Israeli Conflict Research Articles

Assessing the evolution of pre-hospital combat casualty care: A comparative study of two conflicts a decade apart

BackgroundCombat casualty care has advanced significantly with the implementation of evidence-based protocols designed to lower combat-related mortality. Over the last decade, two major urban conflicts in southern Israel have challenged the evolving military trauma system. This study aimed to assess differences in prehospital care and compare the outcomes of aeromedically evacuated casualties from the 2014 and 2023 conflicts. MethodsThis retrospective registry-based cohort study utilized records from the Military Airborne Combat Evacuation Unit (MACEU) and the Israeli National Trauma Registry. Eligible patients evacuated by MACEU between 07.17.14 and 08.16.14 and between 10.27.23 and 03.17.24 were compared. Ground-evacuated casualties were excluded. Demographics, prehospital interventions, and clinical outcomes were compared. ResultsDuring the 2014 conflict, 251 patients were evacuated alive, compared to 940 in 2023. Both conflicts involved mostly young males injured by explosions, with comparable injury distributions across body regions. The time from injury to hospital arrival decreased from 65 min (IQR 47–94) in 2014 to 60 min (IQR 47–180) in 2023 (d = 0.5, p < 0.001). The proportion of severely injured patients (ISS ≥ 16) increased from 18.3 % to 25.2 % (OR 1.5 [95 % CI 1.06–2.14], p = 0.03), and critically injured patients (ISS ≥ 25) from 7.6 % to 12.8 % (OR 1.79 [95 % CI 1.08–2.96], p = 0.03). Prehospital advanced airway interventions and tube thoracostomies decreased from 11.6 % to 6.0 % (OR 0.48 [95 % CI 0.30–0.76], p < 0.001) and from 7.0 % to 2.1 % (OR 0.28 [95 % CI 0.15–0.54], p < 0.001), respectively. Prehospital blood transfusions use increased from 6.6 % to 16.4 % (OR 2.78 [95 % CI 1.64–4.76], p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality rates remained stable (2.7 % vs. 2.5 %, OR 1.12 [95 % CI 0.44–2.81], p = 0.99). Although not statistically significant, lower mortality rates were recorded among the severely (13.0 % vs. 8.4 %, OR 0.61 [95 % CI 0.23–1.61, p = 0.48) and critically injured (26.3 % vs. 15.8 %, OR 0.53 [95 % CI 0.17–1.64], p = 0.32). ConclusionOver the past decade, there has been a decline in prehospital airway interventions and thoracostomies, coupled with an increase in early blood transfusions. Despite greater injury severity, mortality rates have remained stable. Although not statistically significant, lower mortality rates were recorded among the severely and critically injured. These findings support the “less is more” approach in modern prehospital combat casualty care.

Prophetic Conflict in Ancient Israel and its Reflections in the Christian Community in Nigeria

Prophetic Conflict in Ancient Israel and its Reflections in the Christian Community in Nigeria

A New Demon after Collapse: Jewish Social Media Images in the Israeli Palestinian ConflictShort Videos' Analysis Based on TikTok

From over two thousand years of exile history to post World War II Holocaust literature and film and television dramas, Jews have always appeared in various media as innocent victims with a mix of sadness and resilience, even making the "Jewish stance" somewhat politically correct. This article is based on the new round of Palestinian Israeli conflict that broke out on October 7, 2023. The research object is 729 short video data crawled on social media TikTok. Through analyzing the overall attitudes towards Jews presented in the videos, it is found that the ratio of positive and negative attitudes is about 1:12, and "genocide", "war criminals", and "terrorism" are the majority of accusations against Israeli Jews in the videos. The large number of negative evaluations on social media presented in the research conclusion strongly contrasts with the stereotypical impression of Jews in past media expressions. This finding is crucial for China's future diplomatic practice and how to enhance its ability to guide international public opinion.

Política Exterior de China: del ascenso pacífico al sueño chino - implicaciones para el análisis de las relaciones internacionales

This article aims to examine the evolution of China’s foreign policy from the adoption of the “peaceful rise” policy to the present one which stems from the concept of the “Chinese dream” presented by Xi Jinping. The analysis is carried out in the light of major traditional international relations theories and introduces the doctrine underpinning the “Chinese dream” known as Tianxia. It finds that western traditional doctrine lacks rigorous consideration of Asian historical and cultural singularities that prevent them from fully explaining the international actions of the People’s Republic of China. In particular, China’s increasing assertiveness in its international relations along with its economic, military and technological advances, as well as the military conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, have exacerbated differences with the West. It is imperative to provide diplomacy with tools to assess the international context and the opposing positions of the West and the PRC that considers a theoretical framework that incorporates elements such as Tianxia, not as a substitute for Western tradition frameworks of analysis, but to enrich them. This is particularly true for the defense and projection of the interests of developing countries, which will require extensive diplomatic skills to navigate this complex context effectively as proactive players rather than bystanders in the international arena.

The Israelite Community Council of Sidon 1914–1948: Between the Yishuv and Grand Liban

Abstract The history of the Jews of Lebanon is often overlooked—they are considered victims of the Arab–Israeli conflict, or within the context of the wider Levantine Jewish community. Sidon, a port city of biblical origins, is a distinct case study through which to examine the interplay between Zionism and Lebanese nationalism because of Sidon’s historical background, geographic proximity to Palestine, and subordinate position to the Beiruti Jewish community. I show how the Israelite Community Council operated within a contested national-ethnic sphere, where it effectively straddled the Zionism promoted by members of the Yishuv and the emerging Lebanese nationalism of the newly established Grand Liban. Initially seeing itself as part of the Land of Israel/Eretz Israel, the Jewish community of Sidon asserted itself within the multiconfessional Lebanese state. Sitting at the crossroads of competing ethnonational currents, Sidon’s Jewish community leaders espoused a fluid, local-territorial-based identity, one that was at ease both with Jewish and Lebanese nationalism. We expand our understanding of this now dispersed community through an examination of the evolution of national borders, intercommunal relationships, and engagement with the Yishuv.

International Law (SDG'S): Regulation of Conflicts and International Relations

Objective: This research aims to explore effective systems for managing international conflicts and optimizing the global security framework amidst escalating military confrontations and worsening economic and environmental challenges worldwide. Theoretical Framework: The study delves into the integration of legal frameworks within nations engaged in hostilities, examining key institutions influencing the regulation of international conflicts. Method: Utilizing qualitative and quantitative approaches, the research scrutinizes scholarly publications, evaluates prevailing strategies employed by states in conflicts, and assesses major geopolitical entities' support for such conflicts. It synthesizes insights from diverse disciplines, including international law, political science, and international relations. Results and Discussion: Case studies of conflicts in Ukraine and Israel underscore the complexities of applying international law to contemporary conflicts. The study highlights the need to reform the legal framework of international organizations like the European Union to enhance conflict management efficacy. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research in developing more effective legal frameworks and strategies for conflict resolution and peacekeeping. Research Implications: This research contributes to understanding the dynamic interplay between law and politics in conflict resolution. Originality/Value: This research identifies areas for further research, including the role of international organizations in peacekeeping and the intersection of conflict regulation with other branches of international law.

UNITED NATION’S ROLE IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION: AN ANALYSIS OF PALESTINE-ISRAEL CONFLICT

The main purpose of the establishment of the UN is to ensure global amity and security in the world. The international body is primarily mandated to achieve international peace through peaceful means. It can even resort to the use of force if the peaceful intervention fails to achieve the goals of peace and stability and the issue has potential threats to world peace. The main institutions of the United Nations i.e. General Assembly, the Security Council and the International Court of Justice are responsible for the maintenance of peace and stability in the world. The UN Secretariat acts as the center for coordination for operation of the UN main organs and agencies in different regions in the world. The issue of Palestine is one of the continuing disputes on the UN’s agenda associated with it since its establishment. The perpetuation of the unresolved conflict between Israel and the people of Palestine has raised questions on the role of international peace keeping body in Middle East. Keeping in view the gravity and potential threats associated with the issue, this study critically examined the UN’s role in conflict resolution efforts in the Palestinian- Israeli conflict. Qualitative inquiry was opted in this study that involves employing literature review for data gathering, especially documents of UN related to Palestine. The data was analysed using an inductive approach, which involved the extraction of its concepts from the bulk of specific detail that makes up the database. US being influential member of Security Council, has effectively prevented the United Nations from participating in negotiations regarding the Palestinian-Israeli conflict since 1967 by exercising its right to veto any binding resolutions on the issue. The analysis indicates that the United Nations' involvement in this conflict is restricted to humanitarian aid. The future success of the UN in this conflict depends on a renewed global commitment, impartial involvement with both parties.

The EU and the Abraham Accords: From Scepticism to Engagement

The Abraham accords signed in Washington in September 2020, a series of joint normalization statements between Israel the UAE and Bahrain followed by Morocco in December 2020, were a game changer in the Middle East. Those Accords provide the pathway to the end of the Arab Israeli conflict and a future of peace, tolerance and opportunity in the Middle East and around the world. Those accords proved that there is a new way for negotiations in the Middle East. One could have been surprised that the EU was not engaged in the Accords when signed. The fact that Europeans believe in the two-state solution as the only solution and the fact that the American President Donald Trump was behind the Accords made Europe skeptical to the Accords. But reality made the difference: The war in Ukraine brought its challenges and Iran’s interference in the conflict (supplying drones to Russian’s army) provoked a real concern in Europe. The Iranian nuclear program seemed again a threat to the west and not only to Israel and Gulf countries. conflict management played a role. This paper depicts how Europe went from skepticism to engagement concerning the Abraham Accords. Geo-political interests were clear: geopolitical realignment, a great potential for Africa and energy and food supply potential in connection to those Accords. Furthermore, cooperation as well as development in foreign affairs played a role in Europeans’ choice. Keywords: Abraham Accords, Israeli-Arab conflict, cooperation, international relations

Peran Mahkamah Internasional (ICJ) Dalam Mengatasi Pelanggaran Hukum Humaniter Di Palestina 2023-2024

This study discusses the role played by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in overcoming humanitarian law in Palestine in 2023-2024, various efforts have been made by the International Court of Justice in addressing the issue of genocide, including taking a role in the international reports submitted to the International Court of Justice on what happened in Palestine, as an international judicial institution The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has an important role in dealing with human rights violations and international crimes. One of the issues that has always been in the spotlight is the conflict in Palestine and Israel, which is often colored by accusations of genocide by several countries.

International Law: Regulation of Conflicts and International Relations

Objective: In the backdrop of escalating military confrontations and worsening economic and environmental challenges worldwide, this research aims to delve into effective systems for managing international conflicts and optimizing the global security framework. Theoretical framework: The study delves into the integration of legal frameworks within nations engaged in hostilities, examining key institutions influencing the regulation of international conflicts. It analyzes the evolution of conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, elucidating the involvement of legal institutions in regulating these conflicts. Methods: The research utilizes qualitative and quantitative approaches. It scrutinizes scholarly publications, evaluates prevailing strategies employed by states in conflicts, and assesses major geopolitical entities' support for such conflicts. It synthesizes insights from diverse disciplines, including international law, political science, and international relations. Results and conclusion: This research underscores international law's role in regulating conflicts through diplomatic frameworks, conflict oversight, and treaty enforcement despite challenges in politically charged environments. Case studies of Ukraine and Israel highlight the complexities of applying international law to modern conflicts. Research implications: The study highlights the need to reform the legal framework of international organizations like the European Union to enhance conflict management efficacy. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary research in developing more effective legal frameworks and strategies for conflict resolution and peacekeeping. Originality/value: This research contributes to understanding the dynamic interplay between law and politics in conflict resolution. It identifies areas for further research, including the role of international organizations in peacekeeping and the intersection of conflict regulation with other branches of international law.

Nurses under fire: Insights from testimonies of community nurses and midwives in nonhospital settings in the southern Israel conflict zone.

Nurses-with or without prehospital care training-may find themselves delivering immediate care to injured individuals outside a healthcare facility, sometimes even in situations where their own life is at risk. This study explores the experiences of community nurses and midwives who provided immediate care during the Hamas militant movement's attack in southern Israel. The researchers collected and analyzed eight nurse and midwife survivors' testimonies published in digital media to gain a deeper understanding of their perspectives. Through qualitative content analysis, common themes, patterns, and insights were identified. The study aimed to contribute valuable knowledge in this field and followed the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ)checklist for methodological rigor. Two themes emerged from the testimonies, focusing on the nurses' swift realization of necessary action under fire and resilience and ingenuity in practice. Despite lacking training and resources, the nurses professionally assessed the situation and improvised creative solutions to care for the wounded. Although they had no prehospital emergency care background, community nurses and midwives were able to respond effectively, providing lifesaving care. The findings highlight the nurses' resilience, adaptability, and dedication in unprecedented situations. However, the study also emphasizes the importance of providing all nurses with baseline prehospital care training and structured planning of this care to empower them to deliver optimal patient care in uncertain and dangerous conditions, especially in and around conflict and disaster zones.

The Weight of History After October 7 and the Gaza War: Shaping a New Future

Abstract The trauma of the October 7 massacre for Israelis and the catastrophe that Gazans have experienced in the subsequent war mark a new stage in the Palestinian–Israeli conflict. While October 7 and indeed the Israeli response are exceptional, we cannot overcome their consequences without addressing the root of the conflict. Calls for an immediate ceasefire are understandable but fall into the trap of seeing the solution as being a military decision. This echoes to the attitude of the current Israeli government which poses the response to October 7 as a military one. A new international political initiative is required to change the atmosphere by setting the goal of resolving the conflict on the basis of self-determination for both Israelis and Palestinians. That needs to inform the approach we adopt to ending the current conflict by replacing Hamas and Israel in Gaza with an international security mechanism.

New public financial management in liberal peacebuilding discourse: The Palestine–Israel conflict and the World Bank

AbstractThis paper delves into the discursive recontextualization of new public financial management (NPFM) in the context of peacebuilding, reshaping the dynamics among the donor community, Israel, and the Palestinian Authority. Utilizing Fairclough's dialectical relational version of Critical Discourse Analysis (2003, 2013) as a methodological framework, we extend the NPFM literature by broadening our understanding of how diverse discourses—particularly NPFM rooted in neoliberalism and peacebuilding—are brought together in a specific relationship for the purpose of transmission. In addition, this study advances our comprehension of the dialogic nature of NPFM, exploring the extent to which other voices are represented, excluded, or suppressed in the examined texts. The paper sheds light on the role of international agencies, exemplified by the World Bank, in transposing development discourses—a theme explored in previous research. Furthermore, we contribute to the literature by highlighting that the peacebuilding context serves as a space for influential actors, such as donor agencies, to exert their influence.

Discussing New Trends in Peace Between the Palestinian - Israeli Conflict

The Palestinian - Israeli conflict has stirred up again, focusing on the global perspective. Why have conflicts between Palestine and Israel continued for nearly a century? The disputes between Palestine and Israel revolve around territorial and security issues. The deep-seated conflicts involve historical origins, religious beliefs, nationalism, international situations and other complex factors. Thousands of years of grievances and centuries of war have brought a heavy price to the people of the two countries. How will the "Palestinian - Israeli conflict" end? Where is the road to peace? It not only requires the two countries to trace their history, reflect on the present, and plan for the future, but also requires the coordinated intervention of all countries in the world and the joint efforts of global humanitarians.

‘And I overcame a Jew hater, somewhere in the mountains’ three versions of a hike and a fight with an Arab robber

ABSTRACT The need for a common memory creates a link between personal stories and the shared values of the nation’s citizens. Flamm’s story reflects an attempt to create such a link. In 1943, a group of hikers in the Galilee came upon an Arab who attempted to rob them at gunpoint. Joseph Flamm, the group’s guide and an amateur wrestler, fought the Arab, subdued him and killed him. A different version of the story of this incident came up every few years. Joseph Flamm, the story’s hero, played a major role in the attempt to paint the incident in nationalistic colours. His own involvement in publicizing and shaping the story enables us to examine the encounter between a personal attempt to enter the national collective memory and the political use that was made of the story. This article discusses the attempt to turn this criminal event into a national heroic event in the context of the Arab Israeli conflict. The later versions presented it as a tangible expression of national myths, among them scouting and knowledge of Israel’s geography, physical heroism and defending the homeland. The last version of the story was published in the 1970s, a period that signalled a change in the Zionist ethos. The Israeli public no longer showed interest in heroic stories such as Flamm’s. Therefore, despite attempts to revive the story and efforts to affix it in the collective memory, it eventually disappeared from the public eye.

Do Daily Podcasts in Public Broadcasting in Israel Help Increase Resilience in Crisis Situations?

ABSTRACT In times of crisis, the importance of the media to help convey messages that support resilience stands out. The present study examined the possible contribution of 21 daily podcasts that were broadcast on three public channels during a military conflict in Israel (May 2021). The research question concerned the possible contribution of the podcasts to resilience. The research findings show that podcast producers preferred topics from their areas of expertise, including critical journalism. The potential of the podcast to transmit messages boosting resilience, which may empower the listeners in facing the crisis, was not on their agenda.

THE RIGHT TO LEGITIMATE DEFENSE BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PRACTICE IN THE PALESTINIAN AND ISRAELI CONFLICT

Following the flood Al-Aqsa on October 7, 2023, the Israeli- Palestinian conflict witnessed an unprecedented escalation in terms of Israel’s excessive use of force and the civilian casualties in Palestinian side. Furthermore, the majority of western countries aligned themselves with Israel under the pretext of its right to self defense. Israel and its allies have often resorted to this justification to justify repeated Israeli attacks on the Palestinian people. The Importance of researching this topic lies in the fact that legitimate self-defence is a right recognized by both international law and international humanitarian law. And it is a common denominator between the conflicting parties. Just as Israel invokes this right in its military operation, the Palestinian side also asserts right to self-defense using all available means. The objectives of the study can be summarized as follows: to research and explain the provisions related to legitimate self-defense in the united nations charter and its resolutions, as well as in the texts of Geneva Convention, particularly in the first additional protocol. This is done to understand the legal conditions and regulations associated with use of force in any conflict, which, when met, can exempt the practitioner from international responsibility. However, in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, given the defences in the legal positions of the two parties and in light of the conditions of legitimate self-defense the problem in this issue revolves around determining which party’s use force towards the other is considered a justified use falling within the realm of legitimate self defense? and what is the legal assessment of the other party using force outside the scope of legitimate self-defence?. To address this issue, this topic has been divided according to the following methodology : Firstly: the international legal system of to legitimate defense. 1- the legal basis for the right to legitimate defense. 2- conditions for the legitimacy of the right legitimate defence Secondly: legal evaluation of the use of in the Palestinian, Israel conflict under the pretext of legitimate defence. 1- the legal basis for Palestinian party’s right to legitimate defense. 2- the legal nature of Israel’s use of force against the Palestinian people

Governing the West Bank: What Role Do Elite Level Civil Servants Actively Represent?

Representative bureaucracy is used to understand original data, shedding light on the administrative side of the politico-administrative axis in one part of one of the world’s most contentious and divisive conflicts: the Palestinian Israeli conflict. We theorize and test six different theoretically existent roles of elite level bureaucrat (ELB) role conceptions in the West Bank. Using Q Methodology in 22 ELB interviews, we identify two empirically existent bureaucrat role conceptions associated with serving the public: one traditional Wilsonian/Weberian; the other a coproducer of public policy. Bureaucrats serve the entire population, as in public service motivation, not a sub-section. They believe that politics and bureaucracy should be separate and share concerns that bureaucratic independence is in jeopardy. The discovery of these profiles suggests that both pro-social and active representations on behalf of primary identities are notably absent, suggesting further investigation is required into bureaucrat role conceptions in the fragile or developing society.

The role of Indonesian government in middle east conflict resolution: consistent diplomacy or strategic shifts?

Indonesia and Middle Eastern countries are associated with a shared characteristic in the form of Islam, despite the geographical separation and cultural and ethnic distinctions. Since gaining independence in 1945, Indonesia has consistently advocated for the peaceful resolution of conflict in the Middle East, including the Palestinian/Arab–Israeli conflict. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the motivations behind Indonesia’s consistent support for Middle Eastern conflict resolution. Although the Indonesian government is eager to advance its involvement in the conflict resolution process, it is also compelled by the constitution to uphold the “Free and Active” foreign policy axiom, which essentially restricts Indonesia from taking on a side, maintaining cordial ties with the parties involved. These principles prevent Indonesia from favoring one side and maintaining positive relations with both conflicting parties. Indonesia has often played a passive role as a facilitator or participant in conflict resolution attempts rather than actively taking on the role of a mediator. Indonesia’s unwavering commitment to resolving the Middle East conflict largely originates from Islamic solidarity with a predominantly Muslim population in the region and a shared identity as a fellow developing country, rather than being solely based on its constitution. Alternatively, this sense of unity may also stem from the notion of solidarity within the Global South.

It is Not Too Late for Reconciliation Between Israel and Palestine, Even in the Darkest Hour

The conflict in Gaza and Israel that ignited on October 7, 2023 signals a catastrophic breakdown in the possibility of ethical dialogue in the region. The actions on both sides have revealed a dissolution of ethical restraints, with unimaginably cruel attacks on civilians, murder of children, destruction of health facilities, and denial of basic needs such as water, food, and shelter. There is a need both to understand the nature of the ethical singularity represented by this conflict and what, if any, options are available to allow the reconstruction of communication between the warring parties. This article seeks to address these tasks by analysing the conflict as inherently an ethical one, in the sense that it exposes a rupture in the fabric of communicative relationships that has evolved systematically out of the deep cultural structures from which all protagonists have emerged. Drawing on the work of Levinas, Habermas, Arendt, and others, and referring to the specific circumstances in the region, it examines the ethical sources of the crisis and tries to identify conditions for its resolution. The possibility of reconciliation—that is, of refiguring relationships to open up a space for dialogue to create pathways to heal the ruptures—is examined. The dark legacy of the Holocaust is identified as an abiding cultural vulnerability for both societies. It is concluded, however, that the rich history of partnerships and collaborations between Jews and Palestinians provides a robust infrastructure on the basis of which a sustainable peace might be built, providing a much-needed source of hope.