Conical Gear Research Articles

Structural-Topological Synthesis of Planar Mechanisms with Rods and Wheels

Today, robots are increasingly present in the machine building industry, sometimes even in some sections to replace workers altogether, due to the high quality of their work, repetitive, without stopping or pausing, without any manufacturing and assembly scuffs. Additionally, robots do not get sick, do not require medical leave or rest, work faster and better than humans and also support toxic environments from dyers, general assemblies, etc. Generally, robots have increased the quality and productivity of work and have not even created a union to defend their claims, demanding increased wages for them and larger holidays. Interestingly, a robot is working without a break, but without salary, without breaks, without complaining about working conditions in the plant. It has come to the effect that the big car manufacturers and even others, have entire sections in which only robots work. They do not have to worry about each other, do not quarrel, do not complain, do not cry, do not ask for the salary, do not require leave, they do not want free days and can work with high returns and Saturday and Sunday, if necessary on three shifts without a break. The importance of implementing robots can no longer be challenged. They have so increased the quality of work and the production of an enterprise that they can no longer give up their help. Workers have reclassified themselves and work only in more friendly workplaces, or in other workplaces, such as supermarkets, in better conditions, with higher wages, with several days off and they are also pleased and all this is due to production and additional gains from higher sales due to the robot work in large factories. We can clearly state that robots have improved our lives considerably. Thanks to them, a new free day was introduced for almost all working people, Friday, in addition to Saturday and we may soon be able to introduce another free day, but we have to choose whether it is Monday or Thursday. In this paper we present the mechanisms with bars and gears, which are planetary mechanisms for robot automation and mechatronics, structurally-topological. The gears and gears consist of at least one movable articulated bar and one of the cylindrical, tapered or hipoidal gears. Only gears with circular or straight toothed gears, in which the relative position of the rotation or translation axes does not change, shall be considered. The topological structure of the gears and gears is characterized by a kinematic chain with articulated bars and at least one kinematic chain with gears. The kinematic chain may be chain open (with a fixed rotation joint) or closed chain (with at least two fixed joints). The kinematic chain with gears is attached to the kinematic chain with bars so that at least two gear wheels have centers in the bars of the bars and some wheels may be integral with the bars. In practice, some of these gears with gears and gears are known as planetary gears with cylindrical, conical or hipoidal gears.

What to do as a life work ?

Life is only once. So the happy life is the first priority to every-one. It is natural as a human being. Then what is the basis of the happy life? The first is to have the right values. The second is to build up his profession as the mission, finally to the life-work with the highest level of the world. This is the true engineer’s life. As an example, the author introduces his occupation theory based on his life, the story of the research and development of the Conical gear of his life work. This paper is author’s final message to the young generation.

Internal stress transition of conical gear based on contact stress analysis

Internal stress transition of conical gear based on contact stress analysis

140 Study on the calculation of tooth surface durability of hyper conical gear

140 Study on the calculation of tooth surface durability of hyper conical gear

Analysis and Synthesis of Mechanisms with Bars and Gears Used in Robots and Manipulators

Bars and gears are used everywhere today, but a wide range of uses is robotics and mechatronics. Since ancient times, automations and mechanization have been used with mechanisms consisting of chains of bars and gears. These were obviously used for the purpose of transmitting the movement and its transformation, that is to say, as a mechanical transmission. Gear and bar automation are used today as modern mechanical transmissions, serial and parallel robots, machine building industry and all industrial areas where automation has penetrated. In fact, robotic gears and gears are the basis for mechanical transmissions to robots and at the same time have other roles such as balancing, support, etc. The most commonly used gears are tapered, conical gears, because they work faster, more dynamically, occupy less space, have fewer toothed gear teeth, low volume, light movement different directions and a multitude of features that make them irreplaceable within mobile mechanical systems. The gears and gears are increasingly used in the construction of manipulators and industrial robots, especially in the MOr. In the kinematic openings of Positioning Mechanisms (MPz) of the robots, also referred to as trajectory generators, a first kinematic chain with bars is attached, to which is attached a kinematic chain with cylindrical, conical and hypoid gears. The mechanical chains that can be made of conical mechanical transmissions and bars are complex, extremely complex and can work on different spaces and axes, with inclines and directional changes as desired. From this point of view, they can’t be replaced by other types of mechanical mechanisms or transmissions. A complex kinematic scheme with bevel gears and conical gears of a manipulator-robot with 6 1 mobilities is analyzed, where the positioning mechanism (RRR) is not distinguishable from the RRR orientation mechanism. The two kinematic chains of MPz (RzRxxRx) and MOr (RzRxRxRz) are staged (in extension). At the end (O6 point) of the articulated chain O0O1O2O3O4O5 the gripping mechanism (MAp), made with two articulated parallelograms, is attached. All 6 1 kinematic chains are operated by means of worm gear reducers with electric motors located at the base. The kinematic chain with bars is simplified to the left of Fig. 1 and to the right is an axial projection of the complete kinematic scheme of the gear with gears and gears. The articulated bars (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) with six movable elements are the main kinematic chain to which are attached six kinematic chains with conical gears.

Current Stage in the Field of Mechanisms with Gears and Rods

The development and diversification of machines and mechanisms with applications in all fields require new scientific researches for the systematization and improvement of existing mechanical systems by creating new mechanisms adapted to modern requirements, which involve increasingly complex topological structures. The modern industry, the practice of designing and building machinery is increasingly based on the results of scientific and applied research. Each industrial achievement has backed theoretical and experimental computer-assisted research, which solves increasingly complex problems with advanced computing programs using an increasingly specialized software. The robotization of technological processes determines and influences the emergence of new industries, applications under special environmental conditions, the approach of new types of technological operations, manipulation of objects in the alien space, teleoperators in the top disciplines like medicine, robots covering a whole field Greater service provision in our modern, computerized society. In this context, the present paper attempts to make a scientific and technical contribution to the kinematic analysis and geometric - kinematic synthesis of gears and gears, both as plane and spatial structures. By definition, these complex mechanisms are composed of bars and lever mechanisms (gears and racks). A remarkable problem with the use of conical gears is the spherical coupling design through three-axis spherical gear mechanisms. This modeling is extremely useful in the construction and kinematics of robots, especially the orientation mechanisms, which explains the particular interest in the use of gears and gears. The cinematic study methods of complex gears with bars and gears are particularly diverse, but a unitary method allows the adaptation and use of more efficient analytical and numerical resolution algorithms. The beginning of the use of gears and gears should be sought in ancient Egypt at least a thousand years before Christ. Here, for the first time, spur gears were used for crop irrigation and worm gears for cotton processing.

Single-turn worm mills for conical round-tooth gears

Facets must be machined at the end of gear teeth. The shaping of facets by single-turn worm mills is considered in detail. Deficiencies are found in familiar design methods for such mills. Formulas are proposed for the calculation of single-turn worm mills used in machining conical round-tooth gears.

Cutting-head optimization to improve the reliability of conical and hypoid gears

The use of one- and two-sided cutting heads to ensure that the longitudinal tooth curvature resembles logarithmic and Archimedes spirals is considered. The influence of such shaping on the operational reliability of conical and hypoid gears with round teeth is assessed.

Analysis and Synthesis of Mechanisms with Bars and Gears Used in Robots and Manipulators

Bars and gears are used everywhere today, but a wide range of uses is robotics and mechatronics. Since ancient times, automations and mechanization have been used with mechanisms consisting of chains of bars and gears. These were obviously used for the purpose of transmitting the movement and its transformation, that is to say, as a mechanical transmission. Gear and bar automation are used today as modern mechanical transmissions, serial and parallel robots, machine building industry and all industrial areas where automation has penetrated. In fact, robotic gears and gears are the basis for mechanical transmissions to robots and at the same time have other roles such as balancing, support, etc. The most commonly used gears are tapered, conical gears, because they work faster, more dynamically, occupy less space, have fewer toothed gear teeth, low volume, light movement different directions and a multitude of features that make them irreplaceable within mobile mechanical systems. The gears and gears are increasingly used in the construction of manipulators and industrial robots, especially in the MOr. In the kinematic openings of Positioning Mechanisms (MPz) of the robots, also referred to as trajectory generators, a first kinematic chain with bars is attached, to which is attached a kinematic chain with cylindrical, conical and hypoid gears. The mechanical chains that can be made of conical mechanical transmissions and bars are complex, extremely complex and can work on different spaces and axes, with inclines and directional changes as desired. From this point of view, they can’t be replaced by other types of mechanical mechanisms or transmissions. A complex kinematic scheme with bevel gears and conical gears of a manipulator-robot with 6 + 1 mobilities is analyzed, where the positioning mechanism (RRR) is not distinguishable from the RRR orientation mechanism. The two kinematic chains of MPz (RzRxxRx) and MOr (RzRxRxRz) are staged (in extension). At the end (O6 point) of the articulated chain O0O1O2O3O4O5 the gripping mechanism (MAp), made with two articulated parallelograms, is attached. All 6 + 1 kinematic chains are operated by means of worm gear reducers with electric motors located at the base. The kinematic chain with bars is simplified to the left of Fig. 1 and to the right is an axial projection of the complete kinematic scheme of the gear with gears and gears. The articulated bars (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) with six movable elements are the main kinematic chain to which are attached six kinematic chains with conical gears.

Current Stage in the Field of Mechanisms with Gears and Rods

The development and diversification of machines and mechanisms with applications in all fields require new scientific researches for the systematization and improvement of existing mechanical systems by creating new mechanisms adapted to modern requirements, which involve increasingly complex topological structures. The modern industry, the practice of designing and building machinery is increasingly based on the results of scientific and applied research. Each industrial achievement has backed theoretical and experimental computer-assisted research, which solves increasingly complex problems with advanced computing programs using an increasingly specialized software. The robotization of technological processes determines and influences the emergence of new industries, applications under special environmental conditions, the approach of new types of technological operations, manipulation of objects in the alien space, teleoperators in the top disciplines like medicine, robots covering a whole field Greater service provision in our modern, computerized society. In this context, the present paper attempts to make a scientific and technical contribution to the kinematic analysis and geometric - kinematic synthesis of gears and gears, both as plane and spatial structures. By definition, these complex mechanisms are composed of bars and lever mechanisms (gears and racks). A remarkable problem with the use of conical gears is the spherical coupling design through three-axis spherical gear mechanisms. This modeling is extremely useful in the construction and kinematics of robots, especially the orientation mechanisms, which explains the particular interest in the use of gears and gears. The cinematic study methods of complex gears with bars and gears are particularly diverse, but a unitary method allows the adaptation and use of more efficient analytical and numerical resolution algorithms. The beginning of the use of gears and gears should be sought in ancient Egypt at least a thousand years before Christ. Here, for the first time, spur gears were used for crop irrigation and worm gears for cotton processing.

Grinding of the gears with high depth processing

The goal research consists in the analysis and synthesis of technological schemes, processes, tools and equipment for processing of conical gears and precession gears with medium module. A new processing method which allows to intensify the process of processing as a result is proposed. It ensures a required accuracy of processing. The theoretical researches are based on the theory gear drives, theory of involute profiles generation and precession gears, generating machine, tool design theory machine building technology. Methods of mathematical analysis, analytic geometry, mathematical model and 3D computer model are used. The experimental researches were conducted in laboratories of departments of machine manufacturing technology and fundamentals of machines design in the Technical University of Moldova, by using machines and technological equipment for machining and testing. Experimental data processing were accomplished using approximation methods and mathematical statistics.

5 軸マシニングセンタによるコンケーブコニカルギヤの設計製造システムの構築

Conical gear is an involute gear having a cone angle. When the conical gears are meshed on the intersecting axis or nonintersecting- nonparallel axis, the contact between tooth surfaces is a point contact. So the tooth surface strength is generally small. It is the Concave conical gear that was developed in order to overcome this weak point. Its tooth surface is a curved surface having the reverse crowning on the tooth surface of the conical gear. Conventionally, this tooth surface has been generated by the conical shaped wheel. By this method, however, it is not necessarily easy to make an ideal tooth surface. Therefore, we devised a new rack for generating the concave conical gear. This is the rack in which the tooth thickness of normal rack is corrected in the direction of the tooth trace. We obtained the theoretical tooth surface generated by the new rack. And, we made the gear having the theoretical tooth surface by the five axis machining center. In this research, first we developed a coordinate calculation method of the theoretical tooth surface, and next a 3D model, and finally an optimal tool path by using CAM. And we measured the curved line of the tooth surface in the plane of principal radii of curvature of the test gear and confirmed that this line agrees well with the ideal curved line. From the above results, the validity of this design and production system is confirmed.

Plasma electrolytic treatment of products after selective laser melting

The aim of the work was to study the possibilities of plasma electrolytic treatment for cleaning surfaces of metal products obtained by the SLM-technology. We found that the most effective cleaning from the large alloy particles occurs in the "hydrodynamic" mode, when the occurrence of hydrodynamic pulses observed. Further smoothing of irregularities eliminated by a stable burning of discharge in vapor shell. Analysis the morphology of the surface of difficult specialized products, such as crown conical gears, after plasma hydrodynamic treatment showed efficiency and advantages in comparison to conventional methods of final cleaning such as shot blasting.

Study on modular modeling and performance evaluation of a conical gear for marine transmission system

Conical involute gears, which are also known as beveloid gears, are the involute gears with cone-shape gear body rather than cylindrical gear body. Generally, conical gears are used in anti-backlash transmission systems and marine transmission systems. In marine transmission system, in order to obtain optimal propulsive force, 7–14 degree inclination angle was needed. In this paper, a 7 degree cone angle conical gear used in 375 kW class marine power transmission system was selected as research objective. And in order to establish the design theory of conical gear, a design system named conical gear modular modeling system was developed. The prototype conical gear was developed by the above design system to be used to simulate in a certain condition. The simulated and optimized prototype conical gear was manufactured which is as a specimen to complete a series of performance tests which contains gear tooth profile test and contact rate test. As the results, the developed conical gear can well meet the performance requirements of the 375 kW class marine power transmission system.

Comparative finite element method analysis of two spiroid worm gear drives having different profiles

With the knowledge of the advantageous characteristics of the cylindrical worm gear drives having arched profile in axial section and the conical worm gear drives having linear profile in axial section, a new geometric type conical worm gear drive has been designed and then manufactured, that is the conical worm gear drive having arched profile in axial section. Under same load and boundary conditions in case of the same geometric spiroid worm gear drives having arched profile and having linear profile in axial section we have done comparative finite element method analysis for evaluating the strains, deformations and stresses of this gear drives.

Application of the general mathematical model for CAD modelling of cylindrical and conical worm gear drives

Based on the general mathematical model of Dudás [3, 4] — which is appropriate for mathematical modelling of production technology methods and various toothed gear pairs — we have generated mathematical models which are appropriate for determination of tooth surface points of face gear and worm gear connection with conical and cylindrical worm by numerical way. After doing the necessary calculations, the CAD models of the worm gear drives could be generated. Based on these there is an opportunity for rapid prototyping (RP) technology for other connection and production geometric analysis. For the verification of our calculated results, we generate CAD models of one to one given geometric conical and cylindrical worm gear drives for other analysis.

Investigations on surface quality improvement of straight bevel gears by electrochemical honing process

Electrochemical honing is a hybrid finishing process combining advantages and simultaneously overcoming the individual limitations of electrochemical machining and mechanical honing. Finishing of conical gears by electrochemical honing is very complicated due their complex geometry. This article reports on the development of an innovative experimental setup and investigations on improving surface finish of straight bevel gears by electrochemical honing and its process productivity. A novel idea of using twin-complementary cathode gears was envisaged to ensure simultaneous fine finishing of all the teeth of straight bevel gear made of 20MnCr5 alloy steel. Effects of five important electrochemical honing parameters, namely, concentration, temperature and flow rate of electrolyte, rotary speed of workpiece gear, voltage on surface finish and material removal rate of the bevel gear were investigated. Improvement in the microstructure of electrochemical honing finished gear was studied using scanning electron microscopic images. To prove importance of hybridization in improving finishing capabilities of electrochemical honing, a comparative study of surface quality of a bevel gear finished by mechanical honing, electrochemical machining and electrochemical honing was done. The results revealed considerable improvements in the surface quality of the bevel gears finished by electrochemical honing. Electrolyte concentration of 7.5%, temperature of 32 °C, flow rate of 30 L/min, 8 V as voltage and speed of 40 r/min of the workpiece gear yielded the best combination of percentage improvements in average surface roughness (i.e. 58.5%), maximum surface roughness (i.e. 44.4%) and volumetric material removal rate (0.21 mm3/s). This work helps to establish electrochemical honing as a viable alternative bevel gear finishing process which has potential to overcome the limitations of conventional bevel gear finishing processes.

The Generation of Conical Gears by a CAD Soft

In this paper we present the modalities to obtain, by a CAD soft, the solids that materialize the conical gears. The procedure is similar to the industrial ones for the cutting of the teeth of the conical gears and it assumes the existence of the generator tool and a raw material. The algorithm of the method permits the obtaining of any gears, no matter the shape of the tooth, its inclination etc. Finally, we present an application for the obtaining of a gear with two wheels with straight teeth.

Analytical method of determination of the general equation of absolute rotational speed of planetary gear trains

This is a simple analytical method for determining the general equation of absolute rotational speed of planetary gear trains. This method is based upon the general equation of motion of planetary gear trains (Krstich, 1985a, 1987b). The basic absolute rotational speeds for simple and compound planetary differential conical (bevel) and cylindrical (spur and helical) gear trains have been derived, and then the general equation of absolute rotational speed of planetary gear trains. This equation can be applied to any types of simple and complex arrangement of planetary gear trains by using only train values (gear ratios) of the planetary differential two–gear train or the planetary differential pair of gears (Krstich, 1985b).

코니칼 인볼류트 기어의 Total 설계에 관한 연구

ABSTRACT Currently, there are many power transmission devices, including gears, friction wheels, chains, and belts.Becausethe power transmission ofgears is most certainin these devices, gears are widely used in different power transmission fields and environments. In accordance with the gear shape, gears can be classified as cylindrical gears and conical gears. A cylindrical gear, which provides a means of power transmission under parallel axis and skewed axis conditions, contains a spur gear, a helical gear and a worm gear. A conical gear, which can be used on a skewed axis as well as parallel and crossed axes, includes a bevel gear(e.g., straight bevel, spiral bevel, hypoid gear) anda conical involute gear(or a beveloid gear). In this paper, a conical involute gear which utilizes the fabrication method of other involute gears such as spur and helical gears using a CNC hobbing machine isdiscussed. Key Words : Conical Involute Gear(코니칼 인볼류우트 기어 ), Parallel Axis(평행축), Crossed Axis(교차축), Skewed Axis(엇 갈린축), Beveloid Gear(베벨로이드 기어)