Confusion Stage Research Articles

Harris Hawk optimization driven adaptive image encryption integrating Hilbert vibrational decomposition and chaos

Image encryption is a technique used to protect the confidentiality of digital images. Existing encryption algorithms use chaotic maps for generating random sequences. These sequences purely depend on the fixed initial parameters, which are not adaptive to different input images, thereby limiting their ability to produce the best-possible encrypted image. This paper introduces a new Harris Hawk optimization (HHO) based adaptive image encryption algorithm that integrates Hilbert vibrational decomposition (HVD), and multiple chaotic maps. The new fitness function is specifically designed to optimize the security and robustness of the encrypted image, considering statistical and differential attack parameters (NPCR, UACI, Entropy, and correlation coefficient values). HHO is used to optimize the initial parameters of chaotic maps (Henon map, Duffing map, Lorenz equation) subject to variations in the input image. In the confusion stage, the input image is decomposed into four components of same dimension but decreasing energy using HVD. Subsequently, the block based pixel scrambling is performed on alternate components using the Henon map and Duffing map. In the diffusion stage, the image from the confusion stage undergoes a first level diffusion by bitwise XOR operation with a random image generated from the Lorenz equation. Further, second level of diffusion is achieved with a complex operation generated image from the input image, enhancing its adaptability. Finally, Arnold Cat map having number of iterations determined by the input image is used for final pixel permutation to produces the encrypted image. The optimized initial parameters and input image dependent confusion and diffusion operations enable the encryption system to adapt to changes in the input image, thereby enhancing its resistance against known plain text and known cipher text attacks. Moreover, the integration of HVD with multiple chaotic maps makes the scheme more complex to decrypt with plain text attacks. The performance of proposed algorithm is evaluated on five standard test images in terms of security and quality measures. Experimental results exhibit statistical and differential attack parameters close to ideal values (with Max. Entropy≈7.9996, Min. CC≈ 10−5, Max. NPCR≈99.64, Max. UACI≈33.62). The use of multiple chaotic maps at different stages makes the key space larger. Robustness analysis demonstrates the algorithm's capability in withstanding noise and image enhancement attacks. The comparison with state of the arts metaheuristic based and classical encryption algorithms highlights the superior performance of proposed HHO driven algorithm. The significant improvement in security parameters and overall fitness compared to fixed initial parameters is achieved by optimizing the encryption process.

Enhancing image security via chaotic maps, Fibonacci, Tribonacci transformations, and DWT diffusion: a robust data encryption approach

In recent years, numerous image encryption schemes have been developed that demonstrate different levels of effectiveness in terms of robust security and real-time applications. While a few of them outperform in terms of robust security, others perform well for real-time applications where less processing time is required. Balancing these two aspects poses a challenge, aiming to achieve efficient encryption without compromising security. To address this challenge, the proposed research presents a robust data security approach for encrypting grayscale images, comprising five key phases. The first and second phases of the proposed encryption framework are dedicated to the generation of secret keys and the confusion stage, respectively. While the level-1, level-2, and level-2 diffusions are performed in phases 3, 4, and 5, respectively, The proposed approach begins with secret key generation using chaotic maps for the initial pixel scrambling in the plaintext image, followed by employing the Fibonacci Transformation (FT) for an additional layer of pixel shuffling. To enhance security, Tribonacci Transformation (TT) creates level-1 diffusion in the permuted image. Level-2 diffusion is introduced to further strengthen the diffusion within the plaintext image, which is achieved by decomposing the diffused image into eight-bit planes and implementing XOR operations with corresponding bit planes that are extracted from the key image. After that, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is employed to develop secondary keys. The DWT frequency sub-band (high-frequency sub-band) is substituted using the substitution box process. This creates further diffusion (level 3 diffusion) to make it difficult for an attacker to recover the plaintext image from an encrypted image. Several statistical tests, including mean square error analysis, histogram variance analysis, entropy assessment, peak signal-to-noise ratio evaluation, correlation analysis, key space evaluation, and key sensitivity analysis, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed work. The proposed encryption framework achieves significant statistical values, with entropy, correlation, energy, and histogram variance values standing at 7.999, 0.0001, 0.0156, and 6458, respectively. These results contribute to its robustness against cyberattacks. Moreover, the processing time of the proposed encryption framework is less than one second, which makes it more suitable for real-world applications. A detailed comparative analysis with the existing methods based on chaos, DWT, Tribonacci transformation (TT), and Fibonacci transformation (FT) reveals that the proposed encryption scheme outperforms the existing ones.

An efficient image encryption model based on 6D hyperchaotic system and symmetric matrix for color and gray images

The security of images is one of the predominant pivotal aspects in the mammoth and still expanding digital domain. Due to chaotic system properties i.e. randomness and unpredictability is very appropriate to encrypt the images. In this research article, we construct an encryption model via 6D hyperchaotic map and a symmetric matrix for both color and grayscale images. We utilize the 6D hyperchaotic map in the confusion stage to change the pixel location and the symmetric matrix is used for changing the pixel value in the diffusion step for each RGB channel extraction from plain or original image. The image encryption model is checked over differential attacks (NPCR and UACI). Histogram analysis, correlation coefficients, and entropy analysis are also performed as statistical attacks. In conclusion, the image pixels are uniformly distributed, and the average entropy value are 7.9992 and 7.9973 for color and grayscale images, subsequently. The average NPCR and UACI for color images are 99.5956 and 33.4061, correspondingly, while the values for grayscale images are 99.5934 and 33.3054, respectively. These values are in the vicinity of optimal ranges. The suggested scheme's great efficiency and the proposed algorithm's resilience to a wide range of cryptanalytic attacks are implied by experimental results, statistical analysis, and differential attacks.

Exploring the Consumption Behavior of College Students under the Prevalence of Excessive Consumption Phenomenon Based on the Theory of Delayed Satisfaction

Delayed gratification is a manifestation of self-control. This type of psychological phenomenon is widely present in various groups, and it is closely related to the consumption behavior of college students. In the era of rapid development of Internet finance, college students, as the mainstream consumer group, inevitably choose to consume in advance to meet their immediate needs. Due to the fact that college students are in a stage of confusion about their future career and life, delayed gratification psychology and present bias may lead to many irrational consumption phenomena. In order to pursue psychological balance, college students may prefer to choose random financial products and services on the internet for lending and consumption without thinking rationally based on their own situation. Based on this, this article attempts to explore the consumption choices of contemporary college students and the relationship between delayed gratification and college students through questionnaire surveys. Based on the results of the investigation and analysis, this article proposes several specific situations and possible causes of the relationship between college students' consumption psychology and delayed gratification.

Investigating The Impact of Digital Technology on Adolescent Identity Formation on Selected Students in SAIS: A Psychological Approach

Teenagers are today living in a hybrid world that connects digital spaces to offline contexts; we are amid a global shift where digital "screens" are no longer only entertainment devices yet a major distraction. Adolescence is a period of self-actualization, self- integration, and, in the current era, consistent social media performance. Conflicts in the identity vs. role confusion stage of Erik Erikson and James Marcia theory of identity statues model are addressed throughout this research. A survey, sent to Sharjah American International School high school students, explores the aftermath of the online metaverse impact on their identity development. The aim of the present study was to examine the interrelationships between adolescent media activity and identity development through studying behavioral outcomes to psychological analyze results. Participating in the study were 19 adolescents ages 13 to 19 (mean age 17). The results showed identity was however negatively associated with time spent using the network on social media and communicating. On the other hand, identity style was also positively associated with adaptive media- related cognitions, such as benefiting from the online metaverse to absorb new knowledge constantly. The results are discussed regarding practical implications and recommendations for enhancing parenting styles and guidance of adolescents.

A Secure Image Cryptographic Algorithm Based on Triple Incorporated Ciphering Stages

Lately, image encryption has stand out as a highly urgent demand to provide high security for digital images against use and unauthorized distribution. A lot of existing researches use chaotic systems, symmetric or asymmetric schemes for image encryption, but cryptosystem based on one encryption technique only, faces many challenges like weak security and low complexity. Therefore, incorporating two or more different ciphering methods yields a secure and efficient algorithm to protect image information. In this work, a new image cryptosystem is suggested by joining zigzag scan technique, RSA algorithm and chaotic systems. These three security factors introduce Triple Incorporated Ciphering stages system (TIC). Initially, the plaintext image is divided into $8\times 8$ non-overlapping blocks, then the odd blocks are isolated from the even blocks. After that, a new modified zigzag scan in two different directions is adopted for shuffling pixels in the odd and even blocks. This operation effectively enhances the shuffling degree. Next, the RSA algorithm is utilized after combining the scrambled blocks in one matrix. Finally, chaotic systems are implemented on the resultant encrypted matrix to complete the ciphering process. The chaos is implemented in two steps; confusion and diffusion. Duffing map is exploited in the confusion stage, whereas L"u system is adopted on the shuffled matrix in the diffusion stage. The simulation results show the superiority of TIC in both security and attacks robustness compared to other cryptographic algorithms. Therefore, TIC can be exploited in real-time communication systems for secure image transmission.

Virtual fashion experiences in virtual reality fashion show spaces.

Virtual reality (VR) provides a new fashion space and fashion experience. This study focuses on immersive VR and fashion shows to empirically explore the VR fashion space and fashion experience. Insights specific to fashion have not been presented in as much depth in the literature; thus, the current findings are particularly valuable and insightful. This study employed three immersive VR (IVR) fashion show stimuli and in-depth interviews according to a semi-structured questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed based on the concept of VR space and VR experience derived through literature research. The VR fashion space was divided into three types and VR experiences of cognitive presence, sensible immersion, emotional immersion, and aesthetic interaction were derived accordingly. First, the physical representation of a fashion show induced a cognitive and emotional sense of presence, in which users felt as though they had moved to the same time and place as those at the fashion show. Second, participants experienced cognitive confusion owing to the differences with a priori experiences in the fashion show space (i.e., reality and imagination coexist). Third, participants transcended the limitations of physical reality while in the fashion show space of pataphysics (which was realized with human imagination), and they moved beyond the stage of confusion that is experienced while facing realistic objects to connect to creative inspiration. The difference in the properties of VR space may be associated with distinct VR fashion experiences. The findings suggest that (1) a priori elements such as sociocultural contexts and personal experiences differ in the experiential dimension of virtual space, (2) the VR fashion show space induces a psychological experience between brand and consumer, and (3) creative inspiration and exploratory play can be greatly induced in a user if the immersive fashion space is further from the original source.

Design and optimization of nonlinear component of block cipher: Applications to multimedia security

Nowadays, various image encryption schemes based on chaotic systems have been developed, each of them has its own limitations and strength in terms of security and computational speed. The proposed image encryption scheme utilizes 2-D maps without disturbing their mathematical structure, characterized by topological features such as chaotic behavior and fractal properties, namely the Zaslavasky, Bakers, and Henon Maps. This approach utilizes both confusion and diffusion stages to achieve high levels of security against various attacks. The confusion stage utilizes chaotic values to muddle the rows and columns of the image, reducing the correlations between neighboring pixels, while the diffusion step achieves the avalanche effect with 2D Bakers map and Henon map. The proposed image encryption scheme is analyzed thoroughly to evaluate its security and performance. To evaluate the security and computational efficiency of the proposed image encryption method, various analysis such as correlation, contrast, entropy, energy, homogeneity, and performance analyses are conducted. Moreover, the three proposed S-boxes are also tested to evaluate their effectiveness using cryptographic analysis tests such as nonlinearity, strict Avalanche criterion, differential probability, linear probability, and bit independence criterion, which we also utilized in our proposed image encryption scheme.

The role of moral disengagement and authoritarian parenting style towards cyberbullying attitude among social media users

The increase in internet users and the lack of ethics in using the internet have become one of the phenomena that trigger cyberbullying on social media among adolescents. Various internal and external factors can influence cyberbullying attitudes, including moral disengagement and authoritarian parenting style. This study examines the role of moral disengagement and authoritarian parenting style towards cyberbullying attitudes in social media users. The participants in this study were 271 junior high school students aged 12-15 years, accessing social media for more than 2 hours a day and living with both parents. The data collection method used a survey by distributing questionnaires to junior high schools in Surabaya. The scales used were Cyberbullying Attitudes, Moral Disengagement Scale, and Authoritarian Parenting Style (PAQ). The data analysis technique used multiple regression analysis. Reporting multiple regression results in the role of moral disengagement and authoritarian parenting style towards cyberbullying attitudes, R²=0.434, F(102.626), p<0.001 from the mother side and R²=0.432, F(102.003), p<0.001 from father side. However, in this study, 43% contribution comes from moral disengagement, and the authoritarian parenting style has no effect, considering that research participants are individuals in the stage of social identity confusion, so the role of peers could be more influential.

A Hybrid Domain Medical Image Encryption Scheme Using URUK and WAM Chaotic Maps with Wavelet – Fourier Transforms

Image encryption is one of the most important techniques to maintain data confidentiality against illegal access and fraudulent usage. In this study, a new medical image encryption technique was developed by combining the discrete wavelet transform, the fast Fourier transform, the Arnold transform, and two multidimensional chaotic systems. The medical image is subjected to a discrete wavelet transform before the magic square shuffles the image sub-bands. Confusion operations are performed on each scrambled subdomain using the Uruk 4D chaotic system. To increase randomness and unpredictability, a second stage of confusion is implemented in the domain of the Fast Fourier transform using the Arnold transform. The final encrypted image is obtained utilizing secret keys derived from the WAM 3D chaotic system. In particular, the initial conditions for chaotic systems are derived from grayscale values, thereby increasing the algorithm’s sensitivity to the input image. The results of the tests and the security analysis indicate that the proposed algorithm is exceptionally reliable and secure.

Evolution of Self: Exploration of Personality Development in Kamila Shamsie's Selective Novel

The persona of Hasan in Kamila Shamsie’s novel In the City By the Sea is a complicated and multi-faceted character whose adventure from childhood to adulthood illustrates his cognitive and psychosocial improvement in the story. In this paper, we have analyzed Hasan's character focusing on his cognitive maturity and social development, discovering through his life experiences and relationships his idea of self and the world around him. Our discussion draws on Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, explaining the ways Hasan's conception of reality and truth undergoes evolution over time as he progresses from a concrete, sensorimotor awareness of the world to greater abstract, formal operational understanding. We additionally utilize Erikson's ideas on psychosocial development, especially the stage of identity versus identity confusion in his theory and the blossoming of Hasan's ego identity. The paper argues that Hasan's immediate life experiences and relationships play an essential function in shaping his idea of himself and the surrounding world. In conclusion, our research offers an insightful interpretation of Hasan's portrayal in the novel, exploring the functioning of cognitive and psychosocial growth at work in his progression from formative years to maturity. The current research highlights the utility of Piaget and Erikson's theories to interpret literary characters and unpack the interplay of both nature and nurture in comprehending the complex phenomenon of human development.

Open Set Domain Adaptation via Instance Affinity Metric and Fine-Grained Alignment for Remote Sensing Scene Classification

In the practical application of remote sensing scene classification (RSSC), domain adaptation is introduced to handle the situation where the distribution of training data (source) and test data (target) is different. Compared to general domain adaptation, open set domain adaptation (OSDA) is suitable for more realistic situations where there are additional unknown classes in the target domain. The key to solving this problem is to separate unknown samples from target data to avoid negative transfer caused by mismatching unknown/known samples. In this letter, we propose a novel and effective method, named Instance Affinity metric-based Fine-grained Adaptation Network (IAFAN), for OSDA in RSSC. Concretely, an Unknown Sample Separation (USS) mechanism based on the instance affinity-aware matrix is pioneeringly proposed to endow the model with the ability to distinguish unknown samples. In addition, considering the high inter-class similarity and rich intra-class diversity of remote sensing images, we introduce the Sample Discriminability Enhancement (SDE) loss to further increase the inter-class distance and narrow the intra-class difference, thereby alleviating the negative transfer caused by sample misclassification and mismatching. In the feature confusion stage, we specially design Mask-mmd for OSDA as an adaptation metric to conduct semantic fine-grained cross-domain alignment of known samples while keeping unknown samples out of alignment, which avoids negative transfer during the adaptation process. Finally, we evaluate IAFAN on transfer tasks between different public remote sensing datasets, and the results verify that our method significantly outperforms previous methods in RSSC.

대학생의 원격수업 적응에 관한 근거이론 연구

This study tried to develop a practical theory that can explain the experience of the adaptation process to the sudden non-face-to-face class situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 students from the 20 ~ 21st grades, and the collected data were analyzed by applying the grounded theory method proposed by Strauss and Corbin (2001/2001). As a result of the analysis, 104 concepts, 20 subcategories, and 6 final categories were finally derived. As a result of this study, the core category was found to be ‘Overcoming the culture shock of remote classes independently. The causal condition is‘freshman looking forward to college life’, the central phenomenon is ‘non-face-to-face college life with COVID-19', the contextual condition is‘go to school in the corner of the room', the mediating condition is‘introspection and Finding Supporting Resources’, and the action/interaction is ‘efforts to adapt to remote class situations’. The result of 'adapting to life' was a face-to-face class waiting with half expectations and half concerns. And as a result of this study, the core category,‘Independently overcoming the culture shock of non-face-to-face class situations’was progressing in four stages according to the passage of time: excitement stage, confusion stage, adaptation stage, and acceptance stage. The results of this study are meaningful as basic data to prepare for the substantialization of future new normal distance education.

Image encryption algorithm based on a new chaotic system with Rubik's cube transform and Brownian motion model

In this paper a new two-dimensional chaotic map based on Logistic map and Chebyshev map is proposed. The performance analysis and evaluation show the proposed map has a very wide range of chaos and good ergodicity. Further, a new image encryption algorithm is designed using the chaotic map with Rubik's Cube transform and Brownian motion model. The encryption process is ‘confusion - Rubik's cube transformation - diffusion’. In the confusion stage, a method combining Brownian motion theory and chaotic sequence is proposed. Then combining the advantages of chaotic system and Rubik's cube, a Rubik's Cube transformation algorithm is proposed. The scrambled pixel matrix and the chaotic matrix are spliced into a hexahedron structure, and the Rubik's Cube is dynamically scrambled through a pseudo-random sequence. Finally, the XOR operation is performed on the basis of the two-dimensional Hénon chaotic map. The experimental results show that the algorithm has the advantages of large key space, strong robustness and high security, and can resist common cryptanalysis attacks.

Psychological Approach in Personality Development of Theodore Decker’s Character in “The Goldfinch”

<p>The research aims to describe the personality and the personality development of Theodore Decker through psychosocial development perspectives in the main character of The Goldfinch novel. His personality becomes an example of how family and social environment contribute to the development of one’s personality. The research method used in understanding and in analysing the novel was descriptive qualitative. The research results are: According to Erik Erikson’s eight stages in psychosocial development theory, Theo has passed four major stages they are the stages of initiative vs guilt (14%), industry vs inferiority (14%), identity vs role confusion (46%), and intimacy vs isolation (29%). Theo struggles to pass the stage of identity vs role confusion. It has led him to the situation where he faces difficulties on understanding his identity and role within society. Theo is grown up as a person with less empathy for others, struggles with his drug addiction, and has trouble making commitments; Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development of the personality emphasizes the social influences in the development of the ego. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development has eight distinct stages. Completing each step results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of the ego to resolve subsequent crises. Conversely, failure to complete a set will lead to ability reduction in completing further stages and an unhealthier personality and sense of self. Instead of focusing on sexual development, this theory is interesting in how children socialize and how social environment affects their senses.</p>

Robust Chaos-Based Medical Image Cryptosystem

In In this paper, we propose an efficient cryptosystem for medical images. While the confusion stage is ensured by an Arnold's cat map allowing the permutation of pixels; the diffusion stage is alleviated by an improved logistic map used by the chaotic key-based algorithm (CKBA). The simulation results attest that the proposed algorithm has superior security and enables efficient encryption/decryption of medical images. Performances were evaluated by several security analyses: the NPCR and UACI are improved over 99.60% and 33.46% respectively, and entropy is reported close to 7.8. What makes this new cipher much stronger security.

Pengaruh Fanatisme Korean Pop Terhadap Perilaku Imitasi Remaja (Studi Komunitas Purple Army Pekanbaru)

This research is motivated by one of the tasks of adolescent development, namely to find a model human who becomes their identity, the model human who becomes the identity of teenagers in this study is a k-pop idol, besides that at the psychosocial stage of adolescence, they are in the stage of identity search versus identity confusion, which from this stage, many teenagers fail in a process of forming self-identity which will cause teenagers to have fanaticism, this fanaticism arises as a result of the process of cultural interaction between individuals with one another, so that it will give birth to a new form of behavior, namely imitation behavior. The problem in this study is whether there is a significant influence between k-pop fanaticism on the behavior of teenagers in the purple army community in Pekanbaru. While the purpose of the study was to see if there was a significant influence between k-pop fanaticism on adolescent behavior. In obtaining the data in the study, the author uses quantitative research methods with a population of 57 people with data collection techniques using questionnaires and analyzed through simple linear regression.

A simple embed over encryption scheme for DICOM images using Bülban Map.

With the onset of any pandemic, the medical image database is bound to increase. These medical images are prone to attack by hackers for their medical data and patient health information. To safeguard these medical images, a new algorithm is proposed. The algorithm involves secretly embedding the patient identification number into the medical image and encrypting the medical image, protecting the patient’s identity and the patient’s medical condition from hackers. The encryption algorithm involved a single stage of confusion and two stages of diffusion. The confusion operation was performed using the key generated by the Bülban map. The first stage of diffusion was done in the transform domain, using 5/3 transformation. The second diffusion stage was performed in the spatial domain by altering the pixel values using the key. The algorithm was tested on over 30 DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) images taken from Open Science Framework (OSF), a public database for COVID-19 patients. The algorithm could resist the statistical attacks upon analysis, providing a PSNR of 7.084 dB and entropy of 15.9815 bits for the cipher image. The correlation coefficients for the cipher image were 0.0275, -0.0027, 0.018 in horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions. The keyspace was 2((M−1) ×N)×16, with M the number of rows and N the number of columns in the image. The key sensitivity was high. The test results and metric analysis prove that the algorithm is an effective one for embedding and encryption.Graphical abstract

A deep learning signed medical image based on cryptographic techniques

Innovative medical multimedia communications technology requirements have enhanced safety principles, allowing significant advancement in security standards. In hospitals and imaging centers, massive amounts of medical images have been created. To successfully access the medical databases and utilize those rich resources in assisting diagnosis and research, image processing enabled communication solutions are necessary. Our article presents a rigorous verified model by employing deep learning to enhance the cryptographic performance of biomedical images using hybrid chaotic Lorentz map diffusion and de-oxyribonucleic acid (DNA) confusion stages. It consists of two encryption/decryption techniques, the initial signal is verified using digital signature and two unique non-consecutive stages of chaotic diffusion with a single DNA scrambling stage in between. The encoded secret bit stream is generated and used to encrypt or decode the original signal in the diffusion manner to disintegrate the redundancy in the plain image statistics, utilizing hybrid chaotic system. Using DNA confusion step to make the relationship between the original signal and the utilized key more ambiguous. These stages make the proposed image cryptosystem more resistant to known/ chosen plaintext assaults. The performance of the suggested technique will be assessed to the most similar techniques reported in the literature for comparative purposes.

PRANATA SOSIAL DAN PEMBENTUKAN DIRI HOMOSEKSUAL TOKOH KUSAKABE HIKARU DALAM MANGA DOUKYUUSEI KARYA NAKAMURA ASUMIKO

This research chose Doukyuusei vol 1-3 manga by Nakamura Asumiko because it depicts the stage of homosexual self formation of Kusakabe Hikaru. The stage of homosexual self formation of the figure in the story relates to the social institution that exists in society. The method used in this research is Qulitative and presented descriptively and data collection techniques using literature studies. The theory used is that social institution is related to the social background and stage of homosexual self formation by Vivinnie Cass. The results showed Kusakabe's figures fulfilled four stages of the six stages of homosexual self formation. The four stages are Identity Confusion, Identity Comparation, Identity Acceptance, and Identity Synthesis. Identity Confusion stage is related to educational institutions (non-academic curriculum). Identity Comparison relates to religious institutions (ethics). Identity Acceptance relates to religious institutions (ethics). Identity Synthesis is related to the family institutions (marriage) and religious institutions (ethics). In conclusion, Kusakabe did not go through the Identity Tolerance because he did not look for homosexual groups and the Identity Pride because Kusakabe did not think heterosexual was the wrong thing. Although Kusakabe managed to come out as a homosexual, social institutions would not approve of homosexual behavior.