Conformance Testing Research Articles

Shape optimization with immersed interface finite element method

AbstractShape Optimization using conventional interface‐fitted finite element method requires either mesh morphing or remeshing, which is computationally expensive and prone to errors due to suboptimal mesh or solution interpolation. In this article, we present a shape optimization scheme which uses a four‐noded rectangular immersed‐interface element circumventing the need for interface‐fitted mesh for finite element analysis, and mesh morphing or re‐meshing for shape optimization. The analysis problem is solved using a non‐conformal, Petrov–Galerkin (ncPG) formulation. We use non‐conformal trial functions with conformal test functions. A fixed structured grid with a linear approximation for the interface within each element is used. We perform a bi‐material patch test to confirm the consistency and convergence of the immersed‐interface finite element method (IIFEM). The convergence of the displacement and stress error norms are of the same or slightly better order compared to the interface‐fitted FEM. Thus, IIFEM reduces the cost of meshing without compromising the accuracy of the solutions obtained. We then perform analytical design sensitivity analysis to obtain the gradient of the global stiffness matrix with respect to shape design variables. The sensitivities are used in the gradient‐based optimization formulation of the shape design problem. We present several ways to parametrize the design space. Finally, verification and case studies are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and potential of the approach.

THE INFLUENCE OF CUSTOMERS’ VALUE ON SATISFACTION AND ITS IMPACT TOWARDS LOYALTY USING IPHONE BRAND SMARTPHONE IN PALU CITY

This research aims to determine the influence of customers’ value on satisfaction and its impact towards loyalty using iPhone brand smartphone in Palu city. This is descriptive-causal research. The research sample is 165 consumers who use iPhone brand smartphones in Palu City selected through purposive sampling method. The research used data analysis methods carried out by looking at the assumptions of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) as well as conformity tests and statistical tests which are all carried out with the AMOS 16.0 and SPSS 23 programs. The research results reveal that 1) Customer value has a positive and significant influence on satisfaction using an iPhone brand smartphone in Palu City., 2) Customers’ value has a positive and significant influence on Loyalty using an iPhone brand smartphone in Palu City, 3) Customers’ satisfaction has a positive and significant influence on Loyalty using an iPhone brand smartphone in Palu City, 4) Satisfaction can mediate the influence of customers’value on loyalty using iPhone brand smartphone in Palu City.
 
 Keywords: Customers Value, Customers Satisfaction, and Customers Loyalty.

A Review on Conformance Testing of CAN and LIN Protocols

Abstract: Serial Communication protocols are CAN and LIN. CAN and LIN Conformance test is about testing the process, product or a service that meets the requirements of a specification of CAN and LIN protocols. CAN protocol enable faster communication between electronic devices and modules in vehicles while it reduces the amount of wiring necessity. The LIN protocol serves an important role in providing low-cost feature expansion in modern vehicles. LIN nodes are typically bundled in the clusters, each with a master that interfaces with the CAN bus. These CAN and LIN protocols are interconnected to each other through gateways. Gateways are the one which exchange the messages between CAN and LIN. Without CAN and LIN protocols, automation of the industry would be more difficult

Testing for Benford's Law in very small samples: Simulation study and a new test proposal.

Benford's Law defines a statistical distribution for the first and higher order digits in many datasets. Under very general condition, numbers are expected to naturally conform to the theorized digits pattern. On the other side, any deviation from the Benford distribution could identify an exogenous modification of the expected pattern, due to data manipulation or even fraud. Many statistical tests are available for assessing the Benford conformity of a sample. However, in some practical applications, the limited number of data to analyze may raise questions concerning their reliability. The first aim of this article is then to analyze and compare the behavior of Benford conformity testing procedures applied to very small samples through an extensive Monte Carlo experiment. Simulations will consider a thorough choice of compliance tests and a very heterogeneous selection of alternative distributions. Secondly, we will use the simulation results for defining a new testing procedure, based on the combination of three tests, that guarantees suitable levels of power in each alternative scenario. Finally, a practical application is provided, demonstrating how a sounding testing Benford compliance test for very small samples is important and profitable in anti-fraud investigations.

Compositional testing of management conformance for multi-component enterprise applications

The management of modern enterprise applications is automated by coordinating the deployment, configuration, enactment, and termination of their components. Choosing among different candidate implementations for a specified application component requires such implementations to conform to the specified management behaviour. This holds especially if we wish to ensure that the overall application management can continue as planned, or that no additional (potentially undesired) management activity gets enabled. To this end, we introduce a formal framework for testing “management conformance”, i.e., to test whether a candidate implementation can be managed according to the management protocol specifying the allowed management for a component. We also illustrate how our framework enables to run four different conformance tests, each providing a different trade-off between implementation freedom and guarantees on the overall application management. We formally prove that testing management conformance with constraints reducing implementation freedom results in preserving all already allowed management activities when implementing a specification by choosing a conforming implementation and that no additional (potentially undesired) management activity gets enabled. Finally, we assess our framework by means of a prototype implementation and its use in an experimental evaluation.

Implementation of The JPT Pratama Recruitment through The Job Fit Test in Jambi Provincial Government

he JPT Pratama (Job Fit) Test at the Jambi Provincial Government is carried out to obtain Competent PPT Pratama in Government Agencies. The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the implementation of filling out the JPT Pratama through the Job Fit (Job Fit) in the Jambi Provincial Government, obstacles and efforts to overcome them. The method used is descriptive qualitative. Furthermore, implementation analysis is carried out with the aspects studied, including: Communication, Disposition, Resources and Bureaucratic Structure. 
 The results of this study indicate that the implementation of filling out the JPT Pratama through the (Job Fit) test is running well, but still requires improvements in Resources and Bureaucratic Structure. The obstacles experienced are: Facilities and infrastructure supporting activities and the Governor's Regulation which regulates the technical filling of the JPT Pratama through the Conformity Test (Job Fit). 
 Efforts to overcome the obstacles are:Using the Jambi Province BPSDM Building to optimize the Implementation of Filling the JPT Pratama through the Conformity Test (Job Fit) and preparing the Governor's Regulation that regulates the Filling of the JPT Pratama through the Conformity Test (Job Fit). 

Performance assessment of sewage treatment plants using compliance index

Abstract The aim of this study is to infer the performance assessment of sewage treatment plants (STPs) using the compliance index (CI). The methodology includes three steps, (1) estimation of performance indicators from the quality test, parameter test, and conformity test, (2) hypothesis testing of non-conformity, and (3) hypothesis testing using the non-parametric test. The CI integrates the results of the above nine tests through a scoring system based on individual performance. The study area, Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC), India, treats its domestic sewage through seven centralized STPs located in different zones. The influent and effluent parameters, such as flow rate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature, were studied in this work. The removal efficiency (RE) analysis shows the efficiency of BOD, COD, and TSS varies between 96.67 and 97.30%, 84.55 and 89.70%, and 94.04 and 95.81%, respectively, and indicates that all STPs are performing well. The proposed CI infers that all STPs perform well and comply with NMMC standards, except one STP, namely Airoli. Interestingly, RE analysis shows that Airoli STP's BOD is the third-best compared to all other STPs. This study shows that the CI method can infer the performance of STPs better than RE and help the administrators to plan, execute, operate, and maintain STPs to achieve total sanitation in megacities.

Effect of Irradiation Distance on Tube Voltage Measurement and X-Ray Device Time Using Scintillator

The results of the output of the X-ray device are very important to know how much the correct value, whether it is in accordance with the arrangements made by radiology personnel or there is a difference even deviation of the value out of the arrangement. This conformity test activity needs a testing tool that is often used by BAPETEN personnel to find out how much the output value of KV, Time, Dose, Room leak, mA and mAs from an X-ray device unit. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of irradiation distance on tube voltage measurements and X-ray device time using Scintillators. The study used scintillator sensors to detect radiation, arduino as a programming source, bluetooth HC-05 as digital communication between hardware and PC, PC / Delphi as display. This research design is Pre-Experimental with After Only Design research type. Where the author takes data compared to standard tools then analyzes the data. The results showed the largest error at a distance of 120cm with a 90 KV setting of 43.52%. And the smallest error is at a distance of 120cm with a 50 KV setting of 0.07%.

Analysis of X-Ray Beams Irradiation Accuracy Using Collimation Test Tools as Well as Illumination Measurement on the Collimator to the Radiographic X-Ray Machine Conformity Test Results

In the Suitability Test Method there is the Illumination and Collimation Test still using the manual method. This test aims to ensure that the light from the collimator lamp can be seen clearly so that the area of ​​the irradiation field can be identified when irradiating, as well as ensuring that the area of ​​the collimator lamp matches the X-ray beam so that it meets the needs and ensures that the patient does not get an excessive dose. The purpose of this research is to develop the simplest way by which the illumination measurement is carried out simultaneously at four points and the measurement data is directly stored. The contribution of this research is expected to be more testing tools and the data will be stored until the effective time of the next test. This module is designed using the HC-SR04 sensor as a distance meter and the TSL2561 sensor as a lux meter. The TSL2561 sensor allows for precise Lux calculations and can be configured for different gain/timing ranges to detect light ranging from 0.1-40,000+ Lux on the fly. This module is equipped with a display facility in the form of TFT Nextion to display measurement results. In addition, there is also data storage using an SD Card to store display measurement results. In this research, the module has been tested and compared with the suitability test value of the X-ray plane and got an error value of 2.0% with a module efficiency of 98.0% in the illumination test, and an error of 2.2% with a module efficiency of 97.8% in the collimator test. From this research, it can be concluded that the light sensor TSL2561 can be used to measure the illumination area of ​​the collimator lamp.

Spermatozoa Morphology Examination Using Lenshooke SQA X1 Pro Compared with Manual Method

According to World Health Organization data, 30-40% of infertility is caused by male factors. The morphology of normal spermatozoa is an indicator of male fertility, and it is known by manual or automatic sperm analysis. Lenshooke SQA X1 PRO automatic equipment comes along with the development of laboratory equipment automation technology. The working principle of this tool is by shining light on the object of examination, then the camera with high resolution, with the facility of an optical lens will take a picture of the object. The database recorded by the camera is analyzed by the algorithm. The research objective was to test the suitability of the Lenshooke SQA X1 PRO automatic tool with manual method as the Gold Standard. Subjects in this study were patients who carried out semen analysis tests at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of RSIA "Restu Ibu" Sragen from June to August 2020. The examination method used an automatic method with the Lenshooke SQA X1 PRO tool and a manual method with Papanicolaou staining. The results of the study, conformity test with WHO 2010 normal standards, automatic methods reached 94.4% compared to manual methods. The next statistical test was with standard mean, normal sperm morphology data had a significance of 0.001, abnormal sperm head data had a significance value of 0.956 and abnormal sperm tail data had a significance value of 0.339. The Lenshooke SQA XI PRO device based on automatic technology can be used in laboratory services for sperm analysis in addition to manual methods. Suggestions for using the Lenshooke XI PRO automatic tools are still accompanied by the manual method.

AALpy: an active automata learning library

AALpy is an extensible open-source Python library providing efficient implementations of active automata learning algorithms for deterministic, non-deterministic, and stochastic systems. We put a special focus on the conformance testing aspect in active automata learning, as well as on an intuitive and seamlessly integrated interface for learning automata characterizing real-world reactive systems. In this article, we present AALpy’s core functionalities, illustrate its usage via examples, and evaluate its learning performance. Finally, we present selected case studies on learning models of various types of systems with AALpy.

Assessment of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Parameters of Bottled Drinking Water Marketed in Gilgit City and its Vicinity

This study analyzed physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of packaged water sold in Gilgit city and its vicinity. Samples from source, market, and after the process were collected randomly from three different companies and analyzed from April 2017 to May 2017. Bacteriological parameters include Escherichia coli and Enterococci; it was further examined with conformity tests. The investigated physical parameters included (pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids). Some important chemical parameters like Total phosphorous and Total Nitrogen were assessed through a spectrophotometer. The results revealed that the Physicochemical parameters fell within WHO tolerable limits, pH ranged from 7.0 to 8.4, TDS were observed from 260 ppm to 40 ppm, Electrical conductivity was found between 91 μs-510 μs, Turbidity varied from 0.03 NTU to 0.52 NTU. The Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus range from 0.09 mg/L to 2.09 mg/L and 95 mg/L to 540 mg/L. The bacteriological parameters were unsatisfactory as some of the samples were contaminated with the E. coli and Enterococci. The maximum value for E. coli was 288 CFU/100 ml, and that of the Enterococci was 267 CFU/100 ml, which strongly violates the WHO specifications for bottled drinking water quality. Based on our findings, the Bacteriological examination of some samples is classified under the high-risk category since they are found to be unsafe for drinking. It is recommended there should be strict monitoring and surveillance of bottled water quality; sources should be protected, and awareness should be given to the public regarding its quality.

Solar system tests for massive conformal gravity

We find the linearized gravitational field of a static spherically symmetric mass distribution in massive conformal gravity and test it with some solar system experiments. The result is that the theory agrees with the general relativistic observations in the solar system for a determined lower bound on the graviton mass.

Application of Benford’s Law on Cryptocurrencies

The manuscript presents a study of the possibility of use of Benford’s law conformity test, a well proven tool in the accounting fraud discovery, on a new domain: the discovery of anomalies (possibly fraudulent behaviour) in the the cryptocurrency transactions. Blockchain-based currencies or cryptocurrencies have become a global phenomenon known to most people as a disruptive technology, and a new investment vehicle. However, due to their decentralized nature, regulating these markets has presented regulators with difficulties in finding a balance between nurturing innovation, and protecting consumers. The growing concerns about illicit activity have forced regulators to seek new ways of detecting, analyzing, and ultimately policing public blockchain transactions. Extensive research on machine learning, and transaction graph analysis algorithms has been done to track suspicious behaviour. However, having a macro view of a public ledger is equally important before pursuing a more fine-grained analysis. Benford’s law, the law of first digit, has been extensively used as a tool to discover accountant frauds (many other use cases exist). The basic motivation that drove our research presented in this paper was to test the applicability of the well established method to a new domain, in this case the identification of anomalous behavior using Benford’s law conformity test to the cryptocurrency domain. The research focused on transaction values in all major cryptocurrencies. A suitable time-period was identified that was long enough to present sufficiently large number of observations for Benford’s law conformity tests and was also situated long enough in the past so that the anomalies were identified and well documented. The results show that most of the cryptocurrencies that did not conform to Benford’s law had well documented anomalous incidents, the first digits of aggregated transaction values of all well known cryptocurrency projects were conforming to Benford’s law. Thus the proposed method is applicable to the new domain.

Conformance Testing for Finite State Machines Guided by Deep Neural Network

This paper proposes a Finite State Machine (FSM) testing technique based on deep neural network (DNN). This technique verifies the correctness of an implementation FSM-B of a specification FSM-A. Using the back-propagation algorithm, a deep neural network is trained with the input–output patterns for a given set of transition functions that specify an FSM. Initially, for FSM-A, the input patterns and the corresponding output patterns (I/O pairs) are generated. Then most of the patterns are used to train the DNN. Once the training is over, the DNN is validated with the remaining I/O pairs (around 20%). The model can be used for verifying the correctness of FSM-B after training and validation of the DNN. Some inputs are applied to FSM-B and the generated output patterns are compared with the predicted values of the proposed DNN. The difference of accuracy percentages between FSM-A and FSM-B is recorded and zero difference between them indicates the fault-free condition of the implementation FSM-B. To check the effectiveness of the scheme, the output- and state-type faults are injected to derive mutant FSMs. Experimental results performed on the MCNC FSM benchmarks prove the efficacy of the proposed method. Only a few numbers of tests are needed to detect the presence of anomaly, if any. Hence, the test time reduces significantly — resulting in an average test time reduction of 85.67% compared to the conventional techniques. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time a DNN-driven testing scheme is being proposed.

An Adaptive Approach to Optimize Probabilistic Distributed Testing

Typically, conformance testing consists of placing a set of parallel testers at each port of an implementation to ensure its conformance to the specifification. However, a number of common fault detections occur if no coordination is made between these parallel testers and the implementation under test (IUT). Therefore, the test process must support mechanisms of coordination between these distributed components, particularly for implementation with stochastic behaviour. To this end, as well as to analyse the stochastic behaviour of the implementation under test, we propose in this paper an algorithm to generate for each tester a probabilistic local test sequence (PLTS) aiming to avoid both synchronization and observation issues. Finally, we suggest a new architecture based on Markov decision processes with an adaptive controller to control and optimize the whole testing process.

Architectural Process for Flight Control Software of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with Module-Level Portability

To apply UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) into different fields, including research and industry, and expand it quickly, reliable but modular software is required. The existing flight control software (FCS) of the UAV consists of various types of modules categorized into different layers, and it is responsible for coordinating, monitoring, and controlling the vehicle during its flight. This paper proposes mpFCS, a structure of UAV flight control software, which provides portability to its modules and is easy to expand. The mpFCS consists of four segments and several modules within the segments. mpFCS provides portability for each module within the segment. Existing software does not provide portability for its modules because of the tight coupling resulting from its different and private interfaces. The mpFCS uses interfaces of the standard airborne software architecture to transfer data between its modules. Moreover, the structure provides portability for its modules to run in the standard airborne software environment. In order to verify the mpFCS, we tested the mpFCS with the conformance test suite of the airborne software that provides the testing environment for the interfaces and modules of the software. The mpFCS passed the test. Test results show that all modules of the mpFCS are portable. Additionally, portable modules can be interoperable with other software, and the structure is expandable with new modules that use standard airborne software interfaces.

Airfoil Surface Forming and Conformity Test Using Laser Tracker

In this study, NACA0018 airfoil surface conformity test was conducted using API tracker3 in combination with SpatialAnalyzer (SA) and modeling software SolidWorks. Plaster of Paris is used as a plug making material and a woven-type fiberglass is used as mold and airfoil surface making material. For airfoil surface analysis, three-dimensional model of the airfoil surface was developed in SolidWorks software and imported in IGES file format to SpatialAnalyzer (SA) software. Then, measurements were taken from manufactured airfoil surface using laser tracker through surface scanning method. Surface conformity test was conducted through fitting of measured points to surface model imported from SolidWorks to SpatialAnalyzer (SA) software. The optimized fit summary result shows that the average fit difference is 0.0 having standard deviation from 0.22224 from the average and zero with RMS of 0.2210. The maximum magnitude of the difference including x and y together is 0.5336 and the minimum −0.5077. Thus, with a given range of surface quality specification, laser tracker is an easy and reliable measurement and inspection tool to be considered.

Research on MVB conformance test system

The design and implementation of the MVB conformance test system is of great significance in both professional theory and practical application. Conformance test for MVB, mainly to determine whether the MVB equipment IUT is consistent with the MVB protocol standard requirements in the TCN standard. The conformance test of MVB equipment IUT covers most of the contents of the RTP real-time protocol such as the physical layer, link layer, network layer, transport layer and application layer. This subject will analyse and study the consistency test of the MVB physical layer.

Multi-stages, multi-responses optimisation of wire arc additive manufacturing parameters using Taguchi method

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a technique that combines automated welding with direct deposition of a melted material in a 3D profile. The technique allows for quick and flexible deposition of a material in various applications. This paper presents a multi-stage, multi-response optimisation of WAAM parameters. The performance of the deposited metal in WAAM is influenced by several factors, including welding parameters (e.g., speed and feed rate) and process parameters (e.g., deposition sequence) and defined based on the application and desired profile quality. In this study, optimisation is divided into two stages on the basis of the input parameters. Stage 1 covers voltage, wire speed and travel speed, and Stage 2 includes number of layers and delay time. The Taguchi approach is used to determine the effects of input parameters on the response of the volume and height per layer of the 3D profile for Stages 1 and 2, respectively. The height per layer of the 3D profile is evaluated based on the total height of the specimens divided by the number of layers printed. Experiments are conducted to achieve an L9 orthogonal array by using two different factorial approaches, namely, 3**3 factorials for Stage 1 and 3**2 factorials for Stage 2. ANOVA results show that the combination of A2B3C1 has the highest volume of the 3D profile, and A1B3 presents the highest height per layer value. The conformation tests for both stages are omitted here because Taguchi’s optimal output matched the optimum value achieved in the parametric test. Furthermore, the full factorial experiment was completed for the Stage 2 experiment.