation of C18:3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) fatty acids was decreased with the 2% microalga supplementation. The microalga supplementation had no effect on ruminal pH, ruminal acetate, propionate, and butyrate proportions, or the acetate:propionate ratio. Conclusion Under the current in vitro study conditions, 2% microalga supplementation to diet increased the ruminal biohydrogenation intermediate products, such as total CLA and trans-11 C18:1 fatty acid and decreased the ruminal biohydrogenation ratio of n-3 fatty acids (C18:3, EPA, and DHA). Implications Increasing the bioactive and beneficial fatty acids (e.g. CLAs) that are absorbed in the rumen by ruminants and then transferred to animal products (meat, milk) is important. From the results of this in vitro study, dietary microalga increased the ruminal CLA, C18:3, EPA, and DHA concentrations. However, dietary fat level should be evaluated in terms of improving an animal’s performance (growth rate, digestibility, milk yield, carcass, and milk quality).

Improving the production of conjugated linoleic acid from sunflower oil by lactic acid bacteria spp: Effect of calcium carbonate supplementation in fermentation medium

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with various positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (LA) present mainly in food items and produced endogenously in non-ruminants and humans or through fermentation process. It is associated with health-beneficial effects and subject to more research on its natural sources (ruminant-derived foods) and strategies to increase the content in various foodstuffs. Although several studies have reported the most common intake value of 0.8 g/day (0.6 to 3.0 g/day), research for raising in situ concentration should focus on strategies such as in vitro bioconversion of its precursors by bacteria and supplementation of LA rich-oils in foods fermentation process. In this study, the ability of some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from diverse samples to produce CLA from sunflower oil and the effect on production yield of fermentation medium supplementation with carbonate calcium were investigated. Results showed that ten Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Enterococcus faecium produced trans-10, cis-12-CLA isomer accounted for at least 85% of total CLA ranging from 4.64 to 5.22 µg/mL. Despite the fermentation medium supplementation with CaCO3 enhanced the production yield, the residual LA inhibitory effect on bacteria growth governing CLA biosynthesis process was not mitigated. So, although our LAB strains can produce CLA, the more the LA concentration goes up, the more the conversion rate downgrades. Further studies on strains behavior in a wide range of LA concentrations will help establish a stable relationship between bacteria and LA in the presence of CaCO3.

Identification of feeding pattern and their impact on milk fatty acid profiles from traditional dairy cows in Pangalengan Sub-district

Fatty acids (FA) profiles especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are commonly used to distinguish milk quality. However, its content is very sensitive and tends to change with a different type of feed. The study aims to identify the relationship between the feeding system and milk FA profile in the Pangalengan sub-district. The feeding system and milk FA profiles were studied using two-step post observatory research. Step one, milk was collected from 27 traditional-dairy farms using purposive random sampling and compare with a large-scale farm. The result shows that FA profiles vary greatly among traditional-farms especially for long-chain FA (LCFA) which was found in small concentrations. CLA content was also found higher in traditional-farms. Step two, five traditional-farms with the highest CLA milk content were observed for their feeding systems. Parameter observed including cow’s specification, feed type used, and feed intake. The best ration produced high milk CLA and production was the ration consisted of 38 % high-quality forages and 62 % commercial concentrate. Thus, it can be concluded that milk from traditional farms was better than milk from large-scale farms. The best milk CLA was produced with a combination of 38 % high-quality forages and 62 % commercial concentrate.

Impact of a total mixed ration or pasture/pasture silage-based feeding strategy in the initial stages of lactation of spring-calving dairy cows on milk production, composition and selected milk processability parameters

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of feeding strategy on milk production, composition and selected processability parameters in the initial stages of lactation. Twenty Holstein Friesian cows were allocated to one of two dietary treatments (n = 10; 7 multiparous and 3 primiparous) in a randomised complete block design for 21 d from day 10 to day 31 post-calving. Treatment 1 (pasture-based system [PBS]) was a pasture/pasture silage-based diet where cows were offered ad libitum grazed pasture or pasture silage (when weather did not permit grazing) plus 3 kg DM/d or 5 kg DM/d concentrate supplementation, respectively. On average, cows grazed pasture for 7.5 d and were fed pasture silage indoors for 13.5 d. Treatment 2 (TMR) was a total mixed ration (TMR) diet made up of concentrate, plus maize silage, pasture silage, beet pulp, soya bean meal and straw. Multiparous cows were blocked on calving date and balanced for parity and milk yield. Primiparous cows were balanced for live weight. Milk attributes pertinent to composition and functionality (e.g., fatty acids and rennet coagulation time [RCT]) were examined over a 21-d experimental period from day 10 to day 31 post-calving. Cows offered PBS tended to have a lower test day milk yield (PBS = 24.2 kg/cow vs. TMR = 26.8 kg/cow, P = 0.09) and a greater milk urea nitrogen (MUN) content compared to TMR (PBS = 0.030 g/100 g milk vs. TMR = 0.013 g/100 g milk, P &lt; 0.001). Most notably, PBS-derived milks had a greater (P &lt; 0.001) concentration of cis-9 trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) compared to TMR. In conclusion, milk produced during early lactation from both feeding strategies was suitable for processing. Feeding a TMR compared with ad libitum pasture/pasture silage had no impact on average milk pH, casein concentration or RCT. Cows fed a pasture/pasture silage-based diet produced milk with a desirable RCT for milk processing, while the higher MUN content from cows offered PBS did not impact the processability of milk. Furthermore, milk from cows offered PBS had greater concentrations of cis-9 trans-11 CLA, which may offer human health benefits.

Dual keratinocyte-attachment and anti-inflammatory coatings for soft tissue sealing around transmucosal oral implants.

Unlike the attachment of soft epithelial skin tissue to penetrating solid natural structures like fingernails and teeth, sealing around percutaneous/permucosal devices such as dental implants is hindered by inflammation and epidermal down growth. Here, we employed a dual keratinocyte-adhesive peptide and anti-inflammatory biomolecule coating on titanium to promote oral epithelial tissue attachment. For minimizing inflammation-triggered epidermal down growth, we coated pristine and oxygen plasma pre-treated polished titanium (pTi) with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Further, in order to aid in soft tissue attachment via the formation of hemidesmosomes, adhesive structures by oral keratinocytes, we coated the anionic linoleic acid (LA) adsorbed titanium with cationic cell adhesive peptides (CAP), LamLG3, a peptide derived from Laminin 332, the major extracellular matrix component of the basement membrane in skin tissue and Net1, derived from Netrin-1, a neural chemoattractant capable of epithelial cell attachment via α6β4 integrins. The dual CLA-CAP coatings on pTi were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and dynamic water contact angle measurements. The proliferation of human oral keratinocytes (TERT-2/OKF6) was accelerated on the peptide coated titanium while also promoting the expression of Col XVII and β-4 integrin, two markers for hemidesmosomes. Simultaneously, CLA coating suppressed the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (anti-iNOS); a pro-inflammatory M1 marker expressed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and elevated expression of anti-CD206, associated to an anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype. Taken together, the dual keratinocyte-adhesive peptide and anti-inflammatory biomolecule coating on titanium can help reduce inflammation and promote permucosal/peri-implant soft tissue sealing.

Heterologous expression of a novel linoleic acid isomerase BBI, and effect of fusion tags on its performance

Functional proteins with the ability to isomerise free linoleic acid (LA) to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are termed linoleic acid isomerases (LAI). BBI is a novel LAI from Bifidobacterium breve with unique advantages in the production of a single CLA isomer; however, its complex membrane-bound form hampers over-expression of the protein in its natural host. To overcome this challenge, heterologous expression of BBI in Pichia pastoris was studied. Further, to investigate the influence of His-tags on the heterologous expression of BBI, three P. pastoris recombinant strains carrying either a C-terminal His-tag, an N-terminal His-tag, or none were constructed. The expression of recombinant proteins was analysed by dot and western blotting, and the enzyme activity was determined by GC-MS. The results show that the three P. pastoris recombinant strains successfully expressed the recombinant protein and had LAI activity. Compared with those BBIs without a His-tag or carrying a His-tag on the C-terminus, the BBI carrying an N-terminal His-tag had reduced expression and enzyme activity and that was also explained by the protein modelling analysis. Moreover, this study highlights the advantages of using P. pastoris for BBI expression to achieve efficient production of c9, t11-CLA monomers; the highest conversion rate of the substrate LA was over 80%, resulting in the production of 0.81 mg of c9, t11-CLA per mg of crude enzyme.

Investigation of the Effect of Linoleic Acid on Vascularization in Experimentally Induce Zoledronic Acid-Related Osteonecrosis in Rats

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is an increasingly common pathological condition whose pathophysiology is not fully understood and can be difficult to manage. The unique biological effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) include angiogenic, anticarcinogenic, antiatherosclerotic, antioxidative, immunomodulative and antibacterial effects. The aim of this study is to compare the osteonecrosis areas created by tooth extraction with the control group using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after the administration of zoledronic acid (ZA), CLA and a combination of both in the rat jaw. A total of 50 Wistar Albino male rats weighing 400-450 grams were used. The groups were randomly divided into 5 groups: the control group, the sham group, the group that received ZA, the groups that received CLA with ZA (100 mg / kg and 200 mg / kg), and the study lasted a total of 10 weeks. Regardless of the use of ZA, it was observed by SEM that vascularization was impaired in all groups with tooth extraction. Neovascularization did not occur in the groups where CLA was applied, regardless of the dose. It was concluded that SEM analysis and corrosion casts technique can be considered as an alternative method in such studies due to its accessibility and low cost in observing dental vascularization. However, no definite conclusion could be reached about the neovascularization efficiency of CLA within the period evaluated after tooth extraction.

In Vitro Probiotic Characteristics and Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Lactobacillus Strains Isolated from Cattle-Yak Milk.

Simple SummaryCattle-yak milk is rich in numerous bioactive substances that function beyond their nutritive value. Given the high content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), this exponent suggests a potential role for cattle-yak milk in preventing cancer, heart disease, and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes. It is expected to isolate probiotic strains with natural and excellent characteristics in optimizing human health. However, little research data and much fewer studies on probiotics from cattle-yak milk are reported. Therefore, in the present study, the beneficial strains from cattle-yak milk were identified to evaluate probiotic characteristics of potential strains, and to screen potential probiotics with an emphasis on making better use of milk in such extreme climatic environments. These findings support the potential application of cattle-yak milk in human health, animal food processing, and drug production in the future as a potential candidate for probiotics.Cattle-yak milk is an important raw material and an indispensable source of high-quality food for local farmers and herdsmen to produce ghee, milk residue, yogurt, and other dairy products. In this study, Lactobacillus strains were isolated from cattle-yak milk for potential probiotic candidates using a series of in vitro tests, including probiotic characterization and safety evaluation (antibiotic susceptibility and hemolytic ability). The results found that the Lactobacillus rhamnosus CY12 strain showed a high survival rate in bile salts, under acid conditions, and in the gastrointestinal juice environment, as well as showing high antimicrobial activity and adhesive potential. The safety evaluation showed that all strains were considered non-hemolytic. In addition, the whole-genome sequencing indicated that the strain CY12 spanned 2,506,167 bp, with an average length of 881 bp; the GC content in the gene region (%) was 47.35, contained 1347 protein-coding sequences, and accounted for 85.72% of the genome. The genome annotation showed that genes mainly focused on the immune system process, metabolic process, carbohydrate utilization, carbon metabolism, galactose metabolism, and biological adhesion, etc. This study revealed that the Lactobacillus rhamnosus CY12 strain might be an excellent potential probiotic in the development of feed additives for animals and has the ability to promote health.

Cis-9, Trans-11 CLA Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depression of Fatty Acid Synthesis by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Autophagy in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the dominating endotoxin of Gram-negative bacteria, which can cause mastitis. Bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), as major components of the mammary gland, usually suffer LPS challenge. Cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory characteristics, while its anti-oxidative ability to maintain cellular homeostasis in BMECs under LPS challenge is limited. Therefore, we studied whether cis-9, trans-11 CLA can restore the disturbance of cellular homeostasis indicated by the redox status and autophagy level caused by LPS and have an effect on cellular function- milk fat metabolism. For oxidative stress, LPS challenge promoted the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and decreased the concentration of glutathione. Anti-oxidative signaling regulated by transcription factor nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2) was also depressed by LPS at the mRNA and protein level. However, cis-9, trans-11 CLA pretreatment downregulated the formation of ROS and TBARS and upregulated the expression of antioxidative enzymes. As a part of innate immunity, autophagy was also motivated by LPS challenge, while CLA decreased the autophagy level. LPS and H2O2 inhibited milk fat synthesis-related transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP1), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG) and their downstream enzymes. Furthermore, 50 uM cis-9, trans-11 CLA promoted the mRNA and protein abundance of milk fat synthesis-related genes and lipid droplet formation in BMECs. In conclusion, LPS challenge disturbed the cellular homeostasis and depressed milk fat synthesis in BMECs; while cis-9, trans-11 CLA alleviated oxidative stress and decreased autophagy level, thus promoting milk fat synthesis, which offers a natural therapeutic strategy for mastitis.

Trans 10, cis 12, but Not cis 9, trans 11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomer Enhances Exercise Endurance by Increasing Oxidative Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type via Toll-like Receptor 4 Signaling in Mice.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been implicated in regulating muscle fiber. However, which isomer elicits this effect and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, male C57BL6/J mice and C2C12 cells were treated with two CLA isomers, and the exercise endurance, skeletal muscle fiber type, and involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling were assessed. The results demonstrated that dietary t10, c12, but not c9, t11-CLA isomer enhanced exercise endurance of mice (from 115.88 ± 11.21 to 130.00 ± 15.84 min, P < 0.05) and promoted the formation of oxidative muscle fiber type of gastrocnemius muscle (from 0.15 ± 0.04 to 0.24 ± 0.05, P < 0.05). Consistently, t10, c12-CLA isomer increased the mRNA expression of oxidative muscle fiber type in C2C12 myotubes (from 1.00 ± 0.08 to 2.65 ± 1.77, P < 0.05). In addition, t10, c12-CLA isomer increased TLR4 signaling expression in skeletal muscle and C2C12 myotubes. More importantly, knockdown of TLR4 eliminated the t10, c12-CLA isomer-induced enhancement of exercise endurance in mice and elevation of oxidative muscle fiber type in C2C12 myotubes and gastrocnemius muscle. Together, these findings showed that t10, c12, but not c9, t11-CLA isomer enhances exercise endurance by increasing oxidative skeletal muscle fiber type via TLR4 signaling.

Egg inoculation of conjugated linoleic acid and lauric acid in meat quails

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation in egg with sources of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lauric acid (LA) on hatchability, zootechnical performance and carcass characteristics of quails from one to 35 days of age. On the 7th day of incubation, the eggs were inoculated with 0.05 mL of the supplement according to the treatments, CLA and LA. After birth, the birds were housed in cages until 35 days. A completely randomized design was used, with six treatments and six replicates of 10 birds per cage. The inoculations in eggs with CLA and LA did not interfere in the performance and carcass characteristics of quails at 21 and 35 days of age. However, may be associated with a decrease in egg hatchability. The highest absolute weight of the gizzard was observed at 35 days, from birds inoculated in egg with CLA 240 mg and LA 60 mg in the incubation phase, in comparison to the other treatments. In conclusion, the reduction in hatchability makes it impossible to recommend the use of conjugated linoleic acid and lauric acid - in ovo.

Effect of walnut oil on the fatty acid content of probiotic kefir produced either with kefir grains or kefir starter cultures

The effect was determined of the addition of walnut oil, fermentation and storage time on the composition, microbiota and fatty acid (FA) content of kefir made with kefir grains and direct vat set starter cultures plus the monocultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12. The addition of oil did not change the proportions of the microorganism groups; however, the amount of polyunsaturated FAs increased. The fermentation process did not alter the FA content. Nonetheless, during refrigerated storage, its content underwent a change. Decreases were noted in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), strearic, vaccenic, γ-linolenic, eicosenoic acid content, while increases in selected short- and medium-saturated FAs were observed. The amount of capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic and margarine FA increased during the storage of kefir with oil addition. However, the possibility of producing kefir with kefir grains or industrial probiotic kefirs naturally enriched in CLA has been excluded.

AACE2021-A-1057: The Effect of CLA and Il-13 Treatment on Differentiation Properties of Human Leukaemic Cells (THP-1)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of IL13 and CLA on differentiation properties of Macrophages to M2 type using an acute monocytic leukemia (THP1) and further measurement of CD206 (MR) and CD163 as a markers of differentiation using FACS analyzer. Also, to investigate whether M2 differentiation is up regulated through the activation of PPARγ, by the addition of its antagonist GW9662 to down regulate CD206 (MR) expression. The human monocytic cell line THP-1 cell was first derived from the peripheral blood of a 1 year old male with acute monocytic leukemia. Cell Culture Manipulation and sub-culture for the expression CD206 (MR) in CLA and IL-13-treated THP-1 cells. THEN CD206 (MR) expression in CLA and IL-13-treated THP-1 cells in the presence of GW9662. In this study the In-vitro differentiation of monocytes to M2 were enhanced by using Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers and IL-13, The result shows significant increase in MR (M2 marker) expression on the surface of differentiated cells as well there was significant decrease (P>.005) in the expression of CD 163 suggesting no up regulation occur. The expression of M2 markers (CD206) and PPARγ, a nuclear receptor controlling macrophage inflammation, correlate positively. This was clear when cells were treated with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 (1μM), the amount of CD206 expression was reduced in both (IL13 and CLA). In conclusion the conducted study shows that CLA and IL-13 enhance the ability of Macrophages to differentiate from M1 to M2 thus promote the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages phenotype also it demonstrated that PPARγ activation induces polarization of monocytes towards a beneficial M2 phenotype suggesting that CLA and IL-13 partly modulate their action through PPARγ activation.

Bifidobacterium longum Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Producing Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Protecting Intestinal Mechanical Barrier, Restoring Unbalanced Gut Microbiota, and Regulating the Toll-Like Receptor-4/Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway.

This study aimed to explore the effects and differences of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-producing Bifidobacterium longum on the alleviation of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and to explore its patterns. Different B. longum strains were administered at 109 cfu/day 7 days before DSS treatment. B. longum CCFM681 significantly increased goblet cells, mucin2 (MUC2), claudin-3, α-catenin1, and ZO-1, but neither B. longum CCFM760 nor B. longum CCFM642 had those protective effects. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were downregulated, while IL-10 was upregulated by B. longum CCFM681 but neither by B. longum CCFM760 nor by B. longum CCFM642. Moreover, B. longum CCFM681 treatment inhibited the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. Furthermore, B. longum CCFM681 treatment rebalanced gut microbiota via regulating the diversity and key microorganisms. Colonic CLA concentrations in mice fed with B. longum CCFM681 were significantly higher than that of DSS-exposed mice, while those in B. longum CCFM760 and B. longum CCFM642 groups showed insignificant difference compared with the DSS group. Moreover, CLA showed a significantly positive correlation with the effectiveness of relieving colitis. B. longum CCFM681 alleviated colitis by protecting the intestinal mechanical barrier, modulating the gut microbiota, and inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and associated pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results will help the clinical trials of probiotics and the development of functional products for colitis.

Cancer Influences the Elemental Composition of the Myocardium More Strongly than Conjugated Linoleic Acids-Chemometric Approach to Cardio-Oncological Studies.

The aim of the study was to verify in a cardio-oncological model experiment if conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) fed to rats with mammary tumors affect the content of selected macro- and microelements in their myocardium. The diet of Sprague–Dawley females was supplemented either with CLA isomers or with safflower oil. In hearts of rats suffering from breast cancer, selected elements were analyzed with a quadrupole mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma ionization (ICP-MS). In order to better understand the data trends, cluster analysis, principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were applied. Mammary tumors influenced macro- and microelements content in the myocardium to a greater extent than applied diet supplementation. Significant influences of diet (p = 0.0192), mammary tumors (p = 0.0200) and interactions of both factors (p = 0.0151) were documented in terms of Fe content. CLA significantly decreased the contents of Cu and Mn (p = 0.0158 and p = 0.0265, respectively). The level of Ni was significantly higher (p = 0.0073), which was more pronounced in groups supplemented with CLA. The obtained results confirmed antioxidant properties of CLA and the relationship with Se deposition. Chemometric techniques distinctly showed that the coexisting pathological process induced differences to the greater extent than diet supplementation in the elemental content in the myocardium, which may impinge on cardiac tissue’s susceptibility to injuries.

Liver proteome profiling in dairy cows during the transition from gestation to lactation: Effects of supplementation with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids as explored by PLS-DA

This study aimed at investigating the synergistic effects of essential fatty acids (EFA) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on the liver proteome profile of dairy cows during the transition to lactation. 16 Holstein cows were infused from 9 wk. antepartum to 9 wk. postpartum into the abomasum with either coconut oil (CTRL) or a mixture of EFA (linseed + safflower oil) and CLA (EFA + CLA). Label-free quantitative proteomics was performed in liver tissue biopsied at days −21, +1, +28, and + 63 relative to calving. Differentially abundant proteins (DAP) between treatment groups were identified at the intersection between a multivariate and a univariate analysis. In total, 1680 proteins were identified at each time point, of which between groups DAP were assigned to the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, steroid hormone biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and glutathione metabolism. Cytochrome P450, as a central hub, enriched with specific CYP enzymes comprising: CYP51A1 (d − 21), CYP1A1 & CYP4F2 (d + 28), and CYP4V2 (d + 63). Collectively, supplementation of EFA + CLA in transition cows impacted hepatic lipid metabolism and enriched several common biological pathways at all time points that were mainly related to ω-oxidation of fatty acids through the Cytochrome p450 pathway. SignificanceIn three aspects this manuscript is notable. First, this is among the first longitudinal proteomics studies in nutrition of dairy cows. The selected time points are critical periods around parturition with profound endocrine and metabolic adaptations. Second, our findings provided novel information on key drivers of biologically relevant pathways suggested according to previously reported performance, zootechnical, and metabolism data (already published elsewhere). Third, our results revealed the role of cytochrome P450 that is hardly investigated, and of ω-oxidation pathways in the metabolism of fatty acids with the involvement of specific enzymes.

Longitudinal liver proteome profiling in dairy cows during the transition from gestation to lactation: Investigating metabolic adaptations and their interactions with fatty acids supplementation via repeated measurements ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis

Repeated measurements analysis of variance – simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) has been developed to handle complex longitudinal omics datasets and combine novel information with existing data. Herein, we aimed at applying ASCA to 64 liver proteomes collected at 4-time points (day −21, +1, +28, and + 63 relative to parturition) from 16 Holstein cows treated from 9 wk. antepartum to 9 wk. postpartum (PP) with coconut oil (CTRL) or a mixture of essential fatty acids (EFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (EFA + CLA). The ASCA modeled 116, 43, and 97 differentially abundant proteins (DAP) during the transition to lactation, between CTRL and EFA + CLA, and their interaction, respectively. Time-dependent DAP were annotated to pathways related to the metabolism of carbohydrates, FA, and amino acid in the PP period. The DAP between FA and the interaction effect were annotated to the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, retinol metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Collectively, ASCA provided novel information on molecular markers of metabolic adaptations and their interactions with EFA + CLA supplementation. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that supplemental EFA + CLA amplified hepatic FA oxidation; cytochrome P450 was enriched to maintain metabolic homeostasis by oxidation/detoxification of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. SignificanceThis report is among the first ones applying repeated measurement analysis of variance–simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) to deal with longitudinal proteomics results. ASCA separately identified differentially abundant proteins (DAP) in ‘transition time’, ‘between fatty acid treatments’, and ‘their interaction’. We first identified the molecular signature of hepatic metabolic adaptations during postpartum negative energy balance; the enriched pathways were well-known pathways related to mobilizing fatty acids (FA) and amino acids to support continuous energy production through fatty acid oxidation, TCA cycle, and gluconeogenesis. Some of the DAP were not previously reported in transition dairy cows. Secondly, we provide novel information on the mechanisms by which supplemented essential FA and conjugated linoleic acids interact with hepatic metabolism. In this regard, FA amplified hepatic detoxifying and oxidation capacity through ligand activation of nuclear receptors. Finally, we briefly compared the strengths and weaknesses of the ASCA model with PLS-DA and outlined why these methods are complementary.