Conflict Resolution Approach Research Articles

Decision support system analysis with the graph model on non-cooperative generic water resource conflicts

This paper aims to resolve four non-cooperative generic water disputes using the Graph Model approach for conflict resolution. Therefore, a Decision Support System (DSS) has been utilized integrating multiple-criteria decision analysis, stability analysis, and uncertainty analysis using the info-gap technique. The DSS has been applied to four different non-cooperative water conflict including: (1) groundwater common pool; (2) environmental problem between two countries; (3) river conflict dispute between two countries; and (4) sustainable development game. The DSS demonstrates four stability concepts, including Nash Stability (R), General Metarationality (GMR), Symmetric Metarationality (SMR), Sequential stability (SEQ) to illustrate how results differ with regard to the stability concepts. After classifying the preferences of stakeholders, the DSS recognized the most stable solution, considering the potential actions and counteractions of all stakeholders. Consequently, solution robustness was tested under the uncertainty related to stakeholders’ perspective, under non-cooperative attitudes. When there are no sufficient details about the conflict and what decision to be prepared, the DSS proved to be useful in modeling complex disputes, determining most robust solution, and examining the effect of uncertainty.

English

The East African region, in which Ethiopia is located, is commonly known as the Horn of Africa. It is branded for its economic underdevelopment and political instability. The region is economically poor, politically unstable and very volatile security wise. In lieu of this, it is prudent to describe the region as one that represents one of the most complex sub-regions in Africa. To resolve these and associated problems, states of the region are contributing a lot. interallia,, Ethiopia is striving level best possible individually and collectively via the regional framework. However, its role has been much challenged for its weak economy. Given this as it may, it’s now in a good track record of fast economic growth that sets the foundation for its transformation plan to get realized in the near future. In lieu of this, if its objectives stated under the second growth and transformation plan (GTPII) are achieved, it will add a momentum in Ethiopia’s regional role. But what is to be contributed? How? In which and what manner can the state is expected to play to the best of the regional scenario, are some of the very fundamental questions that the research is going to address throughout the research process. To address these questions and arrive at its research objective, the researchers have employed a proper methodological approach in terms of crafting theoretical paradigms, research design, techniques of data collection and analysis. Within this theoretical approach, the study has gleaned secondary data sources, and analytically examine them in a triangulated research design (descriptive, evaluative and document analysis). Hence, the study has examined Ethiopia’s trend in a broader manner and explored viable prospects in redressing the Horn’s much trouble pertaining to the nexus of security-peace-development challenges. According to the findings of the study, thus, Ethiopia will have the greatest propensity to play as a regional hegemony by complementing its missed link. Among others, it will create a new window of opportunity for increased interstate economic relations and viable conflict resolution approaches. Key words: Regional cooperation, horn of Africa, Ethiopia, hegemony.

An Ultimatum Game Theory Based Approach for Basin Scale Water Allocation Conflict Resolution

Increasing water consumption via competitive demands has resulted in serious water conflicts and the subsequent environmental crisis in the Gavkhouni Watershed with the Gavkhouni swamp in the most downstream located in the central part of Iran. In this research, a two-player ultimatum game theory approach is adopted to not only address the water conflicts with the purpose of environmental reclamation of the drying swamp, but also to ensure economic satisfaction for the upstream landowners and farmers. The Ministry of Energy (MoE) and its subsidiary regional water authority represent the responsible organizations for providing water while the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the primary body in charge of water consumption in the watershed. MoE and MoA are considered as two players in the game, whereas MoE has more power than MoA in terms of allocating water. Five strategies are studied namely: 1 and 2) decreasing water allocation to irrigated agriculture as much as the annual shortage of the Gavkhouni swamp with and without compensation to MoA (D-L), 3 and 4) decreasing water allocation to irrigated agriculture twice as much the annual shortage of the swamp with and without compensation for MoA (D-2 L) and 5) giving up Gavkhouni swamp’s reclamation plan (D). Moreover, three scenarios regarding the relations between environmental and agricultural utilities are designated. According to the results, D-2 L with paying compensation to MoA is chosen as the best alternative in scenario 1 when the environmental utility was assumed to be greater than the agricultural utility. Ultimatum Game Theory has no final solution for scenarios 2 and 3 where the environmental utility is considered to be equal and smaller than agricultural utility. The swamp’s annual environmental water shortage as 324 million cubic meters is supplied by application of both strategies D-L and D-2 L. Ultimatum Games are efficient in assessment of water conflicts to resolve them through careful and planned negotiations.

Shifting paradigms for Nepal’s protected areas: history, challenges and relationships

The modern history of protected area (PA) management in Nepal dates back to 1973 when the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (1973) was promulgated and Chitwan National Park was established. In the years immediately following these key events, protected area acts and regulations were strictly applied and the role of local people in managing natural resources was neglected. However with the passage of time, and with changes in the socio-political and economic characteristics of Nepal, management regimes have shifted towards a more liberal model which recognizes more clearly the contributions of people living and working within protected areas. Recently, landscape level conservation models including the designation of multiple use areas have been utilized in the development of management plans for protected areas in Nepal. Conservation agencies have attempted to tackle challenges such as land use conflict, poaching and smuggling of wildlife parts and illegal harvesting of highly valued medicinal herbs through regulation, but these efforts are not always successful. We recommend a holistic conflict resolution approach which recognizes and resolves the different needs of all stakeholders.

LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN KONFLIK BERSENJATA

Abstract Completion of the armed conflict in both the legal and political framework set in customary international law and the Hague Convention I of 1899 and 1907 on the peaceful resolution of disputes, as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Mechanisms for resolving armed conflicts as well as measures to prevent the emergence of armed conflict refers to the two methods of dispute resolution, the peaceful resolution of disputes and the settlement of disputes by force or violence. Patterns in the context of conflict resolution approach more focused on the efforts of early stage to prevent the emergence of armed-conflict. Such efforts can be done with diplomacy and political mediation efforts by involving the various parties that are considered to be actors of peace. While humanitarian law in the context of normative law enforcement efforts imprinted on the situation of the ongoing war, one of its forms through foreign intervention in the ongoing armed conflict itself. In the present context of the humanitarian intervention of humanitarian law known as the Responsibility to Protect (R to P). In addition through the UN mechanism for the continuous efforts of the international community to prevent the emergence of armed conflict also involving a number of other actors who can be considered a partner for peace. One of them involving specific groups that can be considered a party to break the chain of armed conflict itself. One of them is through the mechanism of the Kimberley Process.

LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN KONFLIK BERSENJATA

Abstract Completion of the armed conflict in both the legal and political framework set in customary international law and the Hague Convention I of 1899 and 1907 on the peaceful resolution of disputes, as well as the Charter of the United Nations. Mechanisms for resolving armed conflicts as well as measures to prevent the emergence of armed conflict refers to the two methods of dispute resolution, the peaceful resolution of disputes and the settlement of disputes by force or violence. Patterns in the context of conflict resolution approach more focused on the efforts of early stage to prevent the emergence of armed-conflict. Such efforts can be done with diplomacy and political mediation efforts by involving the various parties that are considered to be actors of peace. While humanitarian law in the context of normative law enforcement efforts imprinted on the situation of the ongoing war, one of its forms through foreign intervention in the ongoing armed conflict itself. In the present context of the humanitarian intervention of humanitarian law known as the Responsibility to Protect (R to P). In addition through the UN mechanism for the continuous efforts of the international community to prevent the emergence of armed conflict also involving a number of other actors who can be considered a partner for peace. One of them involving specific groups that can be considered a party to break the chain of armed conflict itself. One of them is through the mechanism of the Kimberley Process.

Beyond Coercion: The New Politics of Conflict Processing in China

Coercive capacity matters for keeping stability of authoritarian regime. Yet governing conflict is more than deployment of coercion. State response to contentious politics can be classified by the form of power it uses to direct challenging behaviors. This paper suggests a typology of conflict processing mechanism and uses it to illustrate the diversity of China’s domestic security strategy and detect new signs of conflict management beyond coercive actions. The focus is an emerging social engagement approach—a conceptually distinct process through which contentious behavior is transformed by intermediate agencies. Despite its limits in handling large-scale conflicts, this approach of conflict resolution is able to contribute to regime stability from below by demobilizing and depoliticizing local and issue-based contentions.

Taxonomy of Conflict Detection and Resolution Approaches for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in an Integrated Airspace

This paper proposes a taxonomy of conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) approaches for operating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in an integrated airspace. Possible approaches for UAVs are surveyed and broken down based on their types of surveillance, coordination, maneuvering, and autonomy. The factors are combined back selectively, with regard to their feasibility for operation in an integrated airspace, into several “generic approaches” that form the CD&R taxonomy. These generic approaches are then attributed to a number of available methods in the literature to determine their position in the overall CD&R scheme. The attribution shows that many proposed methods are actually unsuitable for operation in an integrated airspace. Furthermore, some part of the taxonomy does not have an adequate representative in the literature, suggesting the need to concentrate UAV CD&R research more in those particular parts. Finally, a multilayered CD&R architecture is built from the taxonomy, implementing the concept of defense in depth to ensure safe operation of UAVs in an integrated civil airspace.

Developing a Multi-Objective Conflict-Resolution Model for Optimal Groundwater Management Based on Fallback Bargaining Models and Social Choice Rules: a Case Study

Conflict-resolution models can be used as practical approaches to consider the contradictions and trade-offs between the involved stakeholders in integrated water resource management. These models are utilized to reach an optimal solution considering agents interactions. In this paper, a new methodology is developed based on multi-objective optimization model (NSGA-II), groundwater simulation model, M5P model tree, fallback bargaining procedures and social choice rules to determine the optimal groundwater management policies with an emphasis on resolving conflicts between stakeholders. By incorporating the multi-objective simulation-optimization model and bargaining methods, the optimal groundwater allocation policies are determined and the preferences of the stakeholders as well as social criteria such as justice are also considered. The obtained data set, based on Monte Carlo analysis of calibrated MODFLOW model, is used for training and validating the M5P meta-models. The validated M5P meta-models are linked with NSGA-II to determine the trade-off curve (Pareto front) for the objectives. Social choice rule and fallback bargaining methods, as conflict-resolution models, are applied to determine the best socio-optimal solution among stakeholders, and their results are compared. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is verified in a case study of Darian aquifer, Fars province, Iran. Results indicated that the solutions obtained by the proposed conflict-resolution approaches have an appropriate applicability. Total groundwater withdrawal, after applying the optimal groundwater allocations, reduced to 20.85 MCM, resulting in a 4.62 m increase in the mean groundwater level throughout the aquifer.

Decentralized safe conflict resolution for multiple robots in dense scenarios

Multi-robot conflict resolution is a challenging problem, especially in dense environments where many robots must operate safely in a confined space. Centralized solutions do not scale well with the number of robots in dynamic scenarios: a centralized communication can cause bottlenecks and may not be robust enough when channels are unreliable; the complexity of algorithms grows with the number of robots, making online re-computation too expensive in many situations. In this work, we propose a decentralized approach for conflict resolution where robots show reactive and safe behaviors, avoiding collisions with both static and dynamic objects, even under unreliable communication conditions and with low resources. They detect conflicts with neighboring obstacles locally and then apply rules to surround them in a roundabout fashion, assuming that others will follow the same policy. The method is designed for unicycle robots with range-finder sensors, and it is able to cope with noisy sensors and second-order dynamic constraints, ensuring always collision-free navigation. Besides, a set of metrics and scenarios for benchmarking in multi-robot collision avoidance are proposed. We also compare our method with others from the state of the art through extensive simulations. Experiments with real robots are also presented in order to show the feasibility of the system.

Discussion of “Conjunctive Management of Surface and Ground Water Resources Using Conflict Resolution Approach” by Hamid R. Safavi, Milad Mehrparvar, and Ferenc Szidarovszky

Discussion of “Conjunctive Management of Surface and Ground Water Resources Using Conflict Resolution Approach” by Hamid R. Safavi, Milad Mehrparvar, and Ferenc Szidarovszky

Closure to “Conjunctive Management of Surface and Ground Water Resources Using Conflict Resolution Approach” by Hamid R. Safavi, Milad Mehrparvar, and Ferenc Szidarovszky

Closure to “Conjunctive Management of Surface and Ground Water Resources Using Conflict Resolution Approach” by Hamid R. Safavi, Milad Mehrparvar, and Ferenc Szidarovszky

Graph Model Conflict Resolution Approach for Jordan River Basin Dispute

Graph Model Conflict Resolution Approach for Jordan River Basin Dispute

Review: Analysis and Improvement of Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System

Several well-known international cooperation programs in the research field of air traffic management, e.g., SESAR and NextGen, aim to overcome the deficiencies of airspace capacity, while ensuring safety level and efficient operations. The increasing airspace traffic density would cause congested traffic scenarios, which require the developed safety procedures to resolve multithreat conflicts. In this paper, we provide a complete survey on the conflict detection and resolution approaches (CDR), mainly including long term CDR, medium term CDR, and short term CDR on three different levels classified based on the acting period. In order to achieve absolute security, it is very important to conduct a summarization of previous and present study on the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS), utilized as the final means in the security technology system. This review not only offers an intuitionistic and in-depth comprehension of the potential collision emergence for risk assessment, but also summarizes the various encounter models for the TCAS analysis and different strategies for the TCAS improvement, making an overall perspective of the research progresses and trends to facilitate the development.

Effectiveness of role of local government peace and security committee (PSC) in farmer pastoralist conflict prevention in Ibadan/ Ibarapa agricultural zone of Oyo State, Nigeria

Conflict resolution approach of Local Government Peace and Security Committee (PSC) set up in Ibarapa area of Oyo state is pertinent and exemplary to the realization of the important goal of a food secured country and achievement of sustainable agricultural development policy in the country. The study examined stakeholders’ effectiveness of role of Local Government PSC in preventing farmer-pastoralist conflicts in Ibadan/ Ibarapa Agricultural zone of Oyo State, Nigeria. A total of 170 respondents (86 farmers and 84 pastoralists) were selected through a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, chi-square and Correlation. Majority (80.3%) were below 50 years of age. There were more males than females. Destruction of crops, water pollution and competition for land were the main causes of farmer-pastoralist conflicts. Respondents were aware of preventive measures of payment of fines by the violators (81.2%), formation of local community associations (77.1%) likewise education of herders and farmers (76.5%) as measures adopted for conflict resolution. Sex, religion, educational status, marital status and age were significantly related to perceived effectiveness of roles of PSC. Cattle rustling (r=0.208), destruction of crops (r = 0.170), female harassment (r = 0.180) and water pollution (r =0.275) showed positive and significant relationship with perceived effectiveness of PSC. The t-test result shows that the perception of farmers (Mean = 66.93) and pastoralists (Mean = 77.93) were significantly different (t = -59) in terms the effectiveness of roles of the PSC committee. Measures used by the PSC were not effective enough, more pro-active measures to resolve farmer-herder conflicts should be incorporated through a participatory approach.

Research on Conflict Resolution and Consistency Maintenance Supporting Intention Combination in Real-time Collaboration Environment

With the real-time group editing system, a group of users can view and edit the shared document by communication networks anytime and anywhere. Under the circumstance, it is surely inevitable that many operations from different users are going to conflict. Thus, two issues, the conflict resolution and the consistency maintenance, are the most important for designing and completing the system. In the past, the address space transformation algorithm, invented from the research about the real-time text editing system, could maintain consistency among more sites. The Multi Version conflict resolution approach could preserve users’ intentions but not all when conflicts occur. This paper proposes a new solution of conflict resolution, named Intention Combination Conflict Resolution strategy with the document model of AST based on the idea of Multi Version approach. This solution can not only preserve all users’ editing consistency by intention combination, but also keep all versions of operational objects including conflict operations’ combination effects. In addition, the effectiveness of related algorithms is analyzed, and the availability of the strategy is described by a case and proved by our experiment.

Meta-operation conflict resolution for human–human interaction in collaborative feature-based CAD systems

Conflicts resolution is one of the key issues in maintaining consistency and in supporting smooth human---human interaction for real-time collaborative systems. This paper presents a novel approach of meta-operation conflict resolution for feature-based collaborative CAD system. Although commutative replicated data type (CRDT) is an emerging technique for conflict resolution, it is not capable of resolving conflicts among meta operations for 3D CAD systems. By defining 3 types of meta operations, this work extends CRDT capability to meta operation conflict resolution from 1D to 3D applications. The paper defines the dependency, casuality, conflict and compatible relations specific for 3D collaborative CAD systems. The conflicts of feature-based operations are automatically detected by tracking topological entity changes with the assistance of a persistent data structure, topological entity structure tree ($$TES\_Tree$$TES_Tree). An efficient commutativity-based confliction combination method is proposed to preserve the design intention of each user in a transparent way and maintains the eventual consistent state of the system. The proposed methods are tested in a prototype system with case studies, time complexity analysis and correctness proof.

A multi-stakeholder framework for urban runoff quality management: Application of social choice and bargaining techniques

In this paper, an integrated framework is proposed for urban runoff management. To control and improve runoff quality and quantity, Low Impact Development (LID) practices are utilized. In order to determine the LIDs' areas and locations, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II), which considers three objective functions of minimizing runoff volume, runoff pollution and implementation cost of LIDs, is utilized. In this framework, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used for stream flow simulation. The non-dominated solutions provided by the NSGA-II are considered as management scenarios. To select the most preferred scenario, interactions among the main stakeholders in the study area with conflicting utilities are incorporated by utilizing bargaining models including a non-cooperative game, Nash model and social choice procedures of Borda count and approval voting. Moreover, a new social choice procedure, named pairwise voting method, is proposed and applied. Based on each conflict resolution approach, a scenario is identified as the ideal solution providing the LIDs' areas, locations and implementation cost. The proposed framework is applied for urban water quality and quantity management in the northern part of Tehran metropolitan city, Iran. Results show that the proposed pairwise voting method tends to select a scenario with a higher percentage of reduction in TSS (Total Suspended Solid) load and runoff volume, in comparison with the Borda count and approval voting methods. Besides, the Nash method presents a management scenario with the highest cost for LIDs' implementation and the maximum values for percentage of runoff volume reduction and TSS removal. The results also signify that selection of an appropriate management scenario by stakeholders in the study area depends on the available financial resources and the relative importance of runoff quality improvement in comparison with reducing the runoff volume.

Conjunctive Management of Surface and Ground Water Resources Using Conflict Resolution Approach

AbstractManagement of surface and ground water resources in drought-stricken regions with increasing water consumption poses a major challenge to water resource managers and decision makers. The si...

Recommender System for Acyclic Graph Generation in Multi-agent Assembly Line Planning

Any assembly line planning (ALP) problem requires the knowledge of multitude of planners and is therefore the interface between the product-oriented and process-oriented planning process. The assembly line planning process (i.e., assembly task definition, time analysis, product-oriented assembly task sequencing, assembly line balancing and assembly line sequencing and scheduling) can be associated as the gateway between the fuzzy front end and the fuzzy back end of the innovation process. As ALP can be solved using solution search approaches, the formalization of the required information is the key to be able find at least a feasible, preferably a satisfying at most optimal solution. The input to solve the ALP are optimization objective(s), a precedence graph and further restrictions to consider. As decision making problems are widely researched, the collaboration for the precedence graph and the restriction modeling is regarded for the ALP.As the Collaborative Precedence and Constraint Modeling (CPCM) has also to meet the requirements of the solution method. In this case genetic algorithms (GA) is used for finding solution to the problem. The used algorithm for solution search is fast and state of the art, but also requires uniform input data. Hence, only an acyclic precedence and constraint digraph is computable in an adequate way.As soon multiple planners work jointly together within a virtual environment, only locking or conflict resolution approaches are offered to generate a computable precedence and constraint model for the solving an ALP using GA. As locking is a practical way from the technical point of view, it does not meet the requirements of the planners to model relevant precedence and constraint relations of the regarded elements (tasks, stations, resources and line segments). As a result a recommender system for transforming a cyclic digraph to an acyclic digraph and promoting solution improvements are presented based on network structure metrics of precedence, constraint and solution graph.