Circumstances Of Conflict Research Articles

Основные направления противодействия преступлениям коррупционной направленности в системе образования

Despite the measures taken to counteract corruption-related crimes, there is a positive trend in the activities of law enforcement agencies to identify, disclose, prosecute and prevent corruption as a negative social phenom-enon – the education system remains the most corrupt area. This type of criminal encroachments poses a threat to national security, sovereignty, democratic development, social justice, equality of rights of all citizens to receive free public education. Difficulties arising in the process of countering corruption-related crimes that hinder the successful implementation of preventive measures are due to the presence of selfish mutual inter-ests, both among students and employees of educational structures. The methodological basis of the research was private-scientific research methods: logical-legal, statistical and system analysis methods. The causal rea-son for the current situation is the insufficient effectiveness of control by law enforcement agencies, the low level of activity on the part of public associations, the imperfection of the system of protection of persons who have declared the facts of the existence of circumstances of conflicts of interest. Corruption crime in the educa-tion system is systemic and hidden. Corruption-related ties have been forming for a long time and include a wide range of participants both inside and outside the educational structure.

Joint Impact of Diversity in Functional Duties, Separation in Institutional Values and Economic Discrepancy on Organizational Conflicts

The purpose of this research is to examine how complex organizations function in conflict circumstances. This research aims to explain how a project firm, a collection of firms that work to accomplish a goal, maintains its associations with the partners who make up the organization and with external stakeholders. In analyzing these complex organizations, the authors create a theory that explains how and why basic traits, such as conflict, influence the potential for success, as well as how and why their composition and governance differ for enterprises with partners. To answer these concerns, the study used a dataset from 2009 to 2019 that included about 3000 project groups with more than 100,000 partners operating in 135 countries. Therefore, this study presents a contingency theory of project organization governance by performing an empirical analysis of the project firm on a size and scale not before studied in project management research. This study explores three forms of diversity: functional duties, separation of institutional values, and economic inequality, in order to identify how each type promotes conflict between project participants and external stakeholders. In addition, this research indicates that teamwork between diverse persons may minimize competition. This paper proposes a contingency theory of project organization governance by addressing the absorption of resources and connections that cause conflict and affect the project organization's performance.

Understanding the Role of Ethical Leadership and Workplace Conflicts a Mediation Moderation Model: A Time-Lagged Study

Drawing on Social Learning Theory and Conservation of Resource Concept this research mediation moderation model was supported by a study which is conducted from multiple sources and a study conducted in three-waves in Pakistan. Workplace Conflicts and Ethical Leadership ideas are developed and brought together by these results. This exploration inspected the character of Ethical leadership happening in workplace conflict circumstances. Explicitly, ethical leadership remained prophesied on the way to construct members’ resolution efficacy and consequently upsurge members’ capability to agreement through conflict state of affairs (i.e., relationship and task conflicts) concerning in the workplace political scenarios. We gathered information from a variety of sources, including employees and their direct managers in several Pakistani organizations. The current study employed the survey approach. This study shows a negative relationship between ethical leadership and relationship conflict and task conflicts. Moreover, this study also shows, resolution efficacy plays a role as a mediator between Ethical Leadership and relationship conflict as well as task conflicts. Furthermore, shows that Perception of Politics plays a role as a moderator in the relationship between Resolution Efficacy and Relationship Conflicts as well as task conflicts. Ethical leadership activities possibly will improve employee conflict resolution efficacy, implying that concluded the solicitation of ethical leadership social learning philosophies, leaders may be critical in creating a work environment that morally encourages and fosters employees' conflict resolution efficacy.

Design, Semiotics, Anticipation

From the Why semiotics? question to the specific aspects of the semiotic underpinning of design the journey is one of discovery. Indeed, design is discovery, i.e., it is anticipation-driven. Therefore, nothing qualifies as its foundation. Design as a process does not require secure preliminaries (theories) from which to set out. It does not require a “place to stand,” a necessary reference, from which to start the adventure. Design assumptions are by their nature questions guiding anticipatory action. They are circumstances of conf lict (the old, the current, the new), which semiotics registers very much like a seismograph. The “earthquake,” i.e., the creative design, is not the graph of the Earth shaking, but a new landscape. The interruptive character of design inquiry, i.e., its disruptive nature, is especially significant when subjected to the après-design analytic moment. This is when recursive definitions (of aesthetic nature, semiotic, economic, cultural, political, etc. significance) are used as a metric of design, creating the illusion that they can become some norm. Actually, design creates a context for meaningful interactions. Design’s self-motivating nature of inquiry escapes such exercises. The activity called design is constitutive of the new, not the celebration of the past. Therefore, we present not only what has so far been learned from a design informed by semiotics, but also what might better serve designers in the context of the rapid change we experience in our days.

Forest governance in the Amazon: Favoring the emergence of local management systems

Amazonian communities can greatly benefit from the forest resources they hold by setting up community-governed management systems that reflect their interests and capacities. But, to tap this potential, communities face three major challenges: to develop the systems, to enforce them, and to have their systems acknowledged by the wider society. To better understand under which circumstances communities succeed in mastering these three challenges, this study carried out in-depth research of four communities in the Bolivian, Brazilian, and Peruvian Amazon that demonstrated promising governance systems for the management of their natural resources. Our analysis revealed that the studied communities started to develop regulatory systems when attempting to restrict access by external players to resources of local value. In circumstances of conflicts with external players, such as logging companies, commercial fishermen, or cattle ranchers, the communities became organized to enforce their systems. Where the communities’ representative organizations formed alliances with more powerful partners who could assist them, such as environmental organizations, they had their systems acknowledged. These findings suggest that autonomous relationships with external players (in contrast to dependent paternalistic relationships) can support communities’ development.

An exploratory analysis of stakeholders and their influence on human–Jaguar conflict in Guyana

ABSTRACT Cattle farmer–jaguar conflict receives the greatest attention in Latin America’s human–wild cat interactions discourse. Yet, other economic activities in the region, such as gold mining, threaten jaguar survivability and receive little attention. Working in Guyana, where economic activities beyond cattle farming predispose conflict, this research note identifies stakeholders and describes how their activities trigger conflict and its spatial distribution. This research note provides insights into how various stakeholders trigger human–jaguar conflict, and places particular attention on contrasting the roles of cattle farmers and gold miners in human–jaguar conflict. Data were obtained through interviews with 85 people engaged in seven economic activities in Guyana. The analyses showed that cattle farmer–jaguar conflict is clustered and predictable across space, whereas gold miner–jaguar conflict is dispersed and unpredicatable across space. Gold miner–jaguar conflict circumstances provide insights into conflict beyond cattle farmers and suggest that conflict resolution measures need to be stakeholder-specific.

Where is the violence in identity-related violence? The generative potentiality of violence in ethno-religious conflict and mass purging in Indonesia

This article argues that we have to address the generative potentiality of violence in drawing a rigorous depiction of identity-related violence. Works on identity-related violence often explain the violence as culminating from the perpetrators’ sense of identity. Even though to some extent such an explanation sheds light on the perpetrators’ motivation, it is prone to reducing the actuality of violence to a mere epiphenomenon. In actual circumstances of conflict and purging, the frightening and engrossing horror of violence convincingly imposes the antagonistic discursive boundary of self and other on the involved subject’s senses. As an efficacious embodiment of identity, violence also entails the subjects perpetually performing it in a way that reinforces the facticity of the fictive categories of identity and eventually escalates the violence. This article makes its case through an examination of two incidents of massive violence in Indonesia: the 1966-69 communists purging and the 1999-2002 ethno-religious conflict in Maluku.

Between Dialogue and Confrontation: Two Countries — One Profession Project and the Split in Ukrainian Journalism Culture

In a process of continuously adjusting to and counteracting the circumstances of conflict since 2014, the Ukrainian media community has become polarized (Budivska & Orlova, 2017). Nygren et al. (2018) observe a confrontation between the ideal of neutrality in coverage and favoring “patriotic journalism” in practice among Ukrainian journalists. This article takes this discussion further and highlights the role of professional journalism associations and international organizations in the struggles within the journalism culture in the situation of conflict. The article uses Ginosar’s (2015) interpretation of Hanitzsch’s (2007) model of journalism culture and Mouffe’s (2013) conceptualization of agonistic vs. antagonistic struggle to discuss the project Two Countries — One Profession is initiated and supported by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. Finally, it draws on the reactions by the Ukrainian media community.

Влияние конфликтов в педагогическом коллективе на образовательный процесс

This article is devoted to the study of the influence of conflicts in the teaching staff on the educational process. The research is based on the study of existing theoretical knowledge in this field, understanding of the circumstances of conflicts in the team and methods of avoiding them, as well as on the practical skills of teachers’ actions in conflict situations.

Turkey and Greece: Political and Economic Relations within the Conflict Circumstances (1999-2017)

The author distinguishes four stages of bilateral relations between Turkey and Greece in 1999-2017: 1) the “thaw” of 1999-2003; 2) the period of the growing cooperation with attempts to resolve the Cyprus issue in 2003-2009; 3) the next one encompassing 2009-2014, when efforts to build a contractual-cum-institutional basis for the expansion of relations took place: 4) and that of worsening the political relations in 2014-2017. After analyzing these phases, the author concludes that during the whole of study period, Ankara and Athens failed to improve their bilateral relations to the point of overcoming negative historical accounts and ethnic stereotypes. Despite the constant increase of the trade volume, at the political level there were a number of problems hindering the intensification of the bilateral dialogue. The main ones are the Cyprus issue and Turkey’s claims on the Greek continental shelf. The solution of these issues is obligatory for the further development of bilateral political relations as well as for the maintenance of the security in the region.

Transitional leadership to resolve conflict, facilitate change and restore wellbeing

Purpose This paper aims to explore the experiences of church ministers who played the role of transitional leaders in congregational situations involving conflict. Design/methodology/approach Grounded theory was chosen as a suitable approach to investigate phenomena that occasionally penetrate religious publications and even less frequently scholarly management journals. Accordingly, in-depth interviews were conducted with six church ministers who had been transitional leaders in one Christian denomination in New Zealand. Findings Participants indicated that the drivers of transitional ministry were conflict, dysfunction and loss of direction; the goals were to heal the damage caused by conflict and restore functionality and well-being; the process, underpinned by a leadership philosophy of affirmation, trust-building, engagement and communication, involved working with church members to instil hope, establish operational structures, identify and resolve dysfunction, envision a future and ultimately recruit a permanent minister. Research limitations/implications The limitations of a small sample size in one Christian denomination could be addressed by using wider samples in other contexts. It is suggested that insights into transitional leadership after conflict will be of interest to researchers as well as practitioners in other religious organizations, the wider non-profit sector and the private sector. Future research into the impact of transitional leadership, against a background of conflict and organizational change, will add to this empirical foundation. Originality/value The model of transitional ministry is a unique contribution to religious literature and practice. It also offers insight into how other types of organization could deal with the exit of its permanent leader, in circumstances of conflict, and manage the transition phase of a temporary replacement, so that the organization returns to a state of well-being with a renewed sense of purpose.

Impaired Cognitive Control of Emotional Conflict in Trait Anxiety: A Preliminary Study Based on Clinical and Non-Clinical Individuals.

It has been observed that trait anxiety easily leads to conflict maladaptation under conflict circumstances. However, it remains unclear whether the precise neural mechanisms underlying the effects of high trait anxiety (HTA) on cognitive control are consistent in high trait anxious individuals, with and without anxiety disorders. The present study recruited 29 healthy volunteers with low trait anxiety (LTA), 37 healthy volunteers with HTA, and 23 patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). All participants completed demographic information and self-report measures of trait anxiety and depression. Then, they performed the emotional flanker task with event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded. Behavioral data manifested that, relative to LTA individuals, GAD patients displayed prolonged response times and increased error rates, while HTA individuals showed intact response times and accuracies. Event-related potential (ERP) data revealed that HTA individuals exhibited a trend toward more negative N2 amplitudes for conflict detection. By contrast, both HTA and GAD individuals displayed decreased P3 amplitudes for conflict resolution. ERP results indicated that both HTA and GAD individuals exhibited conflict maladaptation on the N2 amplitude. Correlation analyses also showed that the increased anxiety symptoms were associated with longer reaction times, more error rates, lower P3 amplitudes, and more perturbations in conflict adaptation on reaction times and N2 amplitudes. Our results demonstrated a severely impaired cognitive control in GAD patients while a moderately impaired cognitive control in HTA individuals. Trait anxiety can indeed serve as a predominant factor at the onset and in the maintenance of GAD. Therefore, the trait anxiety reducing strategies may provide significant therapeutic gains.

The consequences of armed conflict on household composition

We evaluate the effect of large-scale violent conflict on the household composition of internally displaced persons using quantitative data from Colombia. We use a panel database of migrants constructed with the Sisben database (used to target social programmes in Colombia) for 2006–2009. We follow migrant mothers and children who belong to nuclear-biparental households before migration, and analyse the changes in the composition of their households after migration through multilevel multinomial logistic models. We do this separately for rural and urban migrants because they exhibit differences in household composition traditions and exposure to armed conflict. We find that urban and rural migrants have different migration strategies in both peaceful and armed conflict circumstances. We conclude that the household compositions of mothers and children are differently affected by violence, which might be caused by family separation; for example, rural children have a higher probability than mothers of belonging to households which are not nuclear biparental. We also find that exposure to violence can increase or decrease the effects of individual variables; for instance, in peaceful situations it is more likely that a household remains intact during migration when the number of children per adult increases; however, this effect is attenuated in violence situations.

Hybrid Warfare and the Changing Character of Conflict

From little green men in Crimea to little blue men in South China Sea, idea that international conflict might be seeing more warfare and threats has animated debate among security and defense establishments in and beyond.1 In fact, term warfare has become bit of staple of Europe's security policy vocabulary. and EU are working on strategy papers aimed at strengthening defensive capabilities and preventing attacks. National governments drafting security and defense review documents make frequent reference to need to address threats. Journalists have adopted term hybrid as shorthand for tac- tics in Ukraine, apparently with assumption that readers already know what this means.NATO's Wales Summit Declaration from 5 September 2014 says Alliance leaders ensure that is able to effectively address specific challenges posed by warfare threats, where wide range of overt and covert military, paramilitary, and civilian measures are employed in highly integrated design. It is essential that Alliance possesses necessary tools and procedures required to deter and respond effectively to warfare threats, and capabilities to reinforce national forces.* 2While Wales declaration put issue of war in specific context of Russia/Ukraine crisis and triggered efforts to prepare to effectively meet such threats, scope of challenge is much wider and core dynamics are often located outside military realm. Earlier work conducted at Allied Command Transformation under label Countering Hybrid Threats acknowledges as much, but it seems as if insights generated at time were not systematically pursued until Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea served as stark reminder.3Why Should We Care?With view to conflict in Ukraine, analysts come to different assessments. Anton Dengg and Michael Schurian argue Ukraine conflict suggests employing means to project power might be an important trend that could shape character of threats to come.4 The British National Security Strategy and its supporting Strategic Defence and Security Review, published at end of November 2015, state that the illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014 and continuing support for separatists in eastern Ukraine through use of deniable, tactics and media manipulation have shown Russia's willingness to undermine wider international standards of cooperation in order to secure its perceived interest.5 These strategic documents treat threats both as tier one challenges, which might affect UK directly, and as tier two threats, which would start as attack on an ally. Diego Ruiz Palmer summarizes Russia's aims as achieving politically decisive outcomes with, if possible, no or only limited and overt use of military force, while being prepared to act militarily, with devastating effect at operational level... aim at attaining decisive political advantage short of war.6 The main takeaway is that much of activity related to conflict will take place beneath threshold that most Western observers would consider armed conflict, much less war.Samuel Charap at International Institute for Strategic Studies suggests that Russia's approach would not travel well beyond specific circumstances of conflict in Ukraine. Charap maintains Russia does not have a hybrid-war doctrine that could be effectively deployed against NATO and goes on to warn talking up issue of warfare poses danger in itself: Russian strategists believe that US is willing to risk conducting limited, operation in Russia ... just as strategists believe Russia is willing to risk same on territory of [NATO].7 Can Kasapoglu, in rather nuanced analysis, points out that might not be facing military strategy, but Alliance should realize that new military thinking that brings about shifts at strategic, operational, and tactical levels along with doctrinal order of battle and military strategic culture has emerged in Russia around concept of nonlinear warfare. …

The Use of Camps in Colonial Warfare

This article provides a comparative historical overview of the use of camps in colonial warfare. It investigates two phases in the evolution of camps: the first generation of camps that emerged around 1900 in Cuba, the Philippines, South Africa and German Southwest Africa and post-Second World War camps in the wars of decolonisation in Malaya, Kenya and Algeria. It posits that the history of camps in colonial warfare is characterised by an evolution from camps as institutions aimed at the punishment of those who supported an insurgency or rebellion towards a function that focused on the ‘rehabilitation’ of the inmates, even though this often involved torture. However, the article also outlines differences between camps in the comparative perspective and argues that the political circumstances of conflicts in the colonies, most importantly the existence of settlers and the potential for economic exploitation, played a role regarding the concrete functions and roles of camps.

Milosevic's Voters

This 2004 paper is based on an original public opinion survey on nationalism in five East European countries and deals with the grassroots of ethnic conflict in postcommunist Europe, with a special focus on the Balkans. In other words, it is concerned with Milosevic’s voters (and others like them) rather than with the historical circumstances that have the potential to generate ethnic conflict, political environments that allow nationalist leaders to win votes, and political institutions that favor certain outcomes in specific conflict circumstances. Its main goal is to test the hypothesis that mass attitudes or behavior are the main causes of the Balkan ethnic conflict, or of any other ethnic conflict for that matter. Due to its positive association with political fatalism and distrust in politics a model of nationalism emerges from surveys as a substitute ideology, a form of distinctive political identity. Postcommunist nationalism is the ideology of non-ideologues, a form of political assertiveness of the less informed and more frustrated. But most of all, its essence is residual, as it draws on individuals high on communist attitudes such as authoritarianism, and nostalgia for the former regime. From a mass phenomenon in the nineties postcommunist nationalism is bound to see serious decline.

Vulnerability and reliable signaling in conflicts between hermit crabs

When interacting organisms have opposing genetic interests, the integrity of communication systems may be undermined. For signaling in such conflict circumstances to remain evolutionarily stable, cheaters must be handicapped. Agonistic threat signals, however, are not always constrained or costly to produce, and yet these signals occur in the severest of conflicts where strong incentives exist for dishonesty. A leading hypothesis for how reliability is stabilized under these conditions is that signaling entails a risk, making signalers vulnerable to injury. Here I experimentally alter vulnerability to show how risk can modify organisms' willingness to escalate disputes, affecting the use of threat signals. The vulnerability to injury of hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus) was manipulated by varying the exposure of their soft uncalcified abdomens. When faced with potentially damaging conspecific attacks, more vulnerable crabs were conflict averse, showing reluctance to claim ownership over contestable food, frequently retreating from threats, and refraining from threatening others. The risk an organism can bear in escalated conflict can thus mediate its agonistic behavior and usage of threats. Postural nuances can consequently provide reliable information about aggressive intentions despite minimal production costs and opposing interests between communication parties.

Civic virtue out of necessity

Should patriotism be considered a legitimate part of schooling in a democracy? This question has been contested in the scholarly literature as well as by policy-makers for decades.Terrorism and conflict exacerbate this debate by adding a sense of urgency to both the demand to love thy country and the concern for individual freedom. In this article I suggest that the social circumstances of conflict substantiate the claim for teaching patriotism in schools, while maintaining a strong commitment to their democratic educational mission.While patriotism should be regarded as a civic rather than a moral virtue, its contribution to solidarity and to endurance in wartime warrants the attention of educators, scholars and education policy-makers. The implementation of patriotic teaching should thus be incorporated into the broader democratic vision which public schools should endorse and with which they should engage the next generation of citizens.

Assault‐injured Adolescents Presenting to the Emergency Department: Causes and Circumstances

To describe the causes and circumstances of conflict leading to assault injury among urban youth seeking care in the emergency department. The authors conducted in-person and telephone interviews with a convenience sample of 143 youth aged 12-19 years presenting to two urban emergency departments with an interpersonal assault injury. Patients were interviewed about the nature and circumstances of their injury. Descriptive analysis was performed, including stratified analysis by gender, age (12-15 vs. 16-19 years), and weapon use. Seventy percent of patients knew or knew of the person(s) who injured them; most were friends, classmates, or acquaintances. More than half of the injuries (56%) were related to a past disagreement. Among assaults related to a past disagreement, 33% of patients had previous arguments with their assailant, 16% had previous fights, and 14% had previous weapons threats. Twenty-nine percent had been previously threatened, and 11% had previously threatened their assailant. Twenty-eight percent of patients believed they helped to cause the injury by provoking a fight or letting down their guard. Nearly two thirds (64%) believed there were things they could change to prevent future injury, including staying away from dangerous situations and bad influences or controlling their tempers. Most assault injuries among adolescents involved past disagreements with people they knew. Many injured youth were mutually involved in conflict before their injury. Over time, many victims and perpetrators may be interchangeable. These data may help inform emergency department-based interventions to prevent assault injury.

Chapter Sixteen: Ethical Challenges in the Care of the Shaken Baby

Summary The Shaken Baby Syndrome can result in severe neurologic injury that leads to ethical challenges in medical care. This article addresses the perceived distinctions between withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatment, demonstrating that in a severely injured child the burdens of therapy may be disproportionate to the benefits. In this case, withdrawal of support could be in the child's best interest. The article then addresses the issue of who can participate in that best interest decision. While parents must be allowed to participate, there may be circumstances of conflicts of interest for a parent in the Shaken Baby Syndrome that don't allow the parent to make a choice in their child's best interest. In these situations, the health care team and the state services must use their par ens patriae to act in the best interest of a child which could include withdrawal of support of life-sustaining therapy.