Escalation Of Conflict Research Articles

Tensions In Eu-China Trade Relations: The Impact Of China's Competitive Advantage In Strategic Industries”

This article reviews trade tensions between the European Union (EU) and China triggered by China's dominance in strategic industries. In the face of an increasingly tense situation, careful policy analysis is needed to proactively manage the complex relationship with China. This research aims to highlight the root causes behind trade conflicts, as well as identify strategies for managing tensions wisely while encouraging mutually beneficial economic cooperation. With a cross-disciplinary approach, this research proposes a framework to reduce the risk of escalation of trade conflicts between the EU and China. Through emphasizing the importance of rigorous policy analysis and innovative solutions, this article highlights the urgency of appropriate policies to maintain domestic economic stability and balanced international relations in the face of challenges from China's economic dominance.

Институт собственности в национальной экономике: структура и импульсы развития

The institution of property plays a pivotal role in shaping economic relations within a nation. In this article, the author delves into the theoretical and methodological dimensions of property institution in the national economy, emphasizing its dynamic nature and the transformative impulses it receives from global societal changes. The analysis of the categorical apparatus of property in the conditions of an institutional economy is carried out. The evolutionary path of transformation of intra-social systems and the use of provisions related to the labor method of appropriation of goods as the “core” of the property institution is substantiated. The features of its functioning in the information society are considered. It is concluded that the problem of alleviating alienation through appropriation within it represents one of the most acute issues requiring urgent resolution due to the increasing polarization of human society in this regard and the escalation of conflicts among its members. However, ongoing global transformations necessitate continuous adaptation and reform of property institutions to ensure their relevance and effectiveness in the face of evolving societal challenges.

Land Contestation and Identity: Agrarian Conflict Between Maluku Indigenous Communities and State Authorities in A Sociological Perspective

This article discusses agrarian conflicts between indigenous communities in Maluku and state authorities, focusing on a case study involving a conflict between the indigenous community of Negeri Laha and the Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU) as adjudicated by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia in 2012. Employing a sociological approach, the study analyzes the root causes, conflict processes, and resolution efforts. Qualitative research methods, including in-depth interviews and field observations, were utilized for data collection, along with literature analysis comprising articles, books, and the aforementioned Supreme Court ruling. The article asserts that resolving agrarian conflicts in Maluku can serve as a model for addressing similar conflicts in the region. In addition to elucidating the status of land ownership and management among indigenous communities in Maluku, the article identifies triggers and resolution processes for agrarian conflicts. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of preventing agrarian conflicts by involving indigenous communities in strategic project development and resolving conflicts through customary processes and dialogue. Conflict prevention is prioritized to mitigate losses, both in terms of human lives and property. Violence and threats against indigenous communities must be avoided to prevent resistance or escalation of conflicts.

Cyber operations and automatic hack backs under international law on necessity

This article examines the use of automatic hack backs under international law on necessity. Hack backs are a form of active defence measure adopted in response to cybersecurity threats that involve effects outside the victim's systems or networks designed to mitigate or prevent the cybersecurity threat. Automatic hack backs are systems that, once activated, are capable of performing these functions without direct human control. The plea of necessity under international law on State responsibility provides a basis on which States can adopt measures that would otherwise be unlawful in order to respond to cyber operations that constitute a grave and imminent against their essential interests. This article argues that the use of automatic hack backs can be justified on the basis of necessity, however, the system would need to be capable of making a range of complex assessments to ensure it meets the strict criteria required by international law. The complexity of systems capable of making these assessments carries a risk unintended effects and escalation of conflict at machine speed.

Social Media for Conflict Escalation and De –Escalation: Two Sides of a Coin

Communication may be said to be "the conveying or shifting of information by speaking, writing or using some of the other media" (Oxford, 2021). Without communication, there will not be conflict. Conflict is a state when units of intercourse agents are in dissension. When two agreeing parties’ dissent, the conflict has happened. The term conflict is relative as its usage spans across different segments, sectors, institutions and areas of life. Conflict escalation refers to the spreading of minor disagreement between parties. Conflict de-escalation refers to the process of reducing the tension of any conflict, especially by not allowing it to be more destructive or going beyond the level it is. Social media is also part of the media type that is majorly centered on technological advancement. Examples of social media we have include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, google chat room, Eskimi, telegram, WhatsApp, Part of the profitable components of social media is that. A varied group of people use social media to formulate trouble. They use the medium to starts conflict and also use it to escalate it. The research procedure embraced was exploratory research design. Secondary reference of data was used. However, the study examines Glasl's conflict escalation model to properly understands how minor disagreement escalate to large scale conflict. This paper base its theoretical argument on the theory called “The Role of Resource Mobilisation Theory in Social Movement. Another theory to look at is the C - Escalation and D - Escalation A theory of the time dynamics of conflict by Randall Collins. Authority to fashion a bill directing social media usage. The paper concluded that every authority to fashion a bill directing social media usage.

Essence and features of economic security of the industry sector

Ensuring the economic security of the industry sector and its element, energy security, is critical for the economies of countries, especially in the current environment of escalating military conflicts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the most likely risks to the security of the industrial sector, taking the example of the oil industry. The study employed the formal legal method, the method of qualitative textual analysis, the descriptive method, the method of statistical analysis, and the survey method. The study determined the place of energy security, specifically the security of the oil industry, in the system of economic security and emphasised its exceptional significance, especially in times of war. The principal global risks to the security of the oil industry were identified, including increased economic dependence for import-dependent countries and for countries dependent on oil exports; escalation of conflicts due to disagreements over resource control; and terrorist and cyberattacks. It was found that the main threats to Ukraine are generated by Russia’s invasion of its territory, which entails such critical risks as the physical destruction of oil industry facilities and cybersecurity breaches. The study confirmed that the war in Ukraine could have a substantial impact on the energy security of the European Union. This impact may result in the postponement of the association’s environmental goals due to the need to urgently ensure its own energy security. The study identified ways to improve security in the Ukrainian oil industry in times of war, including ensuring physical security and cybersecurity, developing crisis response plans, and improving the energy efficiency of the national industry. The findings of this study may be useful in developing measures to optimise energy policy

Al-Jazeera Arabic and Al-Jazeera English headlines on the Russian-Ukrainian conflict: a Hallidayan transitivity analysis

ABSTRACT Research in communication studies has suggested that Al-Jazeera produces different versions of news stories for different audiences. Yet, examining the linguistic means used to create these versions has remained under-researched. Drawing on Fairclough’s three-dimensional model (1992) and Halliday’s transitivity model (1985), this study aims at exploring how Al-Jazeera Arabic (AJA) and Al-Jazeera English (AJE) discursively represented the participants involved in the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian conflict in headlines. The analysis of transitivity patterns in AJA and AJE headlines reveals both similar and different representations of the conflict. Although they avoided negative labeling of the Russian government, both channels ascribed conflict escalation to it, highlighting civilians suffering and protesting. Nevertheless, while AJE emphasized the Ukrainian government vulnerability, AJA presented the conflict as a confrontation between two symmetrical forces. Similarities are attributed to organizational and social institutional forces, while differences result from different editorial policies and audience preferences. As discursive and social practices, the headlines contribute to shaping audience perceptions of the conflict, with AJA challenging the prevailing western narrative of the conflict while AJE reinforcing it.

Rentierism—Political Instability Nexus: The Danger of Oil-producing Region Crisis in Nigeria

The growing popularity of the rentier state theory has made the focus on the impact of oil rents on political stability central for revealing how natural resource (including oil) windfalls link to the weakness of institutional quality in any resource-rich economy. Considering the core characteristic of a rentier state (such as Nigeria)—a distributive political economy—the article examines how the stability of Nigerian political system can be affected by oil rents over the period 1996–2021. Through the adoption of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test to cointegration and vector error correction mechanism (VECM) for the test of long-run causality, the apparent effect of oil rents on Nigerian political development is reflected in the analyses and findings. Empirical evidence supports the oil impedes political stability assertion, as there is statistically valid negative association between oil rents and political stability in the short run and long run. It is demonstrated that oil wealth could offer greater incentives for civil conflicts, which have resulted in escalating political problems. In addition, the causality mechanism implies that the relationship found merely indicates association between oil rents and the level of political stability in the long term, and it is not causal. Thus, it is posited that through the adoption and implementation of sound policy measures, the escalation of conflicts would likely subside, especially in most oil-rich regions or states, whereas civil order could be promoted. It is, therefore, critical to enhancing fairness in the use and distribution of oil wealth, improving people’s welfare, particularly in the oil-producing communities and in general, ensuring that democratic principles in the management of resource windfalls are sustained. JEL: Q33, Q34, H56, H12

Where have Ukrainian refugees gone? Identifying potential settlement areas across European regions integrating digital and traditional geographic data

AbstractThe escalation of conflict in Ukraine has triggered the largest refugee crisis in Europe since WWII. As of early April 2024, over 5.9 million people have fled Ukraine. Large‐scale efforts have been made to identify the major receiving countries. However, less is known about the subnational areas within host countries where refugees have migrated. Identifying these areas is key for the appropriate allocation of humanitarian aid. By combining digital Facebook API data and traditional data from Eurostat, this paper aims to identify and characterise potential settlement areas of Ukrainians across the main destination countries in Europe. We identify high concentrations of Ukrainians in urban areas with a preexisting diaspora and tight labour market conditions across southern, northern‐west and central Poland and the city of Prague in the Czech Republic. We also find potential settlements in key urban agglomerations with a moderate diaspora and high levels of unemployment in Spain. Only in Romania, refugees seem to have settled in rural areas which show a moderate diaspora but low levels of unemployment. Potential settlement areas in Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom are spread across the country. Surprisingly, we do not identify potential settlement areas in bordering regions with Ukraine within neighbouring countries, suggesting that refugees may have used them as transit points. Our findings point out that different packages of humanitarian assistance may be needed according to the number of refugees and the characteristics of settlement areas.

Frozen discourse: how screenshots hinder depolarization on social media

ABSTRACT Social media is thought to play a pivotal role in increasing animosity between opposing partisans, i.e., affective polarization. This study focuses on one context that is assumed to reduce polarization – an acute external threat – and demonstrates that even under such conditions, social media platforms perpetuate affective polarization. Furthermore, the research findings suggest a digital feature that might contribute to this process: screenshots. By conducting a case study and thematically analyzing 1,670 tweets discussing ‘inner unity’ posted in Israel during an escalation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the study shows that screen-captured images can be a barrier to the dynamic process required for depolarization, as they ‘freeze’ online discussions. Additionally, it reveals two content-related discoursal mechanisms involved in preserving polarization between rightist and leftist Jewish Israelis: recalling the ‘unified’ past and distorting the meaning of unity. I discuss the theoretical implications of the findings for the study of the relationship between online political discourse and (de)polarization.

The Role of Cultural Communication: Stereotype and Prejudice in the Amhara & Afar Ethnic Groups

AbstractThis study examines the role of intercultural communication barriers of stereotypes and prejudices that can escalate, prevent, and manage violent inter‐ethnic conflicts between Amhara and Afar ethnic groups. The study used an explanatory design. Data were mainly collected through Focus Group Discussions and In‐depth Interviews. Participants of FGD and respondents of the in‐depth interviews were selected using purposive and snowball sampling. As per the findings, several types of ethnic‐based negative stereotypical perceptions were manifested by both Amhara and Afar ethnic groups. Hostile prejudicial feelings are developed based on the stereotyped perceptions of both ethnic groups. As per the findings, this stereotype‐based hate and hostile prejudicial feelings affect the inter‐ethnic communication of the two ethnic groups and contribute to the escalation of violent conflicts.

Diaspora and Conflict: The Case of Tamils in Germany

While most research on the Tamil diaspora and the conflict in Sri Lanka studies the Tamil diaspora in the United Kingdom and Canada, this article focuses on the role of organized Tamils in Germany. Based on an extensive three years of qualitative field study in Germany and Sri Lanka, and using the theoretical framework of Bercovitch's (2007) conflict cycle, I analyzed the engagement of the Tamil diaspora in Sri Lanka in three phases of the conflict: conflict emergence before the war (until 1983), conflict escalation and the war (1983–2009), and post-conflict reconstruction after the war (from 2009). In each of these phases, they took different positions toward the conflict. Before the war, German Tamil organizations were reluctant to get involved in the conflict. During the war, some Tamil diaspora organizations in Germany were involved in the war to a minor degree by their active membership and political participation in larger umbrella organizations initiated by the Tamil militant organization called Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). The larger part of the diaspora focused on self-initiated and independent social development projects in Sri Lanka. After the LTTE lost the war, the second generation of Tamils took over leadership positions in the diaspora in Germany and focused on new social and health projects in Sri Lanka.

Terrorism in Southwest Papua Region as Asymmetric Warfare

War is an event that can be avoided by most countries in the world. War may be the last alternative that must be taken if diplomacy do not reach an agreement. One of the categories of warfare that results is the asymmetric warfare pattern, which has become a trend in the form of warfare in the current era. Asymmetric warfare describes modern conflicts that exploit power inequalities between the parties involved. It involves tactics and strategies that are different from conventional warfare. The Southwest Papua region has become the center of international attention in recent years due to the increasingly worrying escalation of the terrorist conflict. To understand the escalation of terrorism in Southwest Papua, we need to consider the long history of ethnic and political conflict in the region. Terrorism in Southwest Papua is not only a threat to security, but also an asymmetric war with significant long-term implications due to dissatisfaction and feelings of marginalization that have existed for decades. This article also refers to data and case studies to provide a deeper understanding of terrorism in the Southwest Papua region and its relevance within the framework of asymmetric warfare. The research method in this writing uses a library study method which will be obtained from library sources such as books, websites, articles, journals, and so on. It is hoped that the results of this research will provide an understanding of the causes of terrorism in the Southwest Papua region as asymmetric warfare occurred in Indonesia.

Rohingya Refugees in Indonesia: Risk Evaluation to National Security and Resilience

This study aims to evaluate the risks to Indonesia's national security and resilience due to the arrival of Rohingya refugees. The focus of this research is on the impact of Rohingya refugees in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach and combines primary data from interviews with relevant stakeholders and secondary data from official sources. The results identified several potential threats to national security and resilience, including instability in refugee camps, violent practices within camps, and impacts on local communities. Research also highlights the importance of effective conflict integration and management in preventing a potential escalation of conflict among Rohingya refugees and local communities. The conclusion of the study provides recommendations to strengthen risk management strategies for the Indonesian government, the Rohingya refugee community, and the international parties involved. By considering this context, the study contributes to a better understanding of how the presence of Rohingya refugees can affect Indonesia's national security and resilience.

Conflict management in entrepreneurship: strategies, communication, and leadership

This paper delves into the critical importance of conflict management in the entrepreneurial landscape, particularly in the face of war and heightened uncertainty. It offers a comprehensive analysis of the distinct stages of a conflict’s lifecycle, categorized based on the intensity of the conflict. A comparative analysis of these stages is presented, considering the essence of the conflict at each stage, its visibility, and potential outcomes. This analysis reveals the context-specific nature of conflict resolution dynamics, emphasizing the significant influence of the context, individuals involved, and available resources. The paper identifies the prerequisites for effective conflict management in entrepreneurial ventures. It outlines the primary barriers that hinder such management, including the perception of mutually exclusive interests, differing interpretations of the conflict’s essence, and institutionalization. The paper defines distinct patterns in how participants behave during conflicts. Recognizing the direction of each party’s actions can develop a more tailored approach to conflict resolution. Conflict resolution strategies guide individuals toward a solution, extending beyond mere actions. These strategies encompass two critical aspects of conflict management: the overall strategy and its effectiveness factors. The paper discusses five core conflict management strategies based on the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Management Model. It concludes that the most suitable approach depends on the specific situation, the individuals involved, and the issue. Additionally, the paper explores conflict management strategies based on Glasl’s model, assigning specific conflict resolution strategies to the stages in Friedrich Glasl’s conflict escalation model. Apart from various strategies, the paper categorizes tactics as “soft” or “hard” based on their impact on the opponent. The application of tactics ranges from gentle persuasion to heavy coercion. Some tactics are direct, clearly stating the desired outcome, while others are indirect, subtly influencing the other party. In conclusion, the paper underscores the instrumental role of successful conflict management in guiding confrontations toward positive outcomes. This is achieved by addressing immediate behaviors and underlying issues and fostering an environment conducive to constructive dialogue. Keywords: management, entrepreneurship, conflict resolution, Thomas-Kilmann model, Friedrich Glasl model

Development and initial validation of the parental response to adolescents' emotions scale: A mixed methods approach.

An exploratory mixed methods design was used to explore age-appropriate characteristics of parental response to emotion (PRE) during adolescence in Chinese families and develop the parental response to adolescents' emotions scale (C-PRAES). Qualitative interviews with 21 parent-adolescent dyads were employed to explore characteristics of PRE in adolescence and generate item pools. Structural validity, criterion validity, measurement invariance across informants (adolescents vs. parents, mothers vs. fathers) and consistency reliability were examined in the quantitative phase (Nadolescent = 702, Nparent = 476). New age-appropriate strategies were generated from qualitative phase: Guidance in reappraisal, Allowing independent regulation, and Avoiding escalation of conflict. The formal version of the C-PRAES comprised items in two dimensions (supportive/non-supportive) and exhibited good validity, reliability, and measurement invariance.

State Control over the Threats of the Outbound Tourism Sector in Russia

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that currently the field of outbound tourism in Russia is facing a number of threats and problems that can negatively affect the activities of manufacturers of a tourist product. These threats may be related to changes in the political situation, escalation of conflicts in the international economic arena, economic crises, changes in sectoral national and foreign legislation, and other environmental factors. The research conducted by the author makes it possible to identify destructive elements of the external environment that can cause signifi cant threats to manufacturers of a tourist product, that is, for tour operators in the field of outbound tourism. In the article, the author considers the factors and conditions contributing to the emergence of threats to the activities of manufacturers of tourist products in the field of outbound tourism in Russia. Based on the application of the structural analysis method, destructive elements of the external environment of the outbound tourism sector have been identified, which can be regulated using state regulation tools. The author, based on the application of activity analysis, also identified contradictions in the functioning of the mechanism of state regulation in terms of ensuring comprehensive security and countering identified threats in the fi eld of outbound tourism in Russia. This allows us to identify the shortcomings of the existing system of state regulation in this area, suggest ways to improve it, as well as develop specific measures to prevent the threats to the complex security of all subjects of relations in the economic sphere of outbound tourism of the Russian Federation considered in the article. Thus, the study is relevant and necessary in order to help manufacturers of a tourist product and the mechanism of state administration of the Russian Federation in the field of outbound tourism in Russia to minimize risks and ensure the comprehensive safety of the tourism industry of the Russian Federation.

Abstaining from Retaliation: A Story of Restoration Ministry-OEIL in Eastern Congo

Reports of violence flow from everywhere. They make humankind look powerless in front of conflicts and seem inclined to a retaliation culture. Many people prefer to justify retaliation by euphemistic concepts like self-defense, counterattack, letting justice prevail, counteroffensive, etc. This is a mere application of the natural human principle of the lex talionis. In tumultuous zones like the African Great Lakes Region in general and Eastern Congo in particular, one might expect escalation of conflicts if retaliation is the only option. However, the advent of Christianity in our societies has strengthened a new culture of reconciliation among opponent groups as a way out of violent conflicts. In a world immersed in retaliation culture, a message about raising a culture of reconciliation by abstaining from retaliation sounds like naïveté or treason. This paper sets out to respond to this question: How does reconciliation become an antidote to retaliation in the Eastern Congo context? Using Case Study method, the objective of this study is to present biblical, ethical, and practical ways of breaking the circle of violence and building a culture of peace. In Eastern Congo, Restoration Ministry-OEIL is one of the Christian organizations that strive to promote reconciliation among ethnic communities. It raises awareness of the root causes of Eastern Congo crisis from their local, national, regional, and international dimensions. Therefore, its story constitutes historical evidence of the possibility of abstaining from retaliation despite the horrors of violence endured. Its peacemaking method is a good example of a contextual theology of reconciliation from indigenous practices.

War-related stress scale.

The current war in Ukraine has affected the well-being of people worldwide. In order to understand how difficult the situation is, specific stressors associated with war need to be measured. In response, an inventory of war-related stressors including its short form, has been developed. A list of potential war-related stressors was created, and the content validity of each item assessed. The list, along with other validated scales, was administered to a representative sample of the Slovak population (effective N = 1851). Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity analysis and network analysis were carried out to determine the optimal scale (long and short form) focused on war-related stressors. The full version of the scale consists of 21 items, further divided into three factors: society-related stressors, person-related stressors, and security-related stressors. The short version of the scale comprises nine items loaded onto one factor. These items cover concerns for one's safety and future, access to necessities, potential worsening of the economic situation, and the risk of conflict escalation, including a nuclear threat. The results of the network analysis indicate that concern about escalation and fear of an economic crisis play a central role. The scale attempts to encompass a wide spectrum of areas that are affected by war and its potential consequences on individuals who reside outside the conflict zone. Given the complexity of the issue, researchers are invited to modify the scale, tailoring it to specific cultural, geographical, and temporal contexts.

AN ANALYSIS OF CROSS-BORDER TERRORISM BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN: STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES

The history of conflict between India and Pakistan indeed stems from the partition in 1947, which led to the creation of two separate nations based on religious lines. The region of Jammu and Kashmir has been a focal point of contention between the two countries, leading to several conflicts, including three major wars. The Kashmir issue has not only fueled tensions between India and Pakistan but has also had broader implications, including the proliferation of terrorism. Various militant groups have operated in the region, with some receiving support or sanctuary from elements within Pakistan. This has led to cross-border terrorism, with attacks in India being orchestrated or supported from across the border. The escalation of conflicts between India and Pakistan has contributed to a nuclear arms race in the region, raising concerns about nuclear proliferation and the potential for a catastrophic conflict with global ramifications. Efforts to address the root causes of the conflict and promote peace between India and Pakistan are crucial for regional stability and global security. Policy alternatives could include diplomatic dialogue, confidence-building measures, and efforts to address the underlying grievances of both sides. Confidence-building measures could include measures to reduce military tensions, such as agreements on border security and communication channels to prevent misunderstandings or miscalculations. Furthermore, addressing the Kashmir issue in a manner that respects the aspirations of the Kashmiri people while addressing the concerns of both India and Pakistan is essential. This could involve dialogue between the stakeholders, including India, Pakistan, and representatives of the Kashmiri people, to find a mutually acceptable solution. Ultimately, sustained efforts from both India and Pakistan, supported by the international community, will be necessary to achieve lasting peace and security in the region. KEYWORDS: Conflict, Government Policies and strategies, International Peace, Kashmir Issues.