Conflict Intervention Research Articles

International Organizations Intervention In The Syrian Conflict Through Chemical Weapons Violation

This paper aims to answer why chemical weapons such as Sarin and Chlorine are used as a primary basis of International Organizations to carry out the humanitarian intervention in the Syrian conflict. In this case, the humanitarian approach related to freedom from fear echoed by Galtung further elaborated with International Organizations Theory. Based on an investigation conducted by an International Organization, namely, the United Nations, found not only Bashar Al-Assad's regime used chemical weapons but also the opposition. However, the scale and intensity of their use were different. Instead of targeting the enemy using chemical weapons, the primarily affected victims are civilians who indicated support the opposition and vice versa. International organizations then tried to negotiate with Assad's regime, the often party uses chemical weapons, and also the opposition to avoid using chemical weapons. Next followed by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, which opened humanitarian diplomacy with Assad's regime and the opposition to stop using chemical weapons. Cooperation between the United Nations and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons has successfully suppressed chemical weapons use by imposing international sanctions. However, sometimes the vetoes of allies allied with the Assad regime have the effect to imposing sanction on Assad's regime.

Towards Effective Positive Interventions in Protracted Somali Environmental Conflicts: An HPD Operationalization Framework Informed by Socio-Demographics, Familiarity, and Experience

Towards Effective Positive Interventions in Protracted Somali Environmental Conflicts: An HPD Operationalization Framework Informed by Socio-Demographics, Familiarity, and Experience

Tourism-supported working lands sustain a growing jaguar population in the Colombian Llanos

Understanding large carnivore demography on human-dominated lands is a priority to inform conservation strategies, yet few studies examine long-term trends. Jaguars (Panthera onca) are one such species whose population trends and survival rates remain unknown across working lands. We integrated nine years of camera trap data and tourist photos to estimate jaguar density, survival, abundance, and probability of tourist sightings on a working ranch and tourism destination in Colombia. We found that abundance increased from five individuals in 2014 to 28 in 2022, and density increased from 1.88 ± 0.87 per 100 km2 in 2014 to 3.80 ± 1.08 jaguars per 100 km2 in 2022. The probability of a tourist viewing a jaguar increased from 0% in 2014 to 40% in 2020 before the Covid-19 pandemic. Our results are the first robust estimates of jaguar survival and abundance on working lands. Our findings highlight the importance of productive lands for jaguar conservation and suggest that a tourism destination and working ranch can host an abundant population of jaguars when accompanied by conservation agreements and conflict interventions. Our analytical model that combines conventional data collection with tourist sightings can be applied to other species that are observed during tourism activities.Entender los patrones demográficos de los grandes carnívoros al interior de paisajes antrópicos es fundamental para el diseño de estrategias de conservación efectivas. En el Neotrópico, el jaguar (Panthera onca) es una de estas especies cuyas tendencias poblacionales y tasas de supervivencia en paisajes productivos son desconocidas. Para entender mejor estas dinámicas, integramos nueve años de fototrampeo junto a fotos de turistas para estimar la densidad, supervivencia, abundancia y probabilidad de avistamiento de esta especie en una finca ganadera y destino turístico en Colombia. Entre 2014 y 2022 encontramos que la abundancia incrementó de cinco a 28 individuos y la densidad de 1.88 ± 0.87 jaguares/ 100 km2 a 3.80 ± 1.08 jaguares/ 100 km2. La probabilidad de avistamiento por turistas aumentó de 0% en 2014 a 40% en 2020 antes de la pandemia del Covid-19. Nuestros resultados presentan las primeras estimaciones robustas de abundancia y supervivencia de este felino en paisajes antrópicos dónde el manejo de sistemas productivos combinados con turismo e intervenciones para la mitigación del conflicto puede albergar poblaciones abundantes de jaguares, demostrando su importancia para la conservación de esta especie. Nuestro modelo, al combinar datos convencionales con avistamientos, podría ser aplicado a otras especies observadas durante actividades turísticas.

LET'S TAKE THIS OFFLINE: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF VIRTUAL CONFLICT IN HYBRID COLLABORATIVE DESIGN TEAMS

AbstractConflict can be both a productive and detrimental reality of design collaboration. While most studies on conflict characterize findings by type (conflict about the task, process, or interpersonal relationships), we extend this typology to understand the causes, topics, and outcomes of conflict. To do so, we analyze communications in a virtual chat platform, collected in a hybrid work environment. A thematic analysis on over 6000 messages between student design teams on the enterprise communication platform Slack revealed three emergent conflict themes: Engineering Design, Project Management, and Communication. A mapping of the themes to a widely-cited typology of conflict found an over- representation of task (productive) and process (detrimental) conflict in the Engineering Design and Project Management themes, respectively. The distribution of types of conflict in the Communication theme is representative of the entire dataset, suggesting that communication can be a cause and outcome in all types of conflict. Overall, our classification of conflict is the first step towards describing triads of the causes, topics, and outcomes of conflict, a contribution which will drive the development of interventions for design team conflict.

Russian intervention in the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict: A history of tensions and turmoil

Russian intervention in the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict: A history of tensions and turmoil

External Interventions in Internal Conflicts: A Case Study of Yemen.

External Interventions in Internal Conflicts: A Case Study of Yemen.

Leader or lackey? Understanding the United Nations Secretary-General’s role in conflict diplomacy

Is the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General (SG) an independent actor in conflict diplomacy, or are his political interventions influenced by the parochial interests of the UN Security Council (UNSC) permanent member states – the P5? Previous studies have suggested that the political independence of the UN is constrained whenever a conflict evokes the strong parochial interests of individual P5 states. Using a newly compiled dataset, this article presents the first large-N historical study on the SG’s conflict interventions. The study quantifies the interventions while distinguishing between interventions mandated by the UNSC, which have always been high-profile in nature, and nonmandated interventions, with key emphasis on high-profile nonmandated interventions. The study ascertains whether both types of intervention were inhibited by the parochial interests of individual P5 states or whether the nonmandated interventions were uninfluenced by P5 interests. The results reveal that while parochial P5 interests have a significant bearing on UNSC-mandated interventions, they do not influence nonmandated interventions. Crucially, UN Charter dictates generally exert a greater influence on nonmandated interventions than on UNSC-mandated interventions. These findings present a strong case for the formal autonomy of the UN Secretariat and contribute to the growing literature on the role of executive heads in international organization secretariats.

The Virtues of Mediation: Milton’s Ludlow Maske

Abstract This essay, partly by way of Milton’s Spenserian engagements, argues that A Maske is neither a celebration of resolve, nor a univocal assertion of exceptional virtue that facilitates some fusion of pleasure and virtue, but is instead a risky exploration of the mediacy of virtue and the virtues of mediation, however much they fail to satisfy. Several kinds of mediation texture A Maske: mediation as the middle ground between disparate things, mediation as intervention in conflict, mediation as the making sensuous of ideas or putting into medium, and, above all, mediation as the material and social process that takes place in and through opposites that both require and condition one another. Consequently, Milton exploits rather than forecloses the dialectical promise of the masque form and leaves open, but not unanswered, the difficult questions of immediacy and transcendence. Drawing on the writings of T. W. Adorno, this essay suggests that mediation—and his related concept, ‘constellation’—afford supple and illuminating ways with which to think through the contradictions of Milton’s poetic-philosophical thought. It offers new interpretations of cruxes in A Maske and shows how each of its characters entails others through a combination of fissures and resemblances. In presenting not an isolated form of virtue, but sketching instead a constellation of interrelated forms, A Maske reveals how—in tending to its mediations—the drear woods of the world might be made to disclose the starry threshold with which we begin and from which we are removed.

INDIGENOUS CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE STRATEGIES. A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

There are several possible ways to respond to conflict situations as a managerial intervention to solve it. The current understanding of such conflict management strategies was framed without adequately considering indigenous practices. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to explore the contributors and determinants of the effectiveness of indigenous conflict management strategies. The findings indicated that factors such as shared dialogue, empowering indigenous structures, symbolic ritual procedures, flexibility, ease, friendliness, compassion, less costless, timeliness, transparency, inclusiveness, adequate interests representation, power sharing, and diversity recognition contributed positively to its effectiveness. Nonetheless, poor language choice and communication barriers, lack of legal empowerment, corrupt behavior of negotiators, and negative attitudes became hindrances to its value. This review identified that indigenous conflict management strategies have valuable managerial application potential in the field of conflict interventions. However, the review was limited to only positive and negative contributors to indigenous conflict management strategies. Keywords: Conflict, Conflict management, Effectiveness, Indigenous strategies, Systematic review

State intervention in socio-environmental conflicts in Peru

State intervention in socio-environmental conflicts in Peru

COVID‐19 and climate change: The social‐psychological roots of conflict and conflict interventions during global crises

AbstractThe current study reviews key social psychological mechanisms related to conflict and conflict resolution that manifest within both the coronavirus pandemic and climate change crises. The uncertainty, scale, and nature of both global crises generate various forms of individual‐ and group‐level conflicts that, mediated by psychological and cultural phenomena, impede beneficial action and sustainable adaptation. Specifically, we highlight five social psychological mechanisms (i.e., cognitive dissonance, responsibility diffusion, compassion fatigue, dehumanization, and competitive beliefs) known to interact with, produce, and amplify intrapersonal, interpersonal, and/or intergroup conflicts. We draw attention to how these mechanisms have been activated by the pandemic in ways that share important similarities with climate change and present evidence‐informed approaches to combating their contribution to conflict (i.e., motivating behavior change, implementing accountability mechanisms, creating collective action opportunities, fostering intergroup contact, and promoting perspective‐taking). By engaging social psychological research to better understand both the roots of conflict as well as outline potential individual, community, and societal responses that can help alleviate conflict during these global crises, we can increase our ability to successfully navigate and in some cases avoid future conflicts caused by climate change.This article is categorized under: Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Behavior Change and Responses

Exploration and Practice of Drawing Therapy in Intervention of Parent-child Conflict among Female College Students

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 22pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">College students are in a special period of physiological and psychological development and maturity. With the increasing pressure of learning and life, parent-child conflicts often occur, and poor communication can make parent-child conflicts more serious. Painting therapy uses painting as a medium to communicate with the individual's subconscious, thereby improving emotional disorders and repairing parent-child relationships. This study takes a female college student as an example. Through painting therapy, she learns self relaxation methods, assists her in mastering mandala painting therapy for self-awareness, alleviates parent-child conflicts, improves parent-child relationships, promotes reasonable self-awareness and self-acceptance, and promotes individual mental health and development. At the same time, exploring individual interventions in parent-child conflicts can also enrich research on painting therapy.</span></p>

Long-term interparental conflict behavior and knowledge change after a brief family intervention.

To address a gap in the translational research on marital and family conflict intervention, we used a series of multilevel models to examine how interparental constructive conflict behavior, conflict resolution, and conflict knowledge improved up to 3 years postintervention in the Family Communication Project (FCP). The FCP was an experimental, longitudinal intervention focused on family conflict, communication, and adolescent adjustment. Participants consisted of adolescents and their two primary caregivers (N = 225 families). Each family was randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (parent-adolescent or parent only) or two control groups (self-study or no treatment). Relative to controls, who showed no statistically significant improvement in conflict behavior, resolution, or knowledge, parents in the two-treatment conditions showed improvement in a nonlinear fashion. Modeled with piece-wise slopes, average change trajectories showed statistically significant increases from pretest to posttest, followed by declines but overall significant sustained growth by 3 years. Baseline marital hostility moderated this change, whereby couples who had higher levels of baseline marital hostility responded more favorably to treatment, but also declined more rapidly. Fathers in the study were shown to have stronger long-term treatment effects for conflict knowledge relative to mothers, and higher marital adjustment among fathers at baseline predicted less decline in dyadic conflict resolution after the intervention. The results highlight how examining within-family changes over time and between-family differences in change trajectories can contribute to practical insights about when and for whom interventions are most effective. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

A Study On Teachers' Resolution Of Children's Conflict Events In Regional Activities

This study begins with the phenomenon of conflict in young children's regional activities. Through an investigation of teachers' resolution of conflict events among young children in zone activities, the current situation of teachers' response to conflict in young children's zone activities was analyzed in two dimensions: teachers' response style and timing of intervention. After data analysis and research, this study concluded that there were three problems: teachers' teaching philosophy was flawed, teachers' handling of conflict events was arbitrary, and teachers' timing of intervention in conflict was inappropriate. Combined with related teaching theories, this study suggests that teachers should improve their educational concepts and optimize the way they handle conflict events; give full play to young children's subjectivity, avoid controlling children, and grasp the timing of intervention to guide young children properly.

아동의 미디어기기 중독과 어머니 일-가정 양립갈등이 아동의 학교적응에 미치는 영향에 대한 종단적 상호관계 검증

The purpose of this study is to identify longitudinal reciprocal relationship between children's media device dependency and mothers' work-family conflict. Also, this study explored the longitudinal effectiveness of children's media device dependency and mothers' work-family conflict on later children's school adjustment. Three waves(10th, 11th, 12th) of panel data from the Panel Study of Korean Children were analyzed in this study by using an adapted version of Autoregressive cross-lagged modeling. A total of 592 children and their mothers participated in the study. As a result, first, children's media device dependency and mothers' work-family conflict showed stability over time. Second, mothers' work-family conflict(T1) had a statistically significant effect on children's media device dependency(T2). Third, mothers' work-family conflict(T2) was not influenced by children's media device dependency(T1). Fourth, children's media device dependency(T2) was negatively influenced on children's school adjustment(T3). This study confirmed the interrelationships of children's media device dependency and mothers' work-family conflict. Also, this study found children's media device dependency had an longitudinal effect on children's school adjustment. Based on these findings, it suggests that intervention aimed at reducing children's media device dependency is necessary for developing intervention in the mothers' work-family conflict. In addition, children's media device dependency has a long term impact on children's school adjustment. That is, it is necessary to develop program that deal with using children's media device dependency for children's school adjustment.

The business of saving cheetahs: Cheetah ecology and the diverse politics at work in human wildlife conflict (HWC) interventions in Namibia

This paper is concerned with the intersection of cheetah ecology, human wildlife conflict (HWC), settler colonialism, and private land ownership in Namibia. Cheetahs’ ecological adaptation(s) in Namibia point to the need for a fuller picture of the permutations of conservation and conservation NGOs in Africa. In the case of Namibia, cheetahs’ ecological adaptations to interspecies threats have shaped their territory to be primarily on private commercial farms where they cause HWC. While cheetahs cause HWC on commercial farms and farming communities in Namibia writ large, HWC itself is not the conflict discussed in this research. Rather, HWC is the catalyst for what this paper will analyze to be a conflict between two private sector industries—commercial farming and cheetah conservation. After thirteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in Namibia, this case study suggested diverse politics are at work within the NGOs conservation intervention policies at global, national, and local scales. This research identified a theoretical and conceptual fissure which led to an anomaly in the field of political ecology. This paper will argue HWC is an organizing structure in the business of saving cheetahs. The NGOs studied in Namibia are a service-based industry. They invest in both tangible and intangible conservation services rather than market-based participatory approaches, ecosystem services, and/or economic development. This is illustrative of a shift from market-based conservation to a service-based approach and calls for widening the political ecology lens to account for other cases of NGOs’ on-the-ground conservation business practices in Africa.

Sexual violence, gendered protection and support for intervention

The protection of civilians from human rights violations has increasingly become a global priority. The wars in Bosnia and Rwanda in the 1990s, and the development of the Women, Peace and Security framework have placed conflict-related sexual violence on the global protection agenda. Prior research has found that international attention to, and intervention in, conflicts is in fact more likely when there are reports of widespread sexual violence, regardless of overall conflict intensity. This article theorizes and empirically examines the micro-level underpinnings of these patterns. We hypothesize that individuals are more likely to support military intervention in conflicts with prevalent sexual violence as opposed to other types of conflict violence. The reason lies in gendered protection norms, based in benevolent sexism, that continue to have traction also in Western societies. In equivalent survey experiments carried out in the United States, the United Kingdom and Sweden, we find that support for international intervention is highest in sexual violence conflicts. In the United States and the United Kingdom, the responsibility to protect and gendered perceptions of victimhood mediate this effect. A follow-up experiment in the United States provides further evidence of a gendered protection norm as a core mechanism driving our results.

Article: EU-Israel Relations: Netanyahu’s Legacy

It is common to criticize the State of Israel for its lack of strategy. This is true with respect to its foreign relations, and with specific reference to her relations with the EU. This criticism was reinforced during the five terms of Benjamin Netanyahu’s premiership (1996–1999 and 2009–2021). Commentators expressed strong criticism of his leadership, blaming him for shaping and implementing Israel’s foreign relations in a non-strategic, incoherent, and inconsistent manner. This article provides an alternative perspective, arguing that during his five terms Netanyahu and his governments adopted and pursued a calculated and coherent policy towards the EU, which was aimed at mitigating EU intervention in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and at dismissing any manifestation of EU political criticism towards Israel. The article analyses his policy towards the EU and the main instruments adopted in order to promote it, through the prism of scholarship pertaining to speech-acts and Euroscepticism. Foreign relations, Speech-acts, Euroscepticism, EU-Israel relations, Benjamin Netanyahu

Preventing and Appeasing COVID-19 Vaccine Tension in Schools to Protect the Well-Being of Children and Adolescents in Québec, Canada

Objectives: This article describes an intervention that took place in Québec, Canada, to mitigate COVID-19 vaccine tension in schools, exacerbated by the 12-17 years old vaccination campaign. Building on this initiative, it proposes guiding principles for prevention and intervention in conflict around COVID-19 vaccination in and around schools.
 Intervention: Three complementary tools were developed by a community program, CoVivre, in collaboration with an interdisciplinary team, to help practitioners and parents understand vaccine tensions and their impact on youth, and to suggest simple ways to prevent and intervene in vaccine related conflicts.
 Recommendations: A thorough research evaluation could not be performed due to the rapid crisis response; however, the tools received positive feedback by practitioners, institutions, and decision makers. Recommendations were structured around the following principles: (a) fostering transparent and nuanced health communications; (b) avoiding confrontation and refusing to escalate while strongly condemning criminal acts; (c) encouraging open dialogue; and (d) preserving relationships.
 Implications: Mental health consequences of public health interventions should be considered at inception to avoid collateral damages. Removing children from the heart of societal conflict and maintaining the family-school relationship is crucial to child development. It is imperative to engage interdisciplinary teams to protect youth from societal polarization, and provide an opportunity for growth and resilience. This initiative suggests that more research is needed on the impacts of encouraging an open dialogue around vaccination, and adopting an empathetic approach amongst youth towards others who may not share the same opinion.

A Brief Analysis of Conflict Intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War

Since the post–Cold War era to the current development of world multi-polarization, the global society has maintained a situation of overall peace, ease and stability, but local wars, turbulence and tension, among which conflict intervention has increasingly become a hot issue. Rather than being a conventional form of confrontation just involving the two sides, a conflict will always involve third-party actors such as great powers and international institutions. This article aims to illustrate the most appropriate role for international actors in a conflict society through analyzing the intervention case in the Sri Lankan Civil War while referencing some arguments about international norms and morality.