Points Of Conflict Research Articles

Real Entrance Capacity of a Single-Lane Roundabout Owing to Congestion on the Circular Lane

In contrast to conventional methods, this study took a holistic approach to investigating roundabout capacity. Conventional methods aim to identify the capacities of each single entrance, without any consideration of mutual interactions between all the entrances and exits of the roundabout. This study investigated the interrelationships between traffic operations at the elements of a single-lane roundabout based on probabilistic considerations obtained from queueing theory. Here the spread of potential congestion on the circle plays a decisive role. As a starting point, the elements of the roundabout were defined as points of conflict. Equations for the capacity of these points were then derived. These equations were combined into an iterative procedure that took into account the potential congestion on the circle. As a result, based on a given origin–destination matrix of traffic volumes, the entry capacities of the roundabout were calculated. These were then applied to calculate estimates for delays and queue lengths in the conventional way. Application of the model for several examples—two of which are described in this paper—showed rather drastically that conventional evaluations of traffic performance at roundabouts may be misleading, with overestimated capacity and underestimated delays. This happens preferably in a range with volume/capacity values above 0.7 and under significant pedestrian traffic. The study underlines that the current assessment methods of analytical performance at roundabouts fall short.

Decisions with general scope in the light of special sectoral regulations in the Hungarian administrative system

AbstractIn the 21st century, the two administrative instruments that have the greatest impact on the legal situation of members of society, administrative enforcement and administrative legislation, have been and are being confronted with a number of social challenges (global economic crisis, refugee crisis, epidemics and pandemics). The challenges of the 21st century require public intervention to provide a rapid, accurate and effective response to the problems that arise, while ensuring legality and the protection of the rights of the citizens. The first responses to social problems are provided by sectoral regulations, which may conflict with general rules of administrative procedure. The study analyses administrative decisions of general scope in the light of special sectoral regulation and review the points of conflict with general rules of administrative procedure. The study concludes with a proposal.

The Practice of International Investment Agreements in the Context of Climate Change Conflicts and Solutions

Climate change is an issue of growing importance on a global scale. The traditional International Investment Agreements (IIAs) and the provisions made in response to climate change often conflict with one another. This has led to a need to find a way to reconcile these differences and establish a complementary and mutually reinforcing relationship between IIAs and climate change treaties. This paper aims to identify the focal points of conflict and explore potential solutions through case analysis and other methods. One potential solution is to make reasonable adjustments to the IIAs to align them with the specific provisions needed to address climate change. By doing so, it may be possible to bridge the gap between traditional IIAs and the requirements of climate change treaties. This approach is essential in ensuring that investment agreements do not hinder the progress of climate change initiatives. It is crucial to find a balance that allows for sustainable economic development while also addressing the pressing concerns of climate change. Finding a way to reconcile the conflicts between traditional IIAs and climate change treaties is of paramount importance. By making targeted adjustments and seeking common ground, it is possible to establish a framework that supports both economic growth and environmental sustainability.

Competence or Experience

Competence or Experience

The Emergence of Social Class in Gundala Film (Indonesia) and The Hunger Games (America)

Movies also tell a variety of problems, one of which is the existence of social class. Social class is the division of classes in society based on certain criteria, be it religion, economy, education, status and others. Gundala is a 2019 Indonesian hero movie directed by Joko Anwar. In the movie, Sancaka (Abimana Aryasatya) is the main character. The Hunger Games is a 2012 American science fiction film directed by Gary Ross, based on the novel of the same name by Suzanne Collins. This research aims to discuss the existence of a picture of the prominence of social class in the film Gundala and also the film The Hunger Games. In this study, several explanations about social class are taken. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method, using unit of analysis in the form of texts. This research also uses the theory of social class according to Karl Max, and the results of this study show that the division of social classes is real, creates class struggle, and becomes one of the points of conflict in society.

Analyzing argumentation patterns in political discourse for better policy design

ABSTRACT A new policy is needed to manage Switzerland’s increasing urbanization and growing population. The second stage of the revision of the Swiss Spatial Planning Law, which has been ongoing since 2014, aims to create the legal framework to reduce or prevent the negative consequences of soil sealing, such as loss of biodiversity or urban sprawl. The revision process is characterized by substantial opposition among the actors involved; an acceptable draft revision is not conceivable. Using a structuring qualitative discourse analysis, we coded the consultation responses from the three consultation processes to date. We based our code system on acceptance factors existing in the literature and analyzed the content of the consultation responses over time and by actor. The results show that while a consensus on the instruments of the policy is emerging, there is great disagreement about the exact design and the resulting effects on the actors involved. The relative advantage of the policy and its compatibility with existing regulations are not sufficiently elaborated and presented in a comprehensible way. Ultimately, we identify several patterns of argumentation that should be considered by the policy-makers involved in the further revision, especially to address the critical arguments of the cantons and municipalities. Highlights Points of conflict and consensus during policy design were identified using QDA. Structuring the content of the policy discourse can support consensus-building. Typical argumentation patterns for opposing or accepting a policy were identified. Growing consensus entails shifts of actor conflicts from mid- to low-level topics. Relative advantage of a policy solution is key to increasing its acceptability.

Between Lower Austria and Moravia: displaced local elites and the Feldsberg/Valtice agricultural school

ABSTRACT Since its founding in 1873, the Lower Austrian Regional Agricultural, Pomiculture and Viniculture School in Feldsberg, Lower Austria – today Valtice, Czech Republic – has played an important role in the local community. This secondary school has educated agricultural workers as well as provided continuing education for people in the region and beyond. Picture postcards from the turn of the twentieth century show the school with other notable town landmarks, reflecting its importance in the small, predominantly German-speaking border community. The Paris Peace Conference awarded Feldsberg/Valtice, a historically Lower Austrian town, to Czechoslovakia after the First World War. Analysis of this agricultural school provides a way to examine post-war borderlands from a regional perspective. The secondary educational institution became a point of conflict as the new Czechoslovak state transformed it from a German-speaking Lower Austrian school to a Czech-speaking one in Moravia. The Czechification of the agricultural institution in Feldsberg/Valtice was part of a larger effort to build a Czechoslovak national state. The author examines the life of the Lower Austrian school’s last German director, Matthias Arthold, who first studied at the school and then worked at other institutions across Lower Austria and Moravia, before becoming the Feldsberg/Valtice school’s director in 1908. Analysis of the alumni associations, one German, founded in 1913, and the other Czech, founded in 1924, illuminates the legacy of local elites and institutions that the provincial-turned-international border transformed.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRAFFIC CONFLICT TECHNIQUE METHOD AT PONTIANAK'S UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTION

The high number of traffic accidents is a problem for the government in realizing traffic security, safety, and smoothness. Intersections are the most common point of conflict, especially unsignalized intersections. The research location of the intersection of Jl. Budi Utomo - Jl. 28 October-Jl. Parit Nenas, Siantan Hulu Village, North Pontianak District, and Pontianak City intersect environmental-type commercial roads with many vehicles and education centers. The research objectives are to identify traffic conflicts, analyze the level of traffic conflicts, and provide alternatives to overcome problems.Traffic Conflict Technique is an observation method to analyze traffic conflict that illustrates the seriousness of the conflict. The research data used CCTV recording for two days, Saturday and Tuesday. The Traffic Conflict Technique method uses the Time to Accident and Conflicting Speed values to determine the seriousness of the conflict.Based on the analysis of the Traffic Conflict Technique method, the research location with 34 vehicle conflicts has a severe level of conflict that could potentially cause accident risk. The level of serious conflict is 27 vehicle conflicts, with a percentage of 79.41%. Vehicle speed in the class 15 km / h - 19 km / h is the most severe conflict speed, with 12 vehicle conflicts and a percentage of 44.44%. Accelerating vehicle behavior is the most severe conflict, with 25 vehicle conflicts and a percentage of 83.33% of accidents that have the potential to occur. Alternatives to reduce the causes of accidents are adding traffic signaling devices and traffic signs to improve safety.

Seventh-day Sabbath as a Sign of Christian Loyalty: The Seventh-day Adventists in the Conflict with Totalitarian Regimes in the 20th Century Czechoslovakia

Seventh-day Sabbath as a Sign of Christian Loyalty: The Seventh-day Adventists in the Conflict with Totalitarian Regimes in the 20th Century Czechoslovakia. The subject matter of this article is to describe and analyse the conflict between the Seventh-day Adventists and totalitarian regimes in Czechoslovakia. It explains the reasons why the clash occurred, with specific emphasis on the role the Sabbath (Saturday) observance plays in the Adventist theology, and eschatology in particular. There are some cases of persecution due to the Sabbath observance during the time of National socialism, however the conflict intensified especially during the 50s and 60s, when a number of Adventists were imprisoned. There were two points of conflict, namely mandatory military service and school attendance. The school attendance issue disappeared in 1968 when two-day weekend was introduced in Czechoslovakia, however Adventist soldiers struggled even in the 70s and 80s. The whole problem disappeared only after 1989.

Optimization of Collective Irrigation Network Layout through the Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Multicriteria Analysis Method

On numerous occasions, we often have very little information or must make a decision considering qualitative aspects that are difficult to evaluate. This study focuses on obtaining objective criteria to assist in decision-making in the design phase of pressurized water pipes in collective irrigation networks. In the layout of these networks, various types of paths and roads for laying pipes can be encountered, and it is not always a simple task to obtain the least costly layout or the one with the fewest issues during construction. In order to obtain objective results, different layout alternatives are evaluated using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Multicriteria Analysis Methodology and the Dijkstra algorithm to obtain optimal solutions. This is applied to twelve case studies where the types of available layout paths are identified as alternatives, and four criteria are established for their evaluation. Recognized experts in irrigation modernization conduct the evaluation to derive weighting coefficients for selecting the optimal layout. The coefficients or resistances obtained weigh the lengths of the pipes, allowing the selection of the most suitable alternative based on the defined criteria. The results are compared with a network designed by an expert using classical methodologies, revealing cost improvements in the design phase and a reduction in conflict points, thus leading to faster execution of the works.

Erich Fromm: Ancestor of Social Psychoanalytic Practice

ABSTRACT Erich Fromm offered two key psychoanalytic concepts that bridge the psychic and the social: social unconscious and social character. In his view, these concepts are not only critical for understanding socio-historical phenomena but also ought to inform psychoanalytic clinical practice such that it might resist unconsciously encouraging patients to adapt to inequitable social conditions. This essay pays tribute to Fromm’s thinking while elaborating some of the differences between Fromm’s understanding of social unconscious/social character and my own. I argue that “social unconscious” does not quite capture the dynamic and conflictual nature of unconscious process, the ongoing conflict that social demands for conformity create in subject formation. To address that conflict, I propose the bridging concept of normative unconscious processes, processes that are always in conflict with counter-normative resistances. Points of both conflict and dissociation are precisely where analysts can challenge the psychic effects of oppressive social norms. Further, while agreeing with Fromm that analyzing social character ought to be central to clinical work, I argue that various and overlapping systemic oppressions – e.g. racism, heterosexism, classism – create, in any given society, multiple social characters and not just one dominant type. In agreement with Fromm’s argument that analysts themselves need to reckon with their own social character, I stress the importance for all of us to be as aware as possible of our own identity investments and social locations within unequal and overlapping power hierarchies.

Is security still the chiefest enemy? The challenges and contradictions in European confidence- and security-building in the Cold War

ABSTRACT The regime of Confidence- (and Security-) Building Measures (C(S)BMs) represented an effort to re-imagine Arms Control in Europe and reduce the possibility of unwanted escalation due to misunderstanding or misperception. The regime was first developed during the Cold War due to concerns about large-scale military exercises, and its ongoing importance has come into sharp relief given that NATO and Russia have increasingly engaged in similar manoeuvres. However, despite the C(S)BMs, military exercises represented a point of conflict between NATO and the Soviet Union, and there is little indication that the regime led to the development of confidence in the benign intent of other participants. What prevented this from occurring? This paper compares the theory and logic of confidence-building with the negotiations around the CSBMs, highlighting three primary points of discontinuity that undermined the ability of the regime to fully deliver on its potential. The competitive nature of negotiation about its terms resulted in incomplete transparency, the conflation of the concepts of ‘confidence’ and ‘security’ shifted the focus towards assessing an adversary’s military capability rather than intent, and the regime’s inflexibility meant that it did not account for technological changes that otherwise altered understanding of proximate threat.

Optimized path planning and scheduling strategies for connected and automated vehicles at single-lane roundabouts.

This paper focuses on the cooperative driving challenges of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) at single-lane roundabouts. First, a geometric path planning method is proposed for CAVs navigating a single-lane roundabout. Based on this method, a vehicle roundabout model is established. Four potential traffic scenarios for CAVs are established, and the optimal arrival times at conflict points are analyzed. By correlating the optimal arrival times at conflict points with the optimal entry times into the roundabout, the multi-vehicle coordination problem in complex intersections is simplified to a speed control issue during entry. Utilizing the principles of optimal control and Pontryagin minimization, two speed optimization strategies are proposed. Finally, MATLAB is employed for simulation analysis. The results indicate that the control strategy proposed in this paper enables the system to clearly identify potential conflicts between vehicles and implement an optimal control strategy, ensuring that vehicles can navigate the roundabout efficiently in terms of time and fuel without collisions. Additionally, the minimum time interval is established at 0.2 seconds to completely prevent vehicle collisions. In this study, the fusion problem involving two vehicles at a single conflict point is further expanded to encompass multiple vehicles at multiple conflict points. Thus, the efficient scheduling of multiple vehicles in single-lane roundabouts is realized.

SYSTEMIC DETERMINANTS OF GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY ENSURING GEOPOLITICAL TURBULENCE

Introduction. Recent events have demonstrated that the growth of geopolitical turbulence has a detrimental impact on the food security of the world’s poorest countries. Often, its consequences include economic wars, armed interstate conflicts, intrastate military-political confrontations, and economic crises. These factors ultimately lead to price increases and disruptions in food supply chains, resulting in increased poverty, limited access to fertile land, and, most importantly, the destruction of the foundations of the national economy. This, in turn, lowers the GDP per capita significantly, affecting the population’s consumer capabilities and jeopardizing a sufficient level of nutrition. The purpose of the is to generalize the systemic determinants of modern geopolitical turbulence and substantiate their impact on global food security while outlining recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of global institutions in ensuring the food security of the world’s poorest countries. Results. Systemic determinants of modern geopolitical turbulence are examined, and their impact on global food security is substantiated. The primary reasons for the increase in world food prices have been unveiled. A correlation analysis of indicators affecting the dynamics of the share and number of undernourished population, reflecting population income, the number of military conflicts, the level of global warming, and food prices, was carried out. Consequently, it has been proven that geopolitical turbulence has a significantly negative impact on food security in various countries worldwide. Notably, over the past 20-25 years, the African continent has become one of the main focal points of geopolitical conflicts, with their foundation rooted in the struggle for resources through political and military influence on the governments of certain African countries. The research has demonstrated that geopolitical conflicts and the risks associated with geopolitical turbulence are determinants exacerbating the food crisis in African countries. Conclusions. It has been proven that a country’s level of food security is closely related to the poverty level of its population. It is argued that humanitarian missions aimed at assisting malnourished populations will only postpone the resolution of hunger, while ongoing military and economic conflicts do not contribute to poverty reduction. It is substantiated that, in order to increase global food security, global organizations and geopolitical players should focus on the economic and political development of the world’s poorest countries, since the prolongation of both intrastate and interstate military-political conflicts serves as a source of geopolitical turbulence and exacerbates the global food crisis.

Cognitive Gender Differences in Comments to Gender-Related Hot Topics on Chinese Social Media

In contemporary society, issues of women’s rights and gender equality have always been a focus of attention. Despite some progress made over the past few decades, gender inequality persists across various fields, sparking a series of feminist movements and actions. In China, a unique gender equality concern—the “bride price”—has garnered significant attention. As part of traditional Chinese wedding customs, the bride price symbolizes the groom’s respect for the bride. Nevertheless, in modern society, the escalating bride price amounts have led to differences in perceptions and competitive mindsets, making it a significant point of conflict within marriages. This paper analyses the commentary content on topics such as childbirth, the workplace, sexual assault, and the bride price on China’s social media platform, Weibo. Using textual analysis, it examines the emotional differences and content variations in comments between genders. The research reveals that female bloggers (67%) are more engaged in discussions related to gender issues than males (33%). Word frequency analysis shows similar concerns across topics, but men tend to prioritize material and financial aspects,” when discussing bride price. Women, on the other hand, express dissatisfaction through personal experiences, while men tend to consider the issue from their own perspectives.

Integration planning between components of Type B bus station Sukorejo

Kendal Regency has problems with passenger bus station services in the transportation sector. Integrating components in Sukorejo Type B Bus Station includes crossing circulation patterns between people and vehicles. The crossing can cause conflicts that endanger the safety of service users. This study aimed to handle circulation conflicts through the integration of the components applied in the Sukorejo Type B Bus Station can be optimal. This study used a methodological approach such as quantitative, explanation, and planning, referring to the field results and observational surveys. This research used 135 respondents of inter-city transportation within the province (AKDP) and 147 respondents of rural transportation (ANGDES). The results showed the integration performance between the components of the Sukorejo Type B Bus Station through the Normalized Score, which got a value of - 100 with good information and indicated by the total circulation distance needed to reach each bus station component in 452 meters for 342 seconds. In Bus Station Type B Sukorejo, circulation crossings caused conflict at as many as 10 points due to the pedestrian crossing activities in private vehicle parking, arrival areas, waiting areas, and public transport departures. The research value of PV2 < 108 meant the need for pedestrian facilities indicated that it was not necessary to handle circulation crossings with pedestrian facilities. It was just sufficient to provide pedestrian warning signs to cross, so that vehicle drivers could be careful in crossing each conflict point.

Construction of water supply and drainage fire water system of construction project under BIM technology

Abstract The drainage and firefighting water systems are critical components of construction projects. Due to the complexity and multitude of piping systems, issues such as impractical space arrangements and pipeline collisions can arise during construction. BIM technology enhances the design quality and efficiency of these systems through parametric integration of building information and three-dimensional visualization modeling. Based on this research background, this paper firstly constructs the model of water supply and drainage and fire fighting water based on BIM technology, plays the scalability of Revit, carries out the secondary development of Revit, and completes the program development of water supply and drainage, and fire fighting water pipeline height detection and pipeline automatic avoidance function by combining with C# language. This paper takes a building in the Shangcheng District of Hangzhou City to conduct empirical research, and the results show that collision detection through BIM technology saves a lot of time, improves efficiency significantly, and has higher detection accuracy. In addition, this paper utilizes a comprehensive evaluation system to objectively evaluate the effects of drainage and firefighting water construction in construction projects based on BIM technology. This study uses BIM technology to realize further development and exploration in the process of building drainage and fire water construction, reduce the conflict points in the process of drainage and fire water design, and improve the detection efficiency and accuracy in the design process.

Diversity Communication of Interreligious Harmonization: A Case Study of Rama Agung Village, Bengkulu Utara Regency, Indonesia

Indonesia is known as a country that has many tribes, cultures, races, religions, and codes of conduct of the people. But the exciting thing is that the complexity of diversity does not divide Indonesia. Rama Agung Village, Bengkulu Utara Regency, was designated as a Religious Harmony Village in Bengkulu Province in 2018 by the Minister of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. Upon launching the minister of religion, the Governor of Bengkulu designated it as a Miniature Village of Religious Harmony in Bengkulu Province. This is in line with the decision of the Regent of Bengkulu Utara in 2021, which established Rama Agung Village as a Religious Tourism Village. In this position, religious and cultural tolerance becomes important as the main indicator that can reduce points of conflict between individuals, social classes, and society. This tolerance was formed not on the basis of an accident. Still, the similarity of struggle that gave birth to valuable lessons bound in the points and points of Pancasila elaborated in the State Constitution and actualized in everyday life. This research design uses qualitative methods with a single instrumental case study approach. Data collection will be collected through interviews and document review. The results showed that the harmonization that occurs in Rama Agung village is currently maintained because of the value of harmony instilled by the community in interreligious life, namely open communication between fellow believers, mutual respect for other religious celebrations, and the rules of other religions.

A correlated random parameters ordered probit approach to analyze the injury severity of bicycle-motor vehicle collisions at intersections

Bicycle-motor vehicle (BMV) accidents hold paramount importance due to their substantial impact on public safety. Specifically, road intersections, being critical conflict points, demand focused attention to reduce BMV crashes effectively and mitigate their severity. The existing research on the severity analysis of these crashes appears to have certain gaps that warrant further contribution. To address the mentioned limitations, this study first integrates multiple pre-collision features of the bicycles and vehicles to classify crash types based on the mechanism of the crashes. Then, the correlated random parameters ordered probit (CRPOP) model is employed to examine the factors influencing injury severity among bicyclists involved in intersection BMV crashes in Pennsylvania from 2013 to 2018. To gain deeper insights, this study conducts a separate analysis of crash data from 3-leg intersections, 4-leg intersections, and their combined scenarios, followed by a comparative examination of the results. The findings revealed that the presented crash typing approach yields new insights regarding injury severity outcomes. Moreover, in addition to exhibiting a comparable statistical performance contrasting to the more restricted models, the CRPOP model identified hidden correlations between three random parameters. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that analyzing combined crash data from the two intersection types obscured certain factors that were found significantly influential in the injury outcomes through analyzing sub-grouped data. Consequently, it is recommended to implement tailored countermeasures for each type of intersection.

Harmonization or Conflict? The Case of LGBT in the Interpretation of Islamic Law and Social Norms

Amidst the waves of globalization and social change, issues pertaining to sexual identity and gender orientation, particularly those involving Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) individuals, have given rise to complex discourses within the realms of religion and society. This article explores the emerging differences of opinion surrounding LGBT, notably in Indonesia, where the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) rejects LGBT as a sexual deviation contrary to the teachings of Islam, while the Liberal Islamic Network (JIL) acknowledges the diversity of human sexual preferences. Concurrently, in the Western context, the LGBT movement has spurred demands for political recognition, healthcare protection, and roles within military and parliamentary institutions. Additionally, this article highlights the role of social media in reshaping societal perceptions of LGBT and its impact on existing stigmas. Within this framework, the Islamic view towards LGBT is examined, depicting the conflict between religious perspectives and societal norms. Nonetheless, Islam also offers tolerance within the context of worship. This research employs a qualitative analysis approach to scrutinize Islamic legal interpretations and diverse societal perspectives on the LGBT issue. The aim is to investigate the harmony or conflict between the Islamic viewpoint on LGBT and prevailing societal norms. By delving deeply into the two primary pillars that shape individuals' perspectives and behaviors—namely Islamic legal interpretations and societal norms—this article seeks to provide a broader insight into the dynamics of LGBT-related debates. Through an inclusive and scientific approach, this article aspires to identify emerging points of harmony and conflict, thereby offering valuable contributions to discussions on pluralism, tolerance, and human rights within the context of religion and society.