Confusion Rate Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF CLASSROOM INTERACTION USING FLANDER INTERACTION ANALYSIS CATEGORIES SYSTEM (FIACS) IN ENGLISH CLASS-UNKRISWINA SUMBA

Classroom interaction relates to teachers’ teaching style in determining the interaction occurs in the classroom. Teachers’ teaching style like teacher-centered will make students more passive in the classroom since the teacher talks all the time. The purpose of this research aimed to find out the percentage of the teachers’ and students’ talking time during classroom interaction and teacher-students characteristics during classroom interaction in English class at Unkriswina Sumba using FIACS.This research was a qualitative research design. The subject of this research was English teacher in English class who had been teaching more than five years and four years. The result found that teacher talk ratio (TT) was high that is 82,51%. Then, indirect teacher talk ratio (ITT) was 51,57.Moreover, direct teacher talk ratio (DTT) was 30,94% while students talk ratio/percentage of students talk (PT) was 13,00%. Then, silence or confusion rate (SC) was 4,48%. Last, indirect and direct ratio (ID) was 166, 67%. The result showed that indirect talk was dominant than direct talk in the conversation class while the most dominant characteristic in conversation class was content cross that is 85.It reflected that most of the teaching-learning time was devoted to questions, lectures and praises. The result of this research enriched the knowledge of the students, lectures, and other language learners that in the classroom, both the lectures and students should have the willingness to participate in the interaction. Keyword: Classroom Interaction, FIACS System, Teacher’s talk, Student’s talk,

Prognostic utility of CURB-65 and E-CURB-65 scoring systems in healthcare associated pneumonia patients: Short- and long-term mortality.

The aim of our study is to evaluate whether the CURB-65 or expanded-CURB-65 score can be used in healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) and subgroups of HCAP patients at the same efficiency. Thirty and 90-day mortality rates of the patients and predictive values of CURB-65 and E-CURB-65 scores were compared. This is a retrospective study of patients who presented to the Emergency Department between January 2015 and January 2016. All patient charts above 18 years of age were evaluated according to American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA) pneumonia diagnostic criteria and pneumonia diagnoses were confirmed. 167 pneumonia patients (27.8%) of all pneumonia cases were grouped as HCAP and 433 (54.4%) were grouped as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). 43% (n = 72) of HCAP patients were classified as nursing home-associated pneumonia (NHAP) and 57% (n = 95) were classified as HCAP (except NHAP) group. NHAP patients were older than the other groups. HCAP (except NHAP) group had somehow more comorbid diseases when compared with the other groups. However, the NHAP group had more unstable vital signs and confusion rates. Hospital and ICU admissions, 30-90-day mortality rates were all significantly higher in NHAP group E-CURB-65 was found to have better predictive values than CURB-65 for 30-day and 90-day mortalities overall. According to our results, commonly used scoring systems, CURB 65 and E-CURB 65, are not suitable for HCAP, NHAP, and HCAP (except NHAP) patients. NHAP patients have significant worse prognosis compared with CAP and HCAP (except NHAP) in terms of admission to intensive care and 30 and 90-day mortality rates.

Avalanche effect and bit independence criterion of perfectly secure Shannon cipher based on matrix power

In 2020 E. Sakalauskas with coauthors published a paper defining perfectly secure Shannon cipher based on matrix power function, proposing effective parallelization, and ensuring no need for multiple rounds encrypting one data block [1]. In this paper we present computational results with the avalanche effect and bit independence criterion (BIC). These criteria are important when describing the rate of confusion of bits in the ciphertext. It was observed that increasing matrix order and group size enhance BIC and avalanche effect results converging to the desired values. Based on the outputs it is possible to pick appropriate parameters satisfying security needs and available memory in a device where appropriate keys are going to be stored.

Computer-assisted Anesthesia Care: Avoiding the Highway to HAL

Computer-assisted Anesthesia Care: Avoiding the Highway to HAL

Thai tonal confusion patterns in the production of L1 Chinese Zhuang students

Abstract This paper examines Thai tonal confusion patterns in two sample groups of Chinese Zhuang Students with the research hypothesis that the experimental group who possess Zhuang language experience as native speakers (C+Z) would have better tonal performance in the process of assigning tone for each lexical word than the control group who have no experience of Zhuang (C−Z). The hypothesis focuses on the C+Z′ familiarity of tone split which is a common feature of the tonal system in Tai languages as their L1 positive transfer. The tone split patterns of their L1 and L2 were explored and contrasted in the comparative Gedney’s tone box. The C+Z and the C−Z were asked to pronounce 60 words of two wordlists, one of which contained Zhuang-Thai cognates to stimulate the familiarity of their L1 tone split pattern. The findings show that Thai tonal confusion patterns in the two groups present differently. The accuracy rate of the C+Z is significantly higher than that of the C−Z overall and especially in T3 and T5. Their confusion rate on the Zhuang-Thai cognate wordlist was not higher than the non-cognate wordlist. All of the aforementioned indicates the positive transfer of the L1 Zhuang in the students’ Thai L2 tonal acquisition.

Circular coded target system for industrial applications

Coded targets are used as reference targets with a known location during camera calibration, for robust searching of corresponding features between images during various applications of machine vision like object tracking, robot navigation or 3D measurement. In this paper, a target system for industrial photogrammetric applications is outlined. The methods which have been chosen emphasize maximum robustness, along with accuracy at the expense of computational efficiency, since photogrammetric measurements are mainly evaluated offline. The outlined system combines widely used photogrammetric circular coded target design with an automatic library generator. It also utilizes robust methods of target detection and recognition with error correction (in case of 60 15-bit targets, up to 1 bit confused or 2 bits occluded) along with preserving the low false-positive or confusion rate. Any error correction method for this type of targets was not introduced before. The solution also allows for the creation of versatile target libraries or to work with the existing target libraries of a number of commercial photogrammetric systems. The properties of the target system were tested under challenging conditions (including heavy noise, blur, occlusion and geometrical image transformations) and compared to state-of-the-art systems, e.g. TRITOP (GOM), or ArUco, which it outperforms. The target system is already used for the camera calibration of a specialized photogrammetric system utilized in the heavy industry environment.

Anthropometric-based clustering of pinnae and its application in personalizing HRTFs

A huge amount of anthropometric data on pinnae have been widely used in ergonomic designs, but their usage for personalizing head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) to improve virtual auditory display has received insufficient attention. The present work proposes a simplified method of HRTFs selection based on pinnae clustering. It uses a large amount of pinna anthropometric data but only HRTFs of several typical subjects with cluster-center pinnae. A baseline database with pinnae of 100 subjects was clustered into eight groups, where eight typical subjects were identified as the cluster centers. According to the similarity of the pinnae anthropometric parameters of a new listener and eight typical subjects, the HRTFs of the best-matched subject were selected as the pair of personalized HRTFs for the new listener. The errors in the magnitude, peaks, and notches of the HRTF spectra show that the matched HRTFs are closer to the new subject's own HRTFs, compared with the HRTFs of other cluster-center subjects. The subjects have a low in-head localization rate and confusion rate using matched HRTFs in the psychoacoustic experiment. This method decreases the workload since we need to acquire fewer HRTF data and it is possible to use a huge amount of pinna data in customizing HRTFs. Our results provide evidence for potential applications in ergonomic design.

Sharing pseudonyms between Intelligent Transport System stations

Privacy is an important issue on any open system, in particular for connected vehicles. These vehicles send continuously messages containing their locations in order to cooperate with their neighbors about what is happening on roads. Privacy protection is highly required to deploy C-ITS (Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems) in order to avoid tracking drivers. For this reason, vehicles change frequently their identity in order to become anonymous. We need to consider the authenticity of senders in order to drop messages coming from untrusted drivers who may send fake events. To do so, each trusted vehicle should sign its message using a certificate. This certificate is provided by an adapted PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) which generates certificates to all trusted vehicles. The eco-system is considered as a trusted domain. However, if a vehicle uses only one certificate, it could be tracked. Since a relationship between its identity and its certificate could be easily done. For this reason, it has to use a set of pseudonym certificates (PCs). Each PC is used for a limited period of time. When this period expires, the vehicle switches to another PC. When all PCs are used, the vehicle downloads another set of PCs from the PKI.This paper proposes a method which reduces the number of PCs used by vehicles. Indeed, when a certificate is used by a vehicle, in order to introduce a confusion against any tracker, this PC will be swap with another driver PC. A tracker will be confused since the former vehicle will not be the owner of the previous PC. This swap has to be recorded on the PKI with a simple process. This mechanism ensures privacy and introduces another PC change method. It also reduces the PC costs for drivers. The evaluation of the work has been done through simulations on a constrained environments (driving on highways) and has proven that tracking becomes very difficult. It has been measured through two key performance indicators: confusion rate and PC cost.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Hefei: Clinical features, risk factors, and ribavirin therapeutic efficacy.

This study described the clinical features, risk factors, factors affecting the outcome of this disease, and ribavirin therapeutic efficacy for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) patients in Hefei. Between April 2020 and July 2020, 62 cases admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University were included in this study. Serum samples were collected from all patients, after which diagnosis was made via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactionand via the use of a colloidal gold immunochromatography assay approach. In multivariate analysis, the following factors were determined as risk factors for SFTS: Being a farmer (odds ratio [OR], 3.033), working in areas with weeds and shrubs (OR, 2.807), and being bitten by a tick(OR, 6.64). The rates of confusion, neck stiffness, viral encephalopathy, and the presence of liver damage were higher in the patients who died than that in the surviving ones. Additionally, the median of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, activated partial thromboplastin time, D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation products, creatinine, and urea was also higher in the patients who died. One of the 15 patients treated with ribavirin in the early stagecould not survive(6.7%), whereas 11 of the 35 patients treated with ribavirin in the late stagecould not survive (31.4%); this difference was statistically significant. However, there was no significant difference in mortality between the untreated group and the other two groups (i.e., patients who started antiviral treatment <5 days from the onset and those who started antiviral treatment≥5 days from the onset). Moreover, there was no positive effect determined on clinical or laboratory parameters in SFTS patients treated with ribavirin. Also, it was observed that leukocyte levels and platelet levels took longer to return to normal. In Hefei, clinical features, prognostic factors, and risk factors associated with SFTS are similar to those in other areas. Patients who were given ribavirin did not have better survival rates than patients who were not given ribavirin.

123I-Ioflupane dopamine transporter imaging (DaTSCAN) appearances in relation to emotional responsiveness, impulsivity and olfaction in suspected Parkinsonian syndrome.

The aim of our study was to ascertain relationships between DaTSCAN, olfactory loss, behavioural and subjective measurements of impulsivity and emotional responsiveness in patients with clinically suspected Parkinsonian syndrome (PS). A prospective study of 20 drug-naive patients with parkinsonism, underwent the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, impulsivity measurements and mood-state-questionnaires before visual and semi-quantitative DaTQUANT analyses. There were two subgroups: nine patients with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD - controls) and 11 patients with PS. The PS group reported lower non-planning impulsivity than the SWEDD group (P = 0.039). A positive correlation was found between the non-planning impulsivity ratings and right anterior putamen/background (bck) ratio in PS group (r = 0.598, P = 0.068). Higher ratings of anger (r = 0.575, P = 0.016), fatigue (r = 0.746, P = 0.001), confusion (r = 0.561, P = 0.019) and depression were positively correlated with putamen/caudate ratios (R > L) on DaTSCAN. Higher self-reported arousal was associated with lower right putamen/caudate ratio (P = -0.581, P = 0.014). Only fatigue was positively correlated with putamen/bck (r = 0.564, P = 0.018). The degree of smell deficit correlated negatively with performance on reflection impulsivity tasks (r = -0.470, P = 0.049). DaTSCAN appearances correlated with emotional dysfunction and self-reported impulsivity in patients with PS. Olfactory impairment was associated with increased reflection impulsivity and the age of patients. Higher DaTSCAN putamen/caudate ratios were associated with higher emotional responsiveness and higher non-planning impulsivity in PS patients. These preliminary findings may be relevant in clinical practice in differentiating PS from SWEDD and identifying susceptibility to impulse control disorder although larger studies are warranted.

Place and solution proposals of data mining in production planning and control processes: a business application

Purpose- In this study, textile goods, of manufactured by a textile company, whether being returned because of defects or not has been investigated by data mining and machine learning techniques. Main purpose of the study is to determine which of the products passing through 15 different production lines during the manufacturing process being defective and faulty at the last stage. Methodology- In this study, there are 250 different variables and 72959 lines of data on the production line. In order to perform a data mining process, it is firstly necessary to understand the data and determine the process. For this, CRISP-DM algorithm has been used. Modelling and classification algorithms are applied to estimate the production of faulty goods. In the model, a supervised learning model based machine learning methods have been used. The dimensions, loops and some statistical features of the data have been examined, and then it has been studied in the Python programming language. The feasibility of model and success rates have been evaluated with findings. Findings- The results of the model show that logistic regression and k-nearest neighbour algorithms give above %90 percentage confusion rate. It has been said that with this model is succesful for predicting defective and faulty product in manufacturing line. Conclusion- It has been tried to predict whether there will be faulty products that reduce quality. With this study, it has been aimed to give a signal to the production line in advance.

Pinna-Imitating Microphone Directionality Improves Sound Localization and Discrimination in Bilateral Cochlear Implant Users

To compare the sound-source localization, discrimination, and tracking performance of bilateral cochlear implant users with omnidirectional (OMNI) and pinna-imitating (PI) microphone directionality modes. Twelve experienced bilateral cochlear implant users participated in the study. Their audio processors were fitted with two different programs featuring either the OMNI or PI mode. Each subject performed static and dynamic sound field spatial hearing tests in the horizontal plane. The static tests consisted of an absolute sound localization test and a minimum audible angle test, which was measured at eight azimuth directions. Dynamic sound tracking ability was evaluated by the subject correctly indicating the direction of a moving stimulus along two circular paths around the subject. PI mode led to statistically significant sound localization and discrimination improvements. For static sound localization, the greatest benefit was a reduction in the number of front-back confusions. The front-back confusion rate was reduced from 47% with OMNI mode to 35% with PI mode (p = 0.03). The ability to discriminate sound sources straight to the sides (90° and 270° angle) was only possible with PI mode. The averaged minimum audible angle value for the 90° and 270° angle positions decreased from a 75.5° to a 37.7° angle when PI mode was used (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a non-significant trend towards an improvement in the ability to track moving sound sources was observed for both trajectories tested (p = 0.34 and p = 0.27). Our results demonstrate that PI mode can lead to improved spatial hearing performance in bilateral cochlear implant users, mainly as a consequence of improved front-back discrimination with PI mode.

YOĞUN BAKIMDA UYKU YOKSUNLUĞUNA BİR ÇÖZÜM: UYKU BANDI VE KULAKLIK

Uyku yetersizliği, kalitesinde bozulma ve uykuda yaşanan bölünmeler uyku yoksunluğuna neden olmakta ve yoğun bakımda yatan hastalar yüksek oranlarda uyku yoksunluğu yaşamaktadır. Çevresel faktörler yoğun bakımda en büyük uykusuzluk nedeni olarak görülmekte; bu faktörlerin başında gürültü ve ışık yer almaktadır. Uyku yoksunluğu kardiyovasküler ve solunum fonksiyonlarını etkilemekte, insülin direncinde ve ağrıya karşı duyarlılıkta artmaya, büyüme hormonunda azalmaya, immün sistemde zayıflamaya, kaygıya, bilinç değişiklikleri ve deliryuma neden olabilmektedir. Hemşirelik uygulamalarıyla uyku yoksunluğun engellenmesi sonucu hastaların iyileşme süreçleri olumlu olarak etkilenecektir. Çevreyi değiştirmekten ziyade çok daha ekonomik, güvenilir fakat az bilinen bir yöntem olan uyku bandı ve kulaklık kullanımı ile hastaların çevre algısında değişim sağlayarak uyku yoksunluğunun önüne geçilebileceği görülmüştür. Yapılan çalışmalara göre uyku bandı ve kulaklık kullanan gruplarda REM ve NREM3 süresinin uzadığı, konfüzyon ve deliryum görülme oranının azaldığı, kaygı düzeyinin düştüğü, melatonin seviyesinin yükseldiği, hastaların uykuya daha kolay geçtiği, daha az uyandıkları, toplam uyku süresinin ve uyku kalitesinin arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Literatüre bakıldığında uyku bandı ve kulaklığın yoğun bakımda hemşirelik uygulamaları içerisinde henüz yer almadığı, etkisinin değerlendirildiği sınırlı çalışma olduğu görülmüştür. Uyku bandı ve kulaklık kullanımının hastanelerde yaygınlaşması, hastalara tanıtılmasının sağlanması, rutin olarak belirlenen saatlerde uyku bandı ve kulaklığın kullanımının hastaların tercihine sunulması önerilmektedir.

Investigation of Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) severity and cropping systems mapping in agro-ecological maize systems in Bomet, Kenya utilizing RapidEye and Landsat-8 Imagery

ABSTRACT Spatiotemporal information on crops and cropping systems can provide useful insights into disease outbreak mechanisms in croplands. In September 2011, a severe outbreak of Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) disease was reported in Bomet County, Kenya. We aimed to detect severely MLN-infected fields and discriminate mono, inter, and continuous maize cropping systems. We collected in-situ MLN severity observations and acquired multi-date and multi-sensor data viz., RapidEye (RE), Sentinel-1 (S1), digital elevation model (DEM), and Landsat-8 (L8) imagery. A hierarchical classification approach was used to map the cropping systems and severely MLN-infected fields during the short rainy season (September 2014–February 2015) using the random forest (RF), one-class support vector machine (OCSVM) and biased SVM (BSVM) classifiers. RF showed better performance when a balanced multi-class dataset was available. Both OCSVM and BSVM did not lead to an accurate high severity MLN class separation. Moreover, the BSVM classifier was able to separate the mono and intercropping systems. During the long rainy season (March–August 2015), only maize crop data were available, hence the BSVM as one class classifiers (OCC) was used and maize fields were successfully mapped even with high confusion rate. Furthermore, the distribution of maize intercropping system increased in low rainfall sites, and the continuous cropping system limited to only 31% of total maize cropland.

Mandarin lexical tone recognition in bimodal cochlear implant users

Objective: To assess the recognition of lexical tones in Mandarin-speaking bimodal cochlear implant (CI) subjects.Design: Lexical tone recognition in quiet and noise (SNR= +5 dB) was measured with electric stimulation (CI alone) or bimodal stimulation (CI + hearing aid (HA)). The recognition and confusion rates of the four tones (T1, T2, T3 and T4) were analysed. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between hearing levels in the contralateral ear and bimodal benefits.Study sample: Twenty native Mandarin-speaking bimodal CI users, with ages ranging from 16–49 years.Results: Relative to the CI alone, mean tone recognition with the CI + HA improved significantly from 84.1–92.1% correct in quiet (+8 points) and from 57.9–73.1% correct in noise (+15.2 points). Tone confusions between T2 and T3 were the most prominent in all test conditions, and T4 tended to be labelled as T3 in noise. There was no significant correlation between the bimodal benefits for tone recognition and the unaided or HA-aided pure-tone thresholds at 0.25 kHz.Conclusion: Listeners with CI + HA exhibited significantly better tone recognition than with CI alone. The bimodal advantage for tone recognition was greater in noise than in quiet, perhaps due to a ceiling effect in quiet.

The Allocation and Reuse Scheme of Physical Cell Identifications Based on Maximum Degree First Coloring Algorithm

The rapid development of network technology and the advent of various smart devices can cause the rapid growth of network data traffic in the hot areas. However, the existing cellular network capacity cannot meet the needs of network users. Therefore, the small cellular base stations (SCBSs) are proposed and widely used. Nevertheless, the physical cell identifications (PCI) are extremely limited, thus it is difficult to reasonably allocate the limited PCIs to the massive SCBSs, which greatly affect the quality of service (QoS) for users in hot areas. In this paper, a PCI allocation and reuse scheme based on the maximum degree first coloring (MDFC) algorithm is proposed to allocate the limited PCIs for SCBSs in hot areas. Moreover, the K-means clustering algorithm is adopted to divide and identify different hot areas with the mobility data of massive users, which also contributes to the allocation of PCIs. The proposed scheme reduces the rate of PCI conflict and confusion, and improves the users’ QoS. Simulation results show that the MDFC algorithm has better PCI allocation efficiency, and shorter PCI allocation time. Thus, it is more suitable for the deployment of cellular networks in hot areas.

Speech detection and localization in a reverberant multitalker environment by normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners.

Spatial perception is an important part of a listener's experience and ability to function in everyday environments. However, the current understanding of how well listeners can locate sounds is based on measurements made using relatively simple stimuli and tasks. Here the authors investigated sound localization in a complex and realistic environment for listeners with normal and impaired hearing. A reverberant room containing a background of multiple talkers was simulated and presented to listeners in a loudspeaker-based virtual sound environment. The target was a short speech stimulus presented at various azimuths and distances relative to the listener. To ensure that the target stimulus was detectable to the listeners with hearing loss, masked thresholds were first measured on an individual basis and used to set the target level. Despite this compensation, listeners with hearing loss were less accurate at locating the target, showing increased front-back confusion rates and higher root-mean-square errors. Poorer localization was associated with poorer masked thresholds and with more severe low-frequency hearing loss. Localization accuracy in the multitalker background was lower than in quiet and also declined for more distant targets. However, individual accuracy in noise and quiet was strongly correlated.

On the Right Track: Comfort and Confusion in Indoor Environments

Indoor navigation systems are not well adapted to the needs of their users. The route planning algorithms implemented in these systems are usually limited to shortest path calculations or derivatives, minimalizing Euclidian distance. Guiding people along routes that adhere better to their cognitive processes could ease wayfinding in indoor environments. This paper examines comfort and confusion perception during wayfinding by applying a mixed-method approach. The aforementioned method combined an exploratory focus group and a video-based online survey. From the discussions in the focus group, it could be concluded that indoor wayfinding must be considered at different levels: the local level and the global level. In the online survey, the focus was limited to the local level, i.e., local environmental characteristics. In this online study, the comfort and confusion ratings of multiple indoor navigation situations were analyzed. In general, the results indicate that open spaces and stairs need to be taken into account in the development of a more cognitively-sounding route planning algorithm. Implementing the results in a route planning algorithm could be a valuable improvement of indoor navigation support.

What should be done in patients diagnosed with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis? Case-control study.

OBJECTIVE:In this study, we aimed to compare development of complications, malignancy and confusion rates in the preliminary diagnosis in patients with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis identified.METHODS:In this study, 2803 patients undergone cholecystectomy between January 2010 and December 2016 were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis identified in the histopathological examination were classified as Group 1 and patients with cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and malignancy detected were classified as Group 2.RESULTS:Forty-five patients with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis were classified as group 1 and 2758 patients as group 2. of group 1, 18 were male and group 2 consisted of 2758 patients with 707 (26%) being male (p=0.04). In the ultrasonographic examination, the wall thickness was increased in 40 patients in Group 1 and 662 patients in Group 2 (p<0.0001). The operation was converted to the open type in 24 patients in Group 1 and 61 patients in Group 2 (p<0.0001). Five patients in Group 1 and 32 patients in Group 2 developed complications in the postoperative period (p<0.0001).CONCLUSION:Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis should be considered for the differential diagnosis and the operation should be performed, especially by carefully exposing the anatomy in these patients.

Impact of Puberty in Pediatric Migraine: A Pilot Prospective Study.

Background and PurposeThe short-term evolution of pediatric migraine remains unclear. We aimed to describe the evolution of migraine before and after puberty and its relationship with lifestyle habits.MethodsWe prospectively selected prepuberal patients from a neuropediatric unit who had a migraine diagnosis. Their medical history, migraine characteristics and impact, and lifestyle habits were recorded at the baseline visit. After 2 years we performed a telephone follow-up assessment.ResultsNineteen patients were recruited (age 10.2±2.9 years, mean±SD; 57.9% female), of whom 27.5% had migraine with aura. The accompanying symptoms had changed at the follow-up, with significantly higher prevalence rates of dizziness (44.4% vs. 88.9%), vertigo (11.1% vs. 66.7%), mood changes (38.9% vs 83.3%), confusion (5.6% vs. 77.8%), and allodynia (27.8% vs. 61.1%). Sleep disturbances (5.6% vs. 38.9%) and schedule changes (0% vs. 38.9%) increased significantly as triggers. Prodromal symptoms became more prevalent (16.7% vs. 50%), with a higher proportion of sleep disturbances reported (50.0% vs. 87.5%).ConclusionsProdromal symptoms increase in pediatric migraine after 2 years, and some trigger factors for migraine become more prevalent, including sleep disturbances. New accompanying symptoms are also identified. These changes provide information about how migraine changes during puberty along with physical and lifestyle changes, and represent a dynamic physiopathological process that deserves more research.