Congress Passes Research Articles

FEDERAL R&D FUNDING

CONGRESS PASSED just one of 12 appropriations bills on time this year, and it did so only to ensure that the federal government remained funded for at least another month. The bill, which provides ...

Forensic Engineering Analysis Of Firearm Silencers

Firearms Use Comes With A Number Of Potential Health & Environmental Hazards Due To The High Noise Levels Generated. Noise Reduction Is Clearly A Desirable Goal. Firearm Silencers Are Often More Correctly Referred To As Sound Suppressors, Sound Moderators, Or Mufflers In The Interests Of Consistency With Federal Legislation, The Term Ilencershall Be Used Throughout This Paper. Firearm Silencers Are Legal For Civilian Ownership And Use In The Majority Of Us States, Though They Are Heavily Regulated. In States Where Silencers Are Legal Their Regulation Is Typically Accomplished At The Federal Level, Though Many States Do Have Their Own Laws. This Paper Focuses On Federal Legislation And Its Administration, Enforcement, And Litigation. Until 1934 There Were No Restrictions On Silencer Ownership And Use By Private Individuals. In 1934 Congress Passed The National Firearms Act (Nfa) Which Had The Net Effect Of Making Silencer Manufacture, And Possession By Private Citizens, A Prohibitively Costly And Administratively Burdensome Endeavor. The Nfa Legislation Is Articulated In Title 26 Of The United States Code, And The Federal Law Is Administered And Enforced By The Us Department Of Justice (Doj) Via The Bureau Of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, And Explosives (Batfe). Commercially Available Silencers Reduce The Muzzle Report Of A Firearm By Reducing Peak Sound Pressure By 30 To 40 Decibels (Db). A 223 Remington (5.56mm Nato) Caliber Rifle Will Typically Generate Around 160 Db Without A Silencer, And Just 120 To 130 Db With A Typical Commercially Available Silencer Installed. Some Individuals Construct Homemade Silencers, With Varying Degrees Of Success. Federal Prosecutors, Possibly Prompted By An Overzealous Batfe, And Following The Letter Of The Law, Feel Justified In Prosecuting Cases Where The Alleged Silencer Reduces The Noise Generated By Just A Few Db. The Law Defines, In Part, A Silencer, Or Muffler, As Ny Device For Silencing, Muffling, Or Diminishing The Report Of A Portable Firearm This Is A Very Vague Definition, And In Strict Technical Terms It Could Include Legitimate Technologies, Such As A Lengthened Barrel, A Muzzle Brake, Or A Flash Hider, All Of Which Will Diminish, Or Redirect, The Noise Of A Gunshot. Understanding Sound, And Sound Measurement, Is Not Easy, And This Fact Coupled With The Loose Legal Definition Of What Constitutes A Silencer Leads To The Prosecution Of Many Individuals Who, Either Deliberately Or Inadvertently, Have Procured Or Created A Device For Their Firearm That Reduces The Measured Report By Only A Small Amount. A Study Published By The American Medical Association1 Revealed That Recreational Shooters Suffered Hearing Damage Following Very Limited Exposure To Firearms Noise, And That Damage Occurred Even When Shooters Wore Hearing Protection. Paradoxically, In An Age When Both Legislators, And The Population At Large, Are Obsessed With Environmental And Health & Safety Issues, We Have Outdated Legislation In Place That Actually Works To Make An Everyday Item Less Safe For The User, And Less Environmentally Friendly From The Perspective Of Those In The Vicinity Of The User. We Have Legislation That Seeks To Limit The Noise Produced By Motorcycles And Other Motor Vehicles While, Concurrently, We Have Legislation That Makes It Illegal (Or Prohibitively Burdensome & Expensive) To Attempt To Reduce The Dangerous Noise Produced By Firearms. The Injustices And Difficulties Resulting From Poorly Drafted Legislation Have Been Compounded By The Use Of Outdated Batfe Testing Protocols. To Their Credit, Batfe Appear To Have Been Receptive To The Use Of New Technology And Things Have Improved Somewhat In Recent Years. Sound Measuring Equipment With A Data Sample Time Interval Short Enough To Accurately Capture A Gunshot Is Expensive, And Interpretation Of Results Is Difficult For Those Not Well Versed In The Technical Intricacies Of Acoustics. This Paper Includes Two Case Studies. The First Case Study Demonstrates How Outdated Test Protocols And Inappropriate Equipment Lead To Potentially Misleading Results. The Second Case Study Demonstrates How An Overzealous Prosecution Expert Can Paint A Misleading Picture Of An Alleged Homemade Silencer. It Is Concluded That Current Legislation Relating To Silencers Provides Vague Technical Definitions, Leads To Unnecessary And Expensive Prosecutions, Has A Significant Adverse Affect On The Health Of The Nation, And Raises Significant Legal, Administrative, And Financial Barriers To Those Firearms Owners Who Wish To Maximize Safety And Minimize Environmental Impact.

Congress Passes Mental Health Parity Bill

nation, you’ve seen it contributing to the slower rate of increase in health care costs,” Zirkelbach said. Helen Darling, president of the National Business Group on Health, said her member companies are also looking at disease and care management as a way to curtail rising health costs. The Washington, DC–based nonprofit association is made up of large employers that are seeking solutions to their health care issues. “There’s been a sea change in the way employers are thinking about their role,” Darling said. “About 3 years ago, we began saying that we actually had to change the health profile of our employees and their dependents, because if they’re not healthy, they cannot be productive. We’re going to continue this for several more years to see if it makes a difference.” TREATING PATIENTS The economic climate for health insurance is also putting pressures on hospitals and physicians. Carolyn Steinberg, vice president for trends analysis with the American Hospital Association, said her institutions are facing between 20% and 25% in uncompensated care from insured patients who cannot pay their part of the bill. Beyond such financial concerns, hospitals also often serve as the “bad guys” when treating insured patients who may be under cost pressures to choose plans with low premiums but high copayments. “Patients don’t really understand that they are making choices when they enroll in health plans and don’t realize they may face co-pays or that they need to use certain preferred providers,” Steinberg said. “Hospitals have to deliver the bad news of what the plans are not delivering.” Himmelstein said that for physicians, the current health insurance climate makes it more difficult to treat patients. “Before,whenIprescribedamedicine orrecommendedatest, theconversation wasabout ‘DoIneedthis?’”Himmelstein said.“Nowmuchoftheconversationcenters on, ‘Is my insurance going to pay for this? If they pay only a part, can I afford it?’ I’mspendinga lotof timewith the insurance hassles.” Still, Himmelstein recognizes the real burdens are on patients. “Fifteen years after the Clinton Administration’s health reform effort, health care costs are a significantly higher part of the US gross domestic product and finding affordable coverage is much more difficult,” Himmelstein said. “Fifteen years ago, the issue was about covering the uninsured; today, the crisis is for those with insurance.”

Congress Passes Doctor Pay Increase, Medicare Reform

Congress Passes Doctor Pay Increase, Medicare Reform

Congress Passes Pay Increase, Medicare Reform

Congress Passes Pay Increase, Medicare Reform

Congress Passes Bill to Ban Discrimination Based on Individuals’ Genetic Makeup

IN A MOVE TO PROTECT INDIVIDUALS from health insurance or employment discrimination based on their genetic information, both the House and Senate have overwhelmingly passed the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA). The protections provided by the act are meant to encourage US individuals to obtain genetic testing as part of their medical care without fear of discrimination. The progress of GINA’s passage can be tracked at http://www.genome.gov /24519851. At press time, President Bush, who was among those who urged Congress to pass such legislation, was expected to sign the bill into law. “We want medical research to go forward without an individual fearing of personal discrimination,” Bush said during a roundtable discussion at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) last year.

Congress Passes Massive Measure to Support Research, Education

U.S. SCIENCE POLICYIn 2005, a U.S. National Academies' panel drew up a blueprint for sustaining economic growth by strengthening the country's research and educational systems. Last week, Congress passed a bill that adopted nearly all of the panel's recommendations.

Congress Passes NIH Reauthorization

Congress Passes NIH Reauthorization

Congress Passes 2006 NIH Reform Act

Congress Passes 2006 NIH Reform Act

Congress Passes Nurse Reinvestment Act

Congress Passes Nurse Reinvestment Act

Corporate Law. Congress Passes Corporate and Accounting Fraud Legislation. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745 (Codified in Scattered Sections of 11, 15, 18, 28, and 29 U. S. C.)

Corporate Law. Congress Passes Corporate and Accounting Fraud Legislation. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745 (Codified in Scattered Sections of 11, 15, 18, 28, and 29 U. S. C.)

Table of Contents

AbstractCongress Passes Antiterrorism Legislation, Provides Standards for Aid to Terrorism VictimsPending LegislationIRS Issues Exempt Organizations FY 2002 Implementing Guidelines2002 Inflation Adjustments IssuedMore Bizarre Doings at the IRS in the FieldOther Developments

Junk It, or Junket?

Editorial| May 01 2001 Junk It, or Junket? Shelley Bookspan Shelley Bookspan Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The Public Historian (2001) 23 (2): 5–8. https://doi.org/10.1525/tph.2001.23.2.5 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Shelley Bookspan; Junk It, or Junket?. The Public Historian 1 May 2001; 23 (2): 5–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/tph.2001.23.2.5 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe Public Historian Search This content is only available via PDF. © National Council for Public History Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Table of Contents

The Nonprofit CounselVolume 17, Issue 1 p. 1-8 Table of Contents First published: 03 January 2001 https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6785(200001)17:1<1::AID-NPC1>3.0.CO;2-ZAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract Coming Next Month, by Bruce R. Hopkins Congress Passes Tax Bill (Which Is Signed), Adjourns Court of Appeals Brings New Perspective to Compensation Reasonableness Determination Rules Donors of Undervalued Property Held Entitled to Charitable Deduction Based on Higher (25x) Appraised Value IRS Issues Inflation Adjusted Items for 2000 Other Developments Volume17, Issue1January 2000Pages 1-8 RelatedInformation

Recovering the work of American clubwomen

OVERRIDING PRESIDENT WILSON'S VETO, CONGRESS PASSED AN IMMIGRATION bill in 1917 that was the first to link literacy with immigration. While exempting the wives, mothers, grandmothers, and daughters, as well as fathers or grandfathers over age fifty-five of 'admissible aliens,' the bill excluded 'all aliens over sixteen years of age, physically capable of reading, who can not read the English language, or some other language or dialect, including Hebrew or Yiddish' (20). By defining literacy as a solitary achievement of reading and not writing and by gendering it as a male activity, the bill, argues Anne Ruggles Gere in Intimate Practices, encouraged immigrants to comply with national norms of individualism, patriarchy, and deference to authority. Women's clubs, by contrast, encouraged women to write as well as to read in intimate communities that created greater agency for members on issues of public debate.1 When members of a working women's club in New York determined that most New Yorkers thought working girls stupid, they proposed to write and

105th Congress Passes Massive FY 1999 Budget that Boosts R&amp;D and Purveys Lots of Pork

105th Congress Passes Massive FY 1999 Budget that Boosts R&amp;D and Purveys Lots of Pork

Congress Passes Broad NIH Bill

Congress Passes Broad NIH Bill

Congress Passes Law to Clarify Fair Use of Unpublished Copyrighted Material

Congress Passes Law to Clarify Fair Use of Unpublished Copyrighted Material

Congress Passes Law to Clarify Fair Use of Unpublished Copyrighted Material

Congress Passes Law to Clarify Fair Use of Unpublished Copyrighted Material

Congress Passes Broad NIH Bill

Congress Passes Broad NIH Bill