Conical Vessel Research Articles

Flow of water out of a funnel

The unsteady Bernoulli equation is used to numerically determine the surface height and velocity distribution of water flowing out of a conical tube as a function of time. The speed is found to interpolate between freefall for a cylindrical pipe of constant radius and Torricelli’s law for a funnel having a small exit hole. In addition, the applied force needed to hold the conical vessel in place is calculated using Newton’s second law including the rocket thrust due to the water flowing out of the funnel. A comparison is made with the analogous expressions for the flow through and holding force on a right cylindrical tank having a hole in its bottom face. The level of presentation is appropriate for an undergraduate calculus-based physics course in mechanics that includes a module on fluid dynamics.

Development of a laboratory setup for destruction of oil-water emulsions

The work describes a laboratory setup developed by the authors for destruction of oil-water emulsions. The setup can be used in chemical analytical testing laboratories as new auxiliary equipment for preparing samples of crude oils, which are oil-water emulsions, for obtaining dehydrated oil. The setup includes two borosilicate glass units: heating unit and desiccating unit. The heating unit consists of a conical vessel equipped with a heating element for programmable heating and thermostating of the vessel. The desiccating unit consists of a vessel with a drain hole at the bottom, into which, if necessary, a water-absorbing reagent (calcium chloride) is placed for deeper dehydration of the separated oil phase. The units are connected to each other by a glass adapter, which is equipped with two PTFE or KhN-1 type taps, for collecting water and oil phases into different receiving bottles. Feasibility of using calcium chloride as a drying agent was confirmed by a series of experiments on a model oil sample, in which fractions that boiled away at temperatures below 300 °C were preliminary removed. The data obtained confirmed the absence of partial adsorption of resinous-asphaltene substances during the passage of the separated oil phase through the drying reagent layer. Metrological characteristics of determining separated water fraction were calculated to assess the effectiveness of the laboratory installation. The result of using the developed laboratory setup is the complete destruction of direct and reverse type water-oil emulsions of varying degrees of stability, which could not be demulsified by known laboratory methods. As a result, separated oil phases with a water content of below 1% were obtained, which allows carrying out laboratory studies of oils to determine their composition and properties both to characterize the oils themselves and to establish the reasons for stability of analyzed emulsions.

Beyond Stevin’s law: the Janssen effect

We give a detailed derivation of the equation describing the height distribution of the vertical pressure in both cylindrical and conical vessels filled with granular material. It is surprising that for a convergent hopper, the vertical pressure can reach a maximum at some intermediate depth (the enhanced Janssen effect). The consideration of this problem will be useful for undergraduates, who study the statics of heterogeneous media.

Conical vessel screw agitator fabrication after design and structural analysis for dry mixing of chemical ingredients for pharmaceutical tablets

Conical vessel screw agitator fabrication after design and structural analysis for dry mixing of chemical ingredients for pharmaceutical tablets

An Assesment of Middle Chalcolithic Pottery from the Kulaksızlar Excavations in Central-Western Anatolia

This study examines the pottery assemblage recovered from rescue excavations conducted in 2018 and 2019 at the prehistoric site of Kulaksızlar, which took its name from a synonymous village near the town of Akhisar in Manisa province. The site of Kulaksızlar is best known as a marble workshop concentrating on the production of Kilia Type figurines and conical vessels, both being hallmarks of the second half of the fifth millennium BC in western Anatolia. Kulaksızlar is a settlement that contributes to our knowledge of the Middle Chalcolithic period, which was poorly understood in the past. The pottery assemblage from two seasons of rescue excavations is important as its analysis allows us to place the site in its temporal and cultural context and helps us to understand the material world of the inhabitants of the site other than working with marble.

Release mechanisms and waves interaction during liquified CO2 depressurization in a double-membrane conical vessel

An unintended release of liquid CO2 during its transport results in depressurization with rapid phase transitions, evaporation, and expansion. Such progression may lead to catastrophic container failure with boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). Therefore, to design safe CO2 transport structures, it is essential to investigate the processes associated with CO2 depressurization. This paper presents a new test rig combining a divergent cross-sectional test vessel with a double-membrane rupturing system. The rig is designed to study the effect of diverging cross sections on phase transition rates and wave propagation during liquid CO2 depressurization. The apparatus has a high-pressure (HP) conical-shaped vessel and a medium-pressure slip-on flange section (MPS) that separates two membranes. The main contribution is examining rupturing methods and subsequent generated waves behavior to evaluate the installation performance. Pressure histories and high-speed video recordings were utilized to analyze the wave pattern and membrane rupturing mechanisms by increasing or decreasing the MPS pressure. A comparison of these two techniques demonstrates that decreasing the MPS pressure requires an extended period between diaphragms rupture and has a lower evaporation wavefront velocity than increasing the MPS pressure. Increasing the MPS pressure method has better reliability and simplicity and provides a more controllable operating system. Increasing the MPS pressure avoids a complicated wave pattern in the test section and prolonged rupturing time.ArticleHighlightsThe conical vessel with a double membrane shows the wave structure during saturated liquid CO2 depressurization.During liquified CO2 decompression, the double-membrane rupturing sequence affects the expansion wave pattern and evaporation rate.By decreasing the medium-section pressure, slower wave propagation and complex reflected waves are observed in the test section.

Investigations at the Trypillia settlement near Hlybochok village in Cherkasy Oblast

The Trypillia settlement is located at the western edge of Hlybochok village (former Zvenyhorodka district of Cherkasy Oblast), at the plateau of the western bank of the Hirskyi Tikych River. According to the geophysical surveys, the settlement size reached 100 ha. Its dwellings were organized into two ellipses. The remains of two dwellings (ploshchadki) were excavated in 1994—1995. Ploshchadka No. 1 was located in the southern part of the external construction ellipse, while ploshchadka No. 2 was located in the second internal ellipse at the eastern part of the site. The remains of both houses had a rectangular shape and included several layers of burnt clay. Houses had fireplaces on the lower storey. The second house also included an elevation of rectangular shape with grinding stones. Living areas are associated with the upper storey of houses. The majority of materials, mainly kitchen and table pottery, were found between the layers of burnt clay. Kitchen pottery (6—7 %) is represented by conical bowls and pots with S-shaped profiles with poor ornamentation. Table pottery (92—93 %) is represented by ceramics ornamented with black monochromic painting. Nearly 45 % of pottery forms and 25 % of ornamentation schemes were reconstructed. Ceramic shapes are represented by bowls, goblets, biconical, spherical and conical vessels, amphorae, pear-shaped vessels, leads, craters, pots and binocular-shaped vessels. Anthropomorphic figurines were found in fragments. The Hlybochok settlement is referred to the late phase of Nebelivska group (the end of BII period) of the development of the Western Trypillia culture. The settlement is dated to the range of 3925—3825 BC. The Nebelivska group marks the migration of the Western Trypillia culture populations to the north-eastern direction, towards the Middle Dnieper region. Its further development between the Ros and the Dnieper rivers resulted in the formation of Kanivska local group, which pottery is also characterized by the influence of the Eastern Trypillia traditions. In the indigenous area the Nebelivska local group was replaced by the Tomashivska group.

Evaporation characteristics during decompression of liquified CO2 from a conical-shaped vessel

Safe transport of pressurized CO2 requires a profound knowledge of the processes' effect during the phase transition on catastrophic failure of a tanker filled with liquid CO2. This study presents experimental results and analyses associated with the characteristics of expansion waves during depressurization of liquified CO2 in a divergent cross-section vessel. It explores the rarefaction and evaporation waves velocities analyzed in different three vessel's regions based on the pressure records. Results showed that the evaporation wave velocity increased downward with decreasing cross-section and increased liquid volume fraction. Also, the upstream state properties after the isentropic expansion in the metastable region were determined. The results were compared with previously achieved outcomes of CO2 decompression from a constant cross-section rectangular duct.Comparisons indicated significant differences in the wave pattern. So, expansion waves velocities varying in different vessel regions while they were nearly constant for the duct. The evaporation wave velocities were nearly identical for the duct and the upper conical vessel's regions. But their divergence increased as the evaporation wave propagated downwards. Furthermore, the downstream two-phase flow in the conical vessel propagated in an increased cross-section toward the exit. In comparison, there was non-spontaneous two-phase propagation behind the evaporation wave due to the small exit cross-section in the rectangular duct. Additionally, during the isentropic expansion, the degree of superheat was higher for the conical vessel than the duct, resulting in significant discrepancies in the upstream flow properties.

Computational Modeling of Flow Characteristics in Three Products Hydrocyclone Screen

Three products hydrocyclone screen (TPHS) can be considered as the combination of a conventional hydrocyclone and a cylindrical screen. In this device, particles are separated based on size under the centrifugal classification coupling screening effect. The objective of this work is to explore the characteristics of fluid flow in TPHS using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The 2 million grid scheme, volume fraction model, and linear pressure–strain Reynolds stress model were utilized to generate the economical grid-independence solution. The pressure profile reveals that the distribution of static pressure was axisymmetric, and its value was reduced with the increasing axial depth. The maximum and minimum were located near the tangential inflection point of the feed inlet and the outlets, respectively. However, local asymmetry was created by the left tangential inlet and the right screen underflow outlet. Furthermore, at the same axial height, the static pressure gradually decreased along the wall to the center. Near the cylindrical screen, the pressure difference between the inside and the outside cylindrical screen dropped from positive to negative as the axial depth increased from −35 to −185 mm. Besides, TPHS shows similar distributions of turbulence intensity I, turbulence kinetic energy k, and turbulence dissipation rate ε; i.e., the values fell with the decrease in axial height. Meanwhile, from high to low, the pressure values are distributed in the feed chamber, the cylindrical screen, and conical vessel; the value inside the screen was higher than the outer value.

The structural design of the decay volume for the Search for Hidden Particles (SHIP) project

The Search for Hidden Particles (SHiP) experiment is a new general-purpose fixed target facility proposed at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) accelerator to search for long-lived exotic particles associated with Hidden Sectors and Dark Matter. This paper reports on the structural design of SHiP’s decay volume, a > 2000 m3 conical vessel under vacuum that should host several large particle physics detector systems. In the field of structural and seismic engineering, the design study in a very multidisciplinary international collaboration has represented a stimulating research challenge. The goal of the design of the decay is to produce a structure as light and as slim as possible to stay within the geometrical envelop determined in the physics simulations. A complete study has been performed with all the steps from the conceptual design, including the interaction with other components and the plant systems, to the assembly procedures for the decay volume realization. The complexity of the case study has been driven by the need of finding the appropriate compromise between the physics performance, the structural aspects, the executive, constructive and operational issues, and the economical constraints. The assembly strategy, the welding techniques, and the expected construction time are discussed in view of the extremely complex installation phase. Building Integrated Model (BIM) methodology is also proposed as an essential tool to coordinate the entire process of designing and managing not only the decay volume but the entire project.

A review of flux identification methods for models of sedimentation.

Most models of sedimentation contain the nonlinear hindered-settling flux function. If one assumes ideal conditions and no compression, then there exist several theoretically possible ways of identifying a large portion of the flux function from only one experiment by means of formulas derived from the theory of solutions of partial differential equations. Previously used identification methods and recently published such, which are based on utilizing conical vessels or centrifuges, are reviewed and compared with synthetic data (simulated experiments). This means that the identification methods are evaluated from a theoretical viewpoint without experimental errors or difficulties. The main contribution of the recent methods reviewed is that they, in theory, can identify a large portion of the flux function from a single experiment, in contrast to the traditional method that provides one point on the flux curve from each test. The new methods lay the foundation of rapid flux identification; however, experimental procedures need to be elaborated.

Customized stent‐grafts for endovascular aneurysm repair with challenging necks: A numerical proof of concept

Endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) is a challenging intervention whose long-term success strongly depends on the appropriate stent-graft (SG) selection and sizing. Most off-the-shelf SGs are straight and cylindrical. Especially in challenging vessel morphologies, the morphology of off-the-shelf SGs is not able to meet the patient-specific demands. Advanced manufacturing technologies facilitate the development of highly customized SGs. Customized SGs that have the same morphology as the luminal vessel surface could considerably improve the quality of the EVAR outcome with reduced likelihoods of EVAR related complications such as endoleaks type I and SG migration. In this contribution, we use an in silico EVAR methodology that approximates the deployed state of the elastically deformable SG in a hyperelastic, anisotropic vessel. The in silico EVAR results of off-the-shelf SGs and customized SGs are compared qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of mechanical and geometrical parameters such as stent stresses, contact tractions, SG fixation forces and the SG-vessel attachment. In a numerical proof of concept, eight different vessel morphologies, such as a conical vessel, a barrel shaped vessel and a curved vessel, are used to demonstrate the added value of customized SGs compared to off-the-shelf SGs. The numerical investigation has shown large benefits of the highly customized SGs compared to off-the-shelf SGs with respect to a better SG-vessel attachment and a considerable increase in SG fixation forces of up to 50% which indicate decreased likelihoods of EVAR related complications. Hence, this numerical proof of concept motivates further research and development of highly customized SGs for the use in challenging vessel morphologies.

Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Juice and Water by Modified Continuous Sample Drop Flow Microextraction Combined with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

In this paper, the technique of continuous sample drop flow microextraction (CSDF-ME) is developed by the addition of a narrow-necked conical vessel. In the developed technique, an organic solvent denser than water is used for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from fruit juice and river water, followed by analysis with GC-MS. Eight milliliters of the sample solution is pumped at 0.5 mL min−1 flow rate into 12.0 μL extraction solvent (chloroform) and placed in the narrow-necked conical vessel for extraction and pre-concentration processes. Under optimal condition, the enrichment factor (EF) and linearity are found to be in the range of 102–380 and 500.0 μg L−1 with correlation coefficient greater than 0.98, respectively. The detection limit is in the range of 0.3–1.0 μg L−1 and LOQ ranged from 2.0–5.0 μg L−1. The relative standard division (RSD) of six replicate measurements for three different concentrations (i.e., 15.0, 50.0, 150.0 μg L−1) is 3.8–8.4%, 2.6–6.0%, and 2.2–4.8%, respectively. Values of RSD% of the target pesticides at 50.0 μg L−1 concentration levels are less than 6.0%.

Estimating the hindered-settling flux function from a batch test in a cone

The hindered-settling velocity function for the modelling, simulation and control of secondary settling tanks can be determined from batch tests. The conventional method is to measure the velocity of the descending sludge-supernatant interface (sludge blanket) as the change in height over time in a vessel with constant cross-sectional area. Each such experiment provides one point on the flux curve since, under idealizing assumptions (monodisperse suspension, no wall-effects), the concentration of sludge remains constant just below the sludge blanket until some wave from the bottom reaches it. A newly developed method of estimation, based on the theory of nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations, is applied to both synthetic and experimental data. The method demonstrates that a substantial portion of the flux function may be estimated from a single batch test in a conical vessel. The new method takes into consideration that during an ideal settling experiment in a cone, the concentration just below the sludge blanket increases with time since the mass of suspended solids occupy a reduced volume over time.

Numerical study on the flow of high viscous fluids out of conical vessels under low-frequency vibration

The flow processes of high viscous fluids out of a conical vessel under low-frequency vibration are studied numerically by computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and the effects of various rheological parameters as well as vibration parameters on the flow processes are investigated in detail. The results show that the flowrates of Newtonian fluids are dependent on the flow coefficients for outflow and inflow, while the flowrates of non-Newtonian fluids are affected by the change of viscosity induced by vibration in addition to the flow coefficient difference. An outflow enhancement occurs in the high viscous shear thinning fluids. However, for low viscous shear thinning fluids, the outflow reduction induced by the flow coefficient difference is large enough to offset the outflow enhancement induced by the decrease of viscosity. Likewise, for shear thickening fluids, the outflow retardation is observed due to the increase of viscosity induced by the vibration. What's more, the flow processes of fluids in a vertically-vibrated conical vessel are also dependent on vibration frequency and amplitude, and different settings of vibration parameters may lead to outflow enhancement, outflow retardation or even backflow, which is helpful to achieve the control of flowrate through adjusting vibration parameters only.

Fluid dynamics of flow fields in a disposable 600-mL orbitally shaken bioreactor

Orbitally shaken bioreactors (OSRs) are commonly used for the cultivation of mammalian cells in suspension. Here we conducted a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to characterize the fluid field in the disposable 600-mL orbitally shaken bioreactor (OSR600), basically a cylindrical vessel with a conical bottom and a ventilated cap. The CFD models established for the OSR600 were validated by visual comparison of the liquid flow pattern in an experimentally agitated OSR600. In the model, both shear stress and energy dissipation rate (Φ) were calculated to evaluate the hydrodynamic stress environment for cell cultivation. The highest values of shear stress and Φ were localized along the lower part of the conical vessel wall. The effect of filling volume and shaking speed on kLa, Φ and shear stress were also analyzed. An increase of the percentage of the liquid affected by higher shear stress and Φ was observed at filling volumes of 300mL and 400mL compared to lower filling volumes. This may be due to the twisted curvature at the base of the liquid wave under these conditions. In conclusion, the CFD model provided a means to characterize the fluid dynamics of the OSR600 under various operating conditions to help identify those most suitable for cell cultivation.

Fluidization of titania nanoparticle agglomerates in a bench-scale conical vessel

TiO2 nano-particles (NPs) with an average primary size of 30nm were fluidized by nitrogen and air in a bench-scale conical vessel. The NPs tended to form simple-agglomerates with porous structures because of weak physical inter-particle forces. When the NPs were fluidized, they agglomerated further to form complex-agglomerates with coral-like structures, several hundred microns in size. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of these structures based on the experimental results. Agglomeration analysis by a laser technique and TEM imaging was used to measure the size of agglomerates. Bed collapse tests and bed expansion experiments were performed in the bed. The pressure-drop and bed height, as well as the gas velocity, were compared for NPs and micro-particles. The average size of agglomerates was estimated by both fractal analysis and based on the modified Richardson–Zaki equation. Model predictions are mostly in good agreement with the experimental data.

Investigation of the ultrasonic sound signals during the cementing materials induration

The paper is devoted to investigation mechanism of cement mixture setting and stiffening. Method for registration of the acoustic oscillations induced during the heterophase transitions executing in liquid medium was proposed (method of acoustic emission (AE)). Using of conical vessel serving as a resonator allows the amplification of registered acoustic signal and provides high sensitivity of the registration. The experimental results show that the using of AE-method allows remote monitoring of the dynamics of concrete mixtures condition during setting. Therefore, this method can be successfully applied in building as a non-destructive method for determining the start and end of the solidification of the cement solution.

Behaviour of composite conical tanks under hydrostatic pressure

Conical vessels are used around the globe for liquid storage in water tanks. These vessels can be made of steel, reinforced concrete, or composite; i.e. concrete and steel. Composite vessels consist of an external steel shell attached to an internal reinforced concrete wall through steel studs. Previous studies available in the literature focused on studying steel or reinforced concrete vessels. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper presents the first comprehensive study conducted on liquid-filled composite tanks. A Finite Element Model for Composite tanks (CFEM), which accounts for both the geometric and material nonlinearities, is developed. The material nonlinearity is considered by including nonlinear models for both steel and concrete. The developed CFEM also considers nonlinear behaviour of studs by including the nonlinear load-slip and load-peel curves obtained from test results reported in the literature. In the CFEM, both the concrete and steel walls are modelled using 13-node subparametric shell elements, while the connecting studs between the two walls are modelled using 26-node contact elements using a smearing approach. Validation of the CFEM is conducted by modelling two composite slabs from the literature and comparing the results with their counterparts obtained from the conducted experiments. The CFEM is used to evaluate the deflections, stresses, and internal forces in the concrete and steel walls as well as steel studs. An Equivalent Section Method (ESM) for the analysis of composite tanks, which is based on using an equivalent single wall, is introduced. Deflections, stresses, and internal forces in the steel and concrete walls predicted using this simplified approach are compared to those predicted by the detailed finite element model.

Assessment of equivalent cylinder method and development of charts for analysis of concrete conical tanks

Elevated conical tanks are widely used as water reservoirs in various locations around the globe. The vessel of a conical tank can consist of a truncated cone solely or a truncated cone with a top cylindrical part. Current codes of practice do not provide any provisions or guidelines for designing reinforced concrete conical tanks under hydrostatic loading. Available provisions are limited only to cylindrical and rectangular tanks. In this paper, a nonlinear Finite Element Model (FEM), based on shell element discretization, is used to analyze hydrostatically loaded reinforced concrete conical tanks. A common simplified approach used in the design of conical tanks involves replacing the conical vessels with equivalent cylinders. The adequacy of this simplified method is assessed in this study through comparison with the detailed finite element results. The FEM is then used to develop a set of charts which can be used to determine the adequate thickness as well as straining actions that develop in a liquid filled reinforced concrete conical tank. The use of this set of charts in designing reinforced concrete conical tanks is illustrated through worked examples.