Congruent Melting Research Articles

Solid-Liquid Equilibrium and Phase Diagram of Organic System Forming Simple Eutectic

The study of phase diagram guided with solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) data at different molar composition in two component systems serve as a basic roadmap for the material synthesis, and also provide in-depth study of physicochemical and thermochemical properties of synthesized materials. The solid-liquid equilibrium data of binary organic system, acetanilide – acetamide (ACN-ACT) is determined by thaw melt method. The system exhibits simple eutectic type phase diagram at 0.20 molar composition of ACN with congruent melting temperature 52oC.

A Study of Thermal Stability of Hydroxyapatite

High-temperature powder sintering is an integral part of the dense ceramic manufacturing process. In order to find the optimal conditions for producing a ceramic product, the information about its behavior at high temperatures is required. However, the data available in the literature are very contradictory. In this work, the thermal stability of hydroxyapatite prepared by a solid-state mechanochemical method and structural changes occurring during sintering were studied. Stoichiometric hydroxyapatite was found to remain as a single-phase apatite structure with the space group P63/m up to 1300 °C inclusively. A further increase in the sintering temperature leads to its partial decomposition, a decrease in the crystallite size of the apatite phase, and the appearance of significant structural strains. It was shown that small deviations from stoichiometry in the Ca/P ratio upward or downward during the hydroxyapatite synthesis lead to a significant decrease in the thermal stability of hydroxyapatite. An apatite containing almost no hydroxyl groups, which is close to the composition of oxyapatite, was prepared. It was shown that the congruent melting of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite upon slow heating in a high-temperature furnace does not occur. At the same time, the fast heating of hydroxyapatite by laser radiation allows, under certain conditions, its congruent melting with the formation of a recrystallized monolayer of oxyhydroxyapatite. The data obtained in this study can be used when choosing sintering conditions to produce hydroxyapatite-based ceramics.

Temperature and phase transitions of laser-ignited single iron particle

The combustion behavior of single laser-ignited iron particles is investigated. Transient particle radiant intensities at 850 nm and 950 nm are measured by post-processing recorded high-speed camera images using an in-house developed particle tracking program. Then, the time-resolved particle temperature is obtained based on two-color pyrometry. A plateau-like stage shortly after the ignition is repeatedly observed, and identified as iron particle melting by the measured temperature and the estimated melting time. Besides, an abrupt brightness jump near the end of combustion is observed for most burning particles, while a small portion of the particles (< 10%) show a second plateau-like stage instead. The particle temperature right after the brightness jump (1880±70 K) is almost identical to that during the second plateau-like stage. This temperature corresponds to two phase-change temperatures in the Fe-O phase diagram: i) L2 <=> Fe3O4 (s) at 1869 K (congruent melting) and ii) L2 <=> Fe3O4 (s) + O2 (g) at 1855 K (eutectic reaction), where L2 represents a liquid iron oxide. Based on this, the presence of the brightness jump (spear point) is explained by a sudden solidification of supercooled iron oxide droplets with an atomic O/Fe ratio larger than or close to 4/3. Particles’ near-peak temperatures are also measured based on time-integrated spectra. The results indicate that the near-peak temperature increases first fast and then slowly with an increase of oxygen concentration. At higher oxygen concentrations, smaller particles have a slightly lower temperature. The effect of particle size on the near-peak temperature is negligible at lower oxygen concentrations due to weaker radiation. The morphology of combusted particles is examined by micrography. Some burned particles appear as hollow thin-shell spheres at all adopted oxygen concentrations. Additionally, nano oxides are found at 13–51% oxygen concentrations. Less traces of nano oxides were observed at reduced oxygen concentrations. The nano-oxide formation mechanisms are analyzed based on thermochemical equilibrium calculations.

The solid state of anti-inflammatory morniflumate diniflumate: A cocrystalline salt

Morniflumate diniflumate, a molecular compound involving niflumic acid and its β-morpholino ethyl ester (morniflumate) in the mole ratio 2:1, is found to crystallize in a triclinic P − 1 space group with a unit-cell volume of 2203.4(5) Å3. It is a cocrystal between a morniflumate+ niflumate− salt and a neutral niflumic acid molecule. The co-crystalline salt forms endothermically with a positive excess volume and it melts incongruently at 382.3(8) K. Differential scanning calorimetry executed at heating rates above 20 K⋅min−1, leads to congruent melting at 387.8(9)K with an enthalpy change of ΔfusH = 80(2) J g−1. The rare occurrence that incongruent and congruent melting can be observed for the same cocrystal may be due to the conformational versatility of the niflumic acid molecule and its slow conversion between the different conformations due to weak intramolecular hydrogen bonding.

Selective Laser Melting of Hydroxyapatite: Perspectives for 3D Printing of Bioresorbable Ceramic Implants.

Hydroxyapatite, being the major mineral component of tooth enamel and natural bones, is a good candidate for bone tissue engineering applications. One of the promising approaches for manufacturing of three-dimensional objects is selective laser sintering/melting which enables the creation of a dense structure directly during 3D printing by adding material layer-by-layer. The effect of laser irradiation with a wavelength of 10.6 μm on the behavior of mechanochemically synthesized hydroxyapatite under different treatment conditions was studied for the first time in this work. It was shown that, in contrast to laser treatment, the congruent melting is impossible under conditions of a relatively slow rate of heating in a furnace. Depending on the mode of laser treatment, hydroxyapatite can be sintered or melted, or partially decomposed into the more resorbable calcium phosphates. It was found that the congruent selective laser melting of hydroxyapatite can be achieved by treating the dense powder layer with a 0.2 mm laser spot at a power of 4 W and at a scanning speed of 700 mm/s. Melting was shown to be accompanied by the crystallization of a dense monolayer of oxyhydroxyapatite while preserving the initial apatite crystal lattice. The thickness of the melted layer, the presence of micron-sized pores, and the phase composition can be controlled by varying the scanning speed and laser power. This set of parameters permits the use of selective laser melting technology for the production of oxyhydroxyapatite biodegradable implants with acceptable properties by 3D printing.

Presence of έ and ε crystal structures in rapidly solidified intermetallic compound Ni5Ge3

The congruently melting, single phase intermetallic Ni5Ge3 has been subject to rapid solidification via drop-tube processing wherein powders, with diameters between> 850 and 150 µm, are produced. At low cooling rates (> 850 µm diameter particles,< 700 K s−1) the dominant solidification morphology, revealed after etching, is that of partial plate and lath microstructure in an otherwise featureless matrix. At slightly high cooling rates (850–150 µm diameter particles, 700–7800 K s−1) complete plate & lath microstructure observed, again imbedded within a featureless matrix. Selected area diffraction analysis in the TEM reveals that partial plate & lath are the disordered form of έ-Ni5Ge3 in a matrix of the ordered (double-superlattice) form. Partial plate & lath has a very different EBSD to the plate & lath structure. Histogram of the correlated grain orientation angle distribution across grain orientation in partial plate & lath microstructure sample from the> 850 µm fraction showing random grain orientation. However, grain orientation in plate & lath structure from 300 to 212 µm fraction displaying the distribution predominance of low angle grain boundaries.

Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 phase relations: Thermodynamics and phase equilibria in the systems Bi2O3 – TiO2, Na2O – TiO2, and Na2O – Bi2O3 – TiO2

The lead-free piezoelectric material sodium bismuth titanate (NBT, Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3) has attracted considerable attention owing to its promising dielectric, piezoelectric, and electrical properties. However, the literature on the binary subsystems is contradictory and there are only limited data for the ternary system. The present work surveys all of the reports of the binary subsystems Bi2O3 – TiO2 and Na2O – TiO2 and synthesizes these data into inclusive revised versions. The compatibilities for the ternary system Na2O – Bi2O3 – TiO2 were determined experimentally, thus enabling the construction of a complete isothermal section at 800 °C. The compatibilities associated with the problematic binary subsystem Na2O – Bi2O3, which experiences extreme volatilisation, were determined through the generation of the absent standard-state thermodynamic functions for the relevant binary and ternary phases, thus providing a full suite of thermodynamic data for this system. The thermodynamic stability diagrams for Na2O, Bi2O3, and TiO2 thus were calculated. The isothermal section also addresses the contradictions in the literature concerning the formation of solid solutions of Bi12TiO20-x / Bi12-xTi1+xO20+0.5x, pyrochlore (Bi2Ti2O7 / NawBi2-xTi2-yO7-z), BTO (Bi4Ti3O12 / NaxBi4Ti3O12+0.5x), and NBT (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 / Bi1±xNaxTiO3.5±x). Further, it was observed that the congruent melting point of NBT, which was determined to be 1225 °C, was preceded by the onset of gradual structural destabilization at 940 °C. Also, the NBT rhombohedral → tetragonal phase transformation was observed at an onset temperature of ∼250 °C. The present work thus provides platform data for the fabrication and reactivities of materials in the ternary system Na2O – Bi2O3· TiO2 and its binary subsystems.

Experimental mixing enthalpy and thermodynamic modelling of UCl3-KCl system

The molar enthalpies of mixing (ΔmixHm) in the liquid potassium chloride-uranium(III) chloride mixtures have been measured with a Calvet-type high temperature microcalorimeter over the entire composition range at 1113 K. All the melts are characterized by negative enthalpies of mixing with a minimum value of about −17.5 kJ·mol−1. The minimum of the enthalpy of mixing is shifted towards the potassium chloride-rich compositions and located in the vicinity of xUCl3 ~ 0.40. The obtained results are discussed in terms of complexes formation in the liquid mixtures under investigation.Experimental mixing enthalpy data were used together with existing literature data in re-examination of KCl-UCl3 phase diagram. Analysis of the literature data on KCl-UCl3 phase diagram has indicated that all of them are not correct because the existence of K3UCl6 compound was ignored in spite of experimental facts pointing its existence. Reinterpretation of all existing data by CALPHAD method showed that the system under investigation is characterized by existence of K2UCl5 and K3UCl6 congruently melting compounds, and three eutectics (KCl-K3UCl6, K3UCl6-K2UCl5 and K2UCl5-UCl3, respectively). K3UCl6 solid compound exists at relatively narrow temperature range from about 800 K to congruent melting at about 892 K.

Surface evolution of eutectic MgCl2·6H2O-Mg(NO3)2·6H2O phase change materials for thermal energy storage monitored by scanning probe microscopy

Surface evolution of eutectic salt hydrate phase change materials (PCMs) plays an important role in progressive degradation, and its tracking and control are crucial to the cycle stability in latent heat storage. In this study, we combined Peak Force quantitative nanomechanics with differential scanning calorimetry to monitor the topography evolution, nanomechanical performances, and corresponding thermal properties of the eutectic MgCl2·6H2O-Mg(NO3)2·6H2O PCM (EPCM). Topography of the EPCM was highly similar to those of the corresponding single crystallohydrates, accounting for its congruent melting and solidifying behavior. Surface evolution-induced initial phase separation at the nanoscale level was directly imaged. This deterioration is rooted in adsorption/evaporation of the surface water molecules, and can be restored accurately. Based on this, a universal strategy to eradicate phase segregation was proposed, with no significant degradation after 1500 thermal cycles. Moreover, evolution of the EPCM containing thickener hydroxyethyl cellulose and its effects on local supercooling due to the formed crosslinking networks were explored, and stable supercooling inhibition (≤0.6 °C) was achieved. This study provides a better understanding of the evolution mechanism and its effects on the thermal behavior, and can be used as an effective guide for improving the long-term stability of low-cost salt hydrate-based latent heat storage materials.

Liquidus projection and solidification paths in the Zr-Si-Al ternary system

The liquidus projection and the invariant reactions associated with the liquid phase in the Zr-Si-Al ternary system were experimentally determined. Seventeen primary phase regions were identified from metallographic observation and analysis of the as-cast microstructures. There are at least sixteen invariant reactions and three local maxima associated with congruent melting in the ternary system. The ZrSi primary solidification region covers a wide range of compositions in the Zr-Si-Al ternary system. A variety of the solidification paths were described.

Refinement of the Congruently Melting Composition of Nonstoichiometric Fluorite Crystals Ca1-xYxF2x (x = 0.01–0.14)

The concentration series of nonstoichiometric crystals Ca1–xYxF2+x (x = 0.01–0.14) was obtained from a melt by directional crystallization to refine the composition of the temperature maximum on the melting curves. A precision (±9 × 10−5 Å) determination of lattice parameters of the Ca1–xYxF2+x crystals with the structure of fluorite (sp. gr. Fm-3m) was performed, and a linear equation of their concentration dependence was calculated: a(x) = 5.46385(5) + 0.1999(4) x. The distribution of yttrium along the crystals Ca1–xYxF2+x, the content of which is determined by the precision lattice parameters, is studied. The congruently melting composition x = 0.105(5) of the Ca1–xYxF2+x phase is refined by the method of directional crystallization.

Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Tetrel-Arsenide Frameworks Templated by Li and Cs Cations

Two new ternary tetrel pnictide phases, Li1.08Ge4.92As7 and Cs0.11Zn0.05Si0.95As, have been synthesized. Both compounds crystallize in new structure types, which demonstrate the flexibility of Ge(Si)–As layers when accommodating electropositive cations of various sizes. Li1.08Ge4.92As7 displays a Ge-As layer motif that has not been observed in ternary Ge-As systems, while Cs0.11Zn0.05Si0.95As exhibits a 3D framework composed of fragments of the 2D parent-phase SiAs. For Li1.08Ge4.92As7, a combination of computational modeling and solid-state 7Li MAS NMR was used to establish the correct crystal structure with one mixed occupied Ge/Li site. The compositions of the phases were confirmed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Transport properties and UV–Vis spectroscopy reveal both reported compounds to be semiconductors. Cs0.11Zn0.05Si0.95As shows high thermal stability with congruent melting at 1300 K and an exceptionally low thermal conductivity of 0.5 W m–1 K–1 at 300 K. Temperature-dependent Li-ion hopping dynamics in Li1.08Ge4.92As7 was characterized using 7Li solid-state NMR.

Diversity of granitic rocks constrained by disequilibrium melting and subsequent incremental emplacement and differentiation

Compositional diversity is a fundamental feature of Earth's granitoids and it has been prevailing on Earth since the early Archean. Although the exotic mechanisms, like magma mixing, crustal assimilation and contamination, could place constraints on the diversity, the compositional diversity of common huge batholiths in the field require intrinsic mechanisms running in the magma itself. This paper highlights the detailed processes from melting of a given source to subsequent incremental emplacement and differentiation control the diversity of granitic rocks as we observed on the Earth's surface. The diversity is firstly introduced from the significant heterogeneity of crustal rocks (in minerals and geochemistry) and the melting behaviors (congruent or incongruent melting), by which disequilibrium melting of crustal rocks could generate heterogeneous radiogenic isotopes. At the second stage, such heterogeneity inherited from source and melting behaviors in different melt batches can be reconciled to some extents during the incremental emplacement of melt batches, self-mixing and differentiation in magma chambers, which represent a homogenization process in magma system. The homogenization extent depends on temperature, residence time and other parameters of granitic melts. A large amount of published Hf isotopic data in zircon from granitic rocks provide us a way to assess the roles of disequilibrium melting and homogenization process. On the basis of the difference in zircon Hf isotope compositions and the diffusivity of Hf in granitic melts, we propose a new thermometry for granitic magmatism. Given a certain melt residence time, the compiled global Hf isotopic ratios in zircon from granitic rocks indicate that the magma temperatures of intermediate–felsic rocks decreased steadily throughout Earth's history, corresponding to the secular cooling of Earth's mantle.

Cs4 B4 O3 F10 : First Fluorooxoborate with [BF4 ] Involving Heteroanionic Units and Extremely Low Melting Point.

Herein, a new congruently melting mixed-anion compound Cs4 B4 O3 F10 has been characterized as the first fluorooxoborate with [BF4 ] involving heteroanionic units. Compound Cs4 B4 O3 F10 possesses two highly fluorinated anionic clusters and therefore its formula can be expressed as Cs3 (B3 O3 F6 ) ⋅ Cs(BF4 ). The influence of [BF4 ] units on micro-symmetry and structural evolution was discussed based on the parent compound. More importantly, Cs4 B4 O3 F10 shows the lowest melting point among all the available borates and thus sets a new record for such system. This work is of great significance to enrich and tailor the structure of borates using perfluorinated [BF4 ] units.

Thermodynamic assessment of the Sb–S and In–S binary systems

Abstract The Sb–S and In–S binary systems were assessed thermodynamically using the CALculation of PHase Diagrams (CAL-PHAD) approach based on the experiment data in the literature. Both phase diagrams revealed a congruent melting compound and liquid immiscibility. Therefore, associate species, Sb2S3 and In2S3, were introduced into the associate model to describe the liquid phase during optimization. The binary intermediate compounds, Sb2S3, InS(α, β), and In6S7, were treated as stoichiometric phases. Considering the wide composition range, In2S3(α, β, γ), were modeled using the sublattice model. A set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters representing most of the reliable thermodynamic properties and phase diagram information were derived.

Synthesis and structural characterization of orthorhombic Cu3–δ Sb (δ ≈ 0.1) and hexagonal Cu3Sb1–xInx (x ≈ 0.2) phases

Abstract Cu3Sb is a known copper-rich phase in the Cu–Sb binary phase diagram. It is reported to be dimorphic, with a low-temperature form adopting the orthorhombic Cu3Ti structure type (space group Pmmn, No. 59). The high-temperature form crystallizes in the cubic space group F m 3 ‾ m $Fm&amp;#x203e;{3}m$ (No. 225), and is isostructural with BiF3. Neither polymorph has been carefully characterized to date, with both structures being assigned to the respective structure type, but never refined. With this study, we provide structural evidence, based on single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data that the low-temperature orthorhombic phase exists with a significant amount of defects on one of the Cu-sites. As a result, its composition is not Cu3Sb, but rather Cu3–δ Sb (δ = 0.13(1)). The cubic form could not be accessed as a part of this study, but another Cu-rich phase, Cu3Sb≈0.8In≈0.2, was also identified. It adopts the hexagonal Ni3Sn structure type (space group P63/mmc, No. 194) and represents an In-substituted variant of a hitherto unknown structural modification of Cu3Sb. Whether the latter can exist as a binary phase, or what is the minimum amount of In inclusions needed to stabilize it remains to be determined. Measurements of the thermopower of Cu3–δ Sb (δ = 0.13(1)) were conducted in the range of 300–600 K and demonstrated a maximum value of ca. 50 μV/K at 600 K, indicative of a p-type transport mechanism. Electrical resistivity measurements for the same sample confirmed that it exhibits metallic-like behavior, with a room temperature value of 0.43 mΩ cm. Electronic structure calculations show the absence of a band gap. Thermal analysis was utilized to ascertain the congruent melting of both phases.

The AuCu Phase Diagram at the Nano Scale: A Molecular Dynamics Approach

While phase diagrams for metal nanoalloys are important to know the conditions at which a nanoparticle keeps a particular shape and kind of surface, experiments to build phase diagrams at the nanoscale are difficult to implement; a posible alternative is the use of atomistic simulations. In this work, a set of molecular dynamics simulations is implemented to build the phase diagram of icosahedral, cuboctahedral, and decahedral AuCu nanoparticles of 2 to 4 nm in size, with several relative concentrations of the metals, using the quantum-corrected version of the Sutton and Chen interaction model. In the obtained phase diagrams, the congruent melting point shifts towards high concentrations of copper in accordance with previous theoretical results, and the local density mapping and bond-order analysis as function of temperature show that for the largest particles, partial premelting of the surface coexists with a pseudo-crystalline region that shrinks as the temperature is incremented, followed by the nucleation of a melted region in the inner volume of the particle that grows until the particle melts as a whole. After melting, it is found that gold has a tendency to migrate to the surface, but the alloy remains in the whole volume of the nanoparticle.

On the constitution and thermodynamic modeling of the phase diagrams Nb-Mn and Ta-Mn

The constitution of the two phase diagrams Nb-Mn and Ta-Mn has been determined from light optical and transmission and scanning electron microscopy (LOM, TEM and SEM) with energy dispersive (EDX) as well as wavelength dispersive (WDX) X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray powder (XPD) and single crystal diffraction (XSCD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and/or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Laves phases NbMn2 and TaMn2 are the only binary compounds in these systems. High-temperature differential thermal analyses revealed congruent melting for NbMn2 with Tm(NbMn2) = 1515 ± 15 °C, whereas TaMn2 melts incongruently with Tm(TaMn2) = 1797 ± 40 °C close to a depleted peritectic reaction. Both Laves phases engage in eutectic reactions ℓ ↔ (Mn) + Nb(Ta)Mn2 (Teut = 1220 ± 10 °C at 4.9 at% Nb and Teut = 1234 ± 10 °C at 0.7 at% Ta, respectively). NbMn2 also forms a eutectic with (Nb): ℓ ↔ (Nb) + NbMn2 at Teut = 1493 ± 15 °C and 53.2 at% Nb. Mn shows remarkably large maximum solid solubilities of 19.4 at% Mn in (Nb) as well as of 21.3 at% Mn in (Ta). Detailed atom site distribution has been established for the Laves phases by means of temperature dependent X-ray single crystal data (both C14 - MgZn2-type). Combined data from XPD, EDX/WDX and SEM microstructure indicate that for both Laves phases extended homogeneity regions exist: Nb1+xMn2−x (62.5–73.0 at% Mn at 950°C: −0.19≤x≤0.125) and Ta1+xMn2−x (59.5–68.5 at% Mn: −0.055≤x≤0.215). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations favor Nb(Ta)/Mn antisite occupation rather than defects. The phases, “NbMn” and “TaMn”, adopted earlier in the literature as binary system inherent compounds, were shown (TEM, WDX electron microprobe data and X-ray Rietveld refinements) to be oxygen stabilized phases of the Ti4Ni2O type (so-called eta(η)-phases) with modified Nb(Ta)/Mn site substitution to comply with the formula Nb(Ta)3−xMn3+xO1−y (defect η-W3Fe3C-type). From magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements, both oxide stabilized eta phases η-Nb3Mn3O1−y and η-Ta3Mn3O1−y were found to order ferromagnetically below Tc ~ 77 K, but the Laves phases NbMn2, TaMn2 reveal weakly temperature dependent paramagnetism. No trace of the rhombohedral μ-phase (W6Fe7-type) has been encountered in our investigation of the two binary phase diagrams. Thermodynamic and transport properties (specific heat, electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility/magnetization) classify the Laves phases with metallic behavior whilst mechanical properties (elastic moduli from DFT and nanoindentation as well as hardness and thermal expansion) group both Laves phases among rather hard and brittle intermetallics. Based on (i) the experimentally derived constitution of the Nb-Mn and Ta-Mn systems, and (ii) on new own DFT data of the energy of formation of the Laves phases, a CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) calculation of both systems was made providing a complete set of optimized thermodynamic data. Furthermore, the DFT calculations provided information on the instability of the η-Ta3Mn3 structure and the atom-site specific stabilization effect of oxygen.

Experimental investigation on the phase equilibria in the system Sn–Zr (0–100 at.% Zr) by using “spot-technique” and DTA

The solid-liquid equilibria in the system Sn–Zr were investigated experimentally by using the spot technique (thermo-optometry based technique) and differential thermal analysis. The liquidus in the composition range 0–80 at.% Zr was experimentally established. The solidus-liquidus in the composition range 80–100 at.% Zr and all other invariant equilibria have also been re-established. The temperature pertaining to the congruent melting η ↔ Liq at 2279 ± 5 K had been found to be 14 K higher than the value presented in a recent thermodynamic assessment. The temperature corresponding to the peritectic reaction η + Liq ↔ ZrSn2 was found to be 1449 ± 9 K. The temperatures pertaining to the two peritectoid reactions reported in the system η + β-Zr ↔ A15 and β-Zr + A15 ↔ α-Zr were redetermined and were found to be 1473 ± 5 K and 1234 ± 5 K respectively. These values differ from the earlier measurements significantly and are more precise. All these phases were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental liquidus data obtained were found to be in good agreement with the values obtained by interpolating the phase boundaries suggested in a recent thermodynamic assessment. All the liquidus measurements have been carried out in home made Y2O3 crucibles. The chemical compatibility of a zirconium rich alloy containing 75 at.% Zr with the crucible had also been examined by using Scanning Electron Microscopy along with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis. Our study indicates that Y2O3 crucibles are compatible with Sn-75 at.% Zr alloy. The data reported in this study are more precise, reliable and supersede those reported earlier.

Bi32Cd3P10O76: a new congruently melting nonlinear optical crystal with a large SHG response and a wide transparent region

Large size single crystal Bi32Cd3P10O76 with a large SHG response (4 × KDP) and a wide transmission range covering 0.36–4.9 μm.