Conflict Analysis Research Articles

A New Surrogate Safety Measure Considering Temporal–Spatial Proximity and Severity of Potential Collisions

Accurate identification and analysis of traffic conflicts through surrogate safety measures (SSMs) are crucial for safety evaluation in road systems. Existing SSMs for conflict identification and analysis mostly consider the temporal–spatial proximity of conflicts without taking into account the severity of potential collisions. This makes SSMs unsuitable for traffic safety evaluation in complex road environments. In order to address the shortcomings above, this study first introduces a new SSM called the Potential Conflict Risk Index (PCRI). To validate the effectiveness of PCRI, the inD dataset is adopted for conflict identification comparison between time-to-collision (TTC) and PCRI. Using PCRI, this study conducts a conflict analysis in the freeway merging areas based on the data from the Outer Ring Expressway Dataset (ORED), accounting for differences between cars and trucks. The comparative results between TTC and PCRI show that PCRI can provide a more comprehensive identification of conflicts and a more accurate identification of the moment with the highest conflict risk. The results of conflict analysis suggest that conflicts occur more frequently in situations involving trucks, and these conflicts commonly occur in closer proximity to the on-ramp at freeway merging areas. The findings from this study can improve the accuracy of conflict identification under different conflict patterns, enhancing the specificity of traffic safety measures and ultimately ensuring the safety of road systems.

An Analysis of Psychological Conflicts in Khaled Hosseini’s Novel The Kite Runner

The research analyses the psychological conflicts in the novel The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini. It analyses how a man contradicts in narrating his experience with his father and a close friend, observing till the end of his actions. The structural and psychological approach is used to analyze the intrinsic and extrinsic elements. The structural approach is used to analyze the character, conflict, setting, and plot. The narrator describes a series of contradictory viewpoints and states of mind throughout the whole novel. The paper shows a psychological interpretation of how emotional traumas affect the self-perception, moral development, and planned behaviour of the main character by the pot, conflicts, and point of view. The gathered details are analyzed through Sigmund Freud's Theory. Thus the research brings out how the narrator tells a story that shows the psychological conflicts within the characters. The thematic analysis of the novel helps the arguments to be put forth.

The Role of Ecumenism, Church, and Missiology in Violent Conflict from an African Postcolonial Theological Perspective

Abstract The defining sign of our time in relation to violent conflict is the ongoing Ukraine-Russia war. It impacts not only European countries, but also the Global South. From an African postcolonial theological perspective, the question is how to discern the ‘neutral’ stance of South Africa and various other African countries on Russia’s invasion of Ukraine? Therefore, this article aims to present a postcolonial African analysis of violent conflict and trauma in Africa. This will be done referring to the debate between Tinyiko Maluleke and Emmanuel Katongole on the future of African theology. It concludes that the churches in Africa and theology can play their role in a posture of humility, leading in performing rituals of lament in the face of trauma. The narrative of a future African theology (and African ecclesiology) may not adhere to Eurocentric (neocolonial) dictates, or to reductionist analysis of the context.

H.M. Naqvi's Home Boy: A Socio-Cultural Conflict Analysis in the Context of Disruption and Multiculturalism

Through the lens of multiculturalism, this inquiry examines Home Boy by H.M. Naqvi. In particular, this study will look at how the selected literary work portrays several types of socio-cultural conflict that make it hard for the protagonists to blend in with their new communities. Concerns about intergroup tensions are at the forefront of multicultural communities' minds. According to this research, "socio-cultural conflict" describes when two or more cultures clash in areas such as politics, economics, religion, and society. The current study focuses on the book in question as an example of the socio-cultural conflict that might arise in heterogeneous society. Summing up the current human condition and the difficulties people face in a diverse city like New York is offered here. Characters in that society suffer as a result of these tensions as a result of immigration struggles, terrorist attacks, and identity issues. Cultural priorities, as shown in the book, lead to the denial of rights to many people in heterogeneous societies. Terrorist attacks and other forms of discrimination against them serve to solidify their inferiority complex. The facts on the hardships experienced by people in New York's postcolonial multicultural society are unearthed via the use of qualitative content analysis. Home Boy faces a plethora of socio-cultural conflicts and shows an interest in the real-life situations of the people living in such civilizations, according to the study. Their socioeconomic position is deteriorated by the prevailing culture, and H. M. Naqvi has communicated this misery via this work.

Youth Participation in Peacebuilding in Somalia: Challenges and Opportunities

This study focuses on the analysis of the challenges and opportunities of youth participation in peacebuilding in Somalia. The main objectives of the study were: to analyse the challenges of youth participation in peacebuilding related to the power dimensions of levels and spaces in Banadir region, Somalia and to explore the opportunities of youth participation in peacebuilding related to the power dimensions of levels and spaces in Somalia. The researcher used a qualitative approach of research to collect and analyse secondary data. The secondary data was collected through documentary review of books, articles, journals, reports that involved visiting the libraries and internet for the analysis of important documents in the search for topic issues. The information gathered from secondary data was resourceful in preparing the study and giving the research a more defined perspective. The secondary data were edited to check the accuracy, consistency and completeness of the information. The main findings of the study were that that the challenges hindering youth participation in Somalia include: poverty, lack of access to quality basic services like education, lack opportunities for youth to participate in peacebuilding, rigid culture, corruption, weak governance, prevalence of violence and insecurity and lack of resources and funding. And the key opportunities available for youth to participate in peacebuilding entail: increase youth opportunities for employment with entrepreneurship, market-focused, and public-private efforts, increase youth access to and use of high-quality education, increase youth engagement in community and government, conduct nation-wide campaign awareness on youth participation in peacebuilding and open space for youth to be leaders in the public sphere to strengthen the rule of law. The study recommended that the Federal Government of Somalia should promote, promote positive change to steer youth participation in peacebuilding, put in place mechanisms that engage youth in a collaborative fashion at all stages, include conflict analysis modules in the curriculum at appropriate levels, make education inclusive of all minority groups, including those people with disabilities, maintain contact with the trained youth facilitators, ensure that education is both inclusive and relevant to local needs and dedicate funding streams for peacebuilding in order to promote youth participation in peacebuilding in Somalia

Analysis of potential land use conflict for reducing landslide risk in Tawangmangu District Karanganyar Regency

Increasing demands for land use and limited resources lead to land use conflicts. Identification and resolution of land use conflicts is very important in order to use land resources fairly and achieve sustainable development. The research location is Tawangmangu District, Central Java Province. Based on its geographical conditions, Tawangmangu District is an area prone to landslides. Increasing tourism development in the Tawangmangu sub-district has the potential for land use conflicts and will affect the risk of landslides. The research objectives are: (1). Analyzing of Land Use Changes in Tawangmangu District in 2013 - 2023, (2). Analyzing Patterns of Land Use Conflict in Tawangmangu District in 2013 - 2023, (3). Analyzing Land Use Conflict Patterns for Reducing Landslide Risk in Tawangmangu in 2023. The research method is a survey method, the research form is descriptive quantitative with a spatial approach. In this study, spatial descriptions of land use, changes in land use, patterns of land use conflicts in the study area are displayed in the form of thematic maps. Data collection methods are field observations, interviews, document review, image and map interpretation. The main data source for land use is multi-temporal satellite imagery of the Tawangmangu District area. The analysis used is spatial analysis which is processed using a Geographic Information System with the output in the form of land use change maps and land use conflict pattern maps. The results of the study show that there have been significant changes in land use during the period 2013 - 2023, and spatially a pattern of land use conflicts has been formed in the Tawangmangu District.

Addressing ocean planning challenges in a highly crowded sea space: a case study for the regional sea of Catalonia (Western Mediterranean).

This study performs an exploratory analysis of current-future sustainability challenges for ocean planning for the regional seas of Catalonia located in the Western Mediterranean (Spain). To address the challenges we develop an Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP)-oriented geodatabase of maritime activities and deploy three spatial models: 1) an analysis of regional contribution to the 30% protection commitment with Biodiversity Strategy 2030; 2) a spatial Maritime Use Conflict (MUC) analysis to address current and future maritime activities interactions and 3) the StressorGenerator QGIS application to locate current and anticipate future sea areas of highest anthropogenic stress. Results show that the i) study area is one of the most protected sea areas in the Mediterranean (44-51% of sea space protected); ii) anthropogenic stressors are highest in 1-4 nautical miles coastal areas, where maritime activities agglomerate, in the Gulf of Roses and Gulf of Saint Jordi. iii) According to the available datasets commercial fishery is causing highest conflict score inside protected areas. Potential new aquaculture sites are causing highest conflict in Internal Waters and the high potential areas for energy cause comparably low to negligible spatial conflicts with other uses. We discuss the added value of performing regional MSP exercises and define five challenges for regional ocean sustainability, namely: Marine protection beyond percentage, offshore wind energy: a new space demand, crowded coastal areas, multi-level governance of the regional sea and MSP knowledge gaps.

Water conflict analysis in the Balangan Irrigation Area: causes, impacts, and management strategies

The Balangan irrigation area has grappled with a 20-year water shortage due to disorganized canal systems, causing water scarcity in droughts and floods during the rainy season. Conflicts between upstream and downstream users compound these challenges. This study analyzes water conflicts, their causes, impacts, and resolution strategies. Employing descriptive approaches, it identifies factors triggering conflicts, their societal and agricultural effects, and sustainable solutions. Findings reveal that the narrowing of water channels, exacerbated by concrete structures, has caused an imbalance in water distribution between Subak Balangan and Subak Palean. Sedimentation and irregular channel regulation exacerbate water loss and prolonged scarcity. The study underscores the necessity of comprehensive management strategies, prioritizing Water Rights and Allocation Policies, Community Participation, and Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation. These strategies promise practical, feasible, sustainable, and impactful solutions. Regulating water rights and allocations provides a framework, and community engagement ensures local perspectives are considered, while rainwater harvesting and conservation techniques reduce water stress and foster agricultural resilience. Integrating these strategies can achieve a comprehensive approach to sustainable water management in the Balangan Irrigation area.

A framework for enabling conditions for wastewater reuse

This study presents a novel framework that examines the integration of Policies, Institutions, and Regulations (PIR), uncovers existing gaps, and provides insights into policy implementation, to enhance wastewater reuse practices. The research aims to answer two key questions: 1) What are the barriers to PIR alignment that hinder the advancements of wastewater reuse; 2) which reforms can be prioritized according to their “implementability”? Using Portugal as a case study, this research demonstrates the framework's applicability in identifying and navigating the complexities of policy, institutional roles, and regulatory environments that influence wastewater management. The study employs a comprehensive analysis that combines PIR insights with gap analysis and ambiguity and conflict analysis. The proposed framework allows to explore the systemic constraints and proposes a set of actionable reforms. In the case study of Portugal, the reforms aim to leverage economic incentives, such as restructuring abstraction and discharge fees and introducing fiscal benefits, while advocating for technological innovations to improve water treatment efficiency. Emphasizing household wastewater connectivity further highlights a pathway towards achieving economic and environmental sustainability in water utilities. By applying this framework to the Portuguese context, the research demonstrates its potential to guide policymakers and stakeholders in designing effective strategies for a wider adoption of wastewater reuse and illustrates the adaptability and relevance of the framework in different settings.

Inequalities and Injustices of Urban Green Regeneration: Applying the Conflict Analysis Perspective

Green regeneration has become one of the most powerful strategies for improving the quality of life in cities, supporting climate change adaptation, and reducing the carbon footprints of cities. While it is the ambition of most green regeneration projects to create benefits for residents and users, reality shows that green regeneration also reinforces existing or even shapes new ‘green inequalities’. These can result from green gentrification and displacement, procedural injustices, and exclusion from participation or barriers to the access and use of newly created urban green spaces. Set against this background, the paper uses a conflict analysis perspective to look at the inequalities and injustices that evolve within the context of green regeneration. Applying social conflict theory, it seeks to understand (1) why and how green regeneration may lead to inequality and justice conflicts and (2) how conflict analysis helps to understand the nature and implications of green regeneration conflicts in more depth. As for its empirical foundation, the paper reanalyses empirical evidence that was examined in earlier projects on a residential area in the city of Leipzig, Germany.

Whether or Not to Open the Pandora’s Box: An Analysis of Latent Conflict in Vulnerable Neighbourhoods with High Socio-Cultural Diversity in Spain

ABSTRACT Worldwide, vulnerable neighbourhoods of large cities are often the scene of collective violent conflicts linked with migration and ethnic minorities’ struggles for social justice. However, urban conflicts of this kind have not taken place in Spanish cities with high immigration rates, even though the country has been deeply affected by two recent socioeconomic crises (2009 and 2020). This article reports findings of a study aimed at understanding what lies behind this apparent social peace. The research methodology was based on an analysis of secondary socio-economic and socio-relational data from the Spanish Institute of Statistics and from key national surveys and reports. Results confirmed that immigrant population living in the country are strongly segregated in the lower strata of the labour and socioeconomic structure and have been disproportionately affected by the crises. However, research findings also pointed to the existence of strong closed support networks where social capital has been effective at palliating members’ disadvantage and unrest. Drawing on the Theory of Rupture Frames, we argue that this is a fragile and unsustainable social peace, rooted in social injustice, and anticipate that unless actively prevented, uncontrolled conflict will eventually emerge in main cities’ neighbourhoods in Spain.

Integrating patch stability and network connectivity to optimize ecological security pattern

ContextDesigning and optimizing ecological security pattern (ESP) is an effective solution to formulate landscape planning. The commonly used network analysis for ESP optimization abstracts ecological sources and ecological corridors as homogeneous nodes and edges, ignoring the differentiated landscape pattern and patch stability.ObjectivesIt is aimed to construct ESP considering pattern and function, to explore the relationship of patch stability and network connectivity conservation objectives, and to optimize ESP with the integration of the two objectives.MethodsWe proposed a framework for constructing ESP based on ecosystem health and human footprint, and optimizing ESP with network robustness analysis. Land use conflict analysis and node/ edge removal method were further used to assess patch stability and network connectivity, respectively.ResultsESP of Ningxia was composed of 71 ecological sources covering an area of 10970.25 km2, and 150 ecological corridors covering an area of 3950.88 km2. The ecological sources and ecological corridors along the Yellow River had high patch stability but low network connectivity, while the largest ecological source had both high values of the two indicators. With the removal of nodes and edges, connectivity robustness, global efficiency, and equivalent connectivity of the ESP decreased from 1, 0.29, and 342.80 to 0, respectively. The variation trends of the three indicators under different removal scenarios were inconsistent. There was a distinct trade-off between the conservation objectives of patch stability and network connectivity.ConclusionsThis study highlighted how to balance different conservation objectives in landscape planning. Our framework can provide guidance for conservation planners to construct and optimize ESP without losing information due to the element abstraction in network analysis.

United we stand, divided we fall. Union organization and political activism among Jewish woodworkers in early-twentieth-century Buenos Aires

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the formation of the working class in Argentina, specifically within the Jewish East-European sector of the furniture industry during the early twentieth century. It examines Jewish immigration, their integration into the timber sector of Buenos Aires, and diverse labour relationships. Through an analysis of social and labour conflicts, the paper aims to study how Yiddish-speaking workers integrated into a highly cosmopolitan working class, put, at the same time, into a broader perspective of Jewish immigration into the Global South. By doing so, we hope to enhance our understanding of the significant role played by Jewish workers in the trajectory of the Argentine working class.

Konflik Sosial dalam Kumpulan Cerpen Tak Ada Asu di Antara Kita Karya Joko Pinurbo

This research discusses a collection of short stories entitled Tak Ada Asu di Antara Kita by Joko Pinurbo. This anthology contains fifteen short stories, five of which have the same conflict, namely the conflict between characters who work as authors. The five short stories are "Ayat Kopi", "Guru Bahagia", "Duel", "Korban Hoaks" and "Cakrawala". This research aims to answer the problem formulation, namely how social conflict is depicted in the short story collection Tak Ada Asu di Antara Kita by Joko Pinurbo. The five short stories were analyzed using social conflict theory. Analysis using social conflict theory aims to determine the conflict contained in this short story. The conflict found is a conflict between the author's characters. The analysis of social conflict in this short story is divided into three, namely forms of conflict, causes of conflict, and conflict resolution. The form of conflict is a description of the conflict that occurs in the author's characters. The cause of conflict is the thing that starts the conflict. Conflict resolution is the process or thing that causes the conflict to end.

The Warming Conflict: Climate Change and its Impacts on Afghanistan’s Ongoing Conflicts

There might be various and several reasons for the conflicts in Afghanistan, such as foreign political interventions, illiteracy, poverty, the geography of the country, ethnic and linguistic diversity, social injustice, various kinds of corruption, and generally a lack of rule of law. Climate change does not seem to be a direct factor in the conflicts in Afghanistan, but it is one of the main indirect factors in the conflicts. The link between climate change and conflicts in Afghanistan has not been the focus of studies yet, so little literature is found in the area. However, the intersection of climate change and conflict in Afghanistan presents a critical area of study, as environmental stressors exacerbate the already volatile socio-political landscape. Looking at the importance of the link between climate change and unresolved conflicts in Afghanistan, a literature review was done to find out how these two link to each other. Particularly, this paper explores the multifaceted impacts of climate change on Afghanistan's ongoing conflict, analyzing how rising temperatures, unpredictable precipitation, and extreme weather events contribute to resource scarcity and displacement, thereby fueling tensions and violence. Drawing on recent environmental data, conflict analysis, and case studies, the paper argues that climate change acts as a threat multiplier, intensifying competition over natural resources, undermining livelihoods, and complicating peacebuilding efforts. The findings underscore the urgency of integrating climate adaptation strategies into conflict resolution and development programs to foster long-term stability and resilience in Afghanistan. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for national and international stakeholders to address the nexus of climate change and conflict, emphasizing the need for collaborative, cross-sectoral approaches to mitigate risks and capitalize on opportunities for peace.

An Ensemble Strategy with Gradient Conflict for Multi-Domain Neural Machine Translation

Multi-domain neural machine translation aims to construct a unified neural machine translation model to translate sentences across various domains. Nevertheless, previous studies have one limitation is the incapacity to acquire both domain-general and domain-specific representations concurrently. To this end, we propose an ensemble strategy with gradient conflict for multi-domain neural machine translation that automatically learns model parameters by identifying both domain-shared and domain-specific features. Specifically, our approach consists of (1) a parameter-sharing framework, where the parameters of all the layers are originally shared and equivalent to each domain, and (2) ensemble strategy, in which we design an Extra Ensemble strategy via a piecewise condition function to learn direction and distance-based gradient conflict. In addition, we give a detailed theoretical analysis of the gradient conflict to further validate the effectiveness of our approach. Experimental results on two multi-domain datasets show the superior performance of our proposed model compared to previous work.

Optimized third-generation prospect theory-based three-way decision approach for conflict analysis in multi-scale Z-number information systems

There has been limited research on considering decision-makers psychological factors and risk attitudes in the early three-way decision theory and methods. Behavioral three-way decision models can better describe and analyze decision-makers risk preferences and behaviors, with prospect theory being prominent. This paper introduces a third-generation prospect theory-based three-way decision model. It characterizes uncertain reference points for decision-maker preferences through positive/negative ideal points and medians. Due to nonlinear weighting functions in prospect theory, closed-form solutions for three-way decision thresholds are absent. The paper introduces α-model and β-model optimizations for numerical threshold solutions, simplifying three-way decision rules. Additionally, the proposed optimized three-way decision model is applied to conflict analysis, considering multi-scale and Z-number information's impact on conflict evaluation. Effective methods for deriving three-way conflict analysis rules and outcomes from multi-scale Z-number information systems are studied. Audit team conflict analysis examples validate the validity and feasibility of the proposed models and methods. Finally, several experimental results with data sets confirm overall performance.

A lattice-theoretic model of three-way conflict analysis

Pawlak conflict analysis uses a three-valued situation table for representing the ratings of a set of agents on a set of issues. This paper examines a lattice-theoretic basis of three-way conflict analysis. Qualitatively, we adopt a triangle, namely, an MS.F-bilattice, to characterize the structures of agents ratings, which gives an intuitive and effective tool for ordering a single agent and a pair of agents. We consider a strength ordering and a rating ordering to construct MS.F-bilattices. By applying the principles of three-way decision as thinking in threes, we trisect, according to the rating ordering, the nine pairs of ratings into three regions: potential opposition (PO), potential conflict (PC), and potential support (PS) regions. For each region, according to the strength ordering, we construct the weak, medium, and strong three subregions. Quantitatively, we introduce opposition-alliance and support-alliance measures based on the rating ordering for one issue to trisect these pairs of ratings into PO, PC, and PS regions. We study opposition strength, conflict strength, and support strength measures based on strength ordering for one issue to trisect each of the three regions into three subregions. Finally, we extend the five types of measures for a set of issues. The lattice-theoretic model of three-way conflict analysis clarifies the semantics of pairs of ratings by two agents and gives a different perspective on trisection methods in conflict analysis. To demonstrate the value of the proposed methods, we analyze a case study of the development planning of the Gansu Province of China.

Tri-level conflict analysis from the angle of three-valued concept analysis

Conflict analysis is the process of examining a conflict situation with the purpose of understanding its causes and dynamics, and identifying effective strategies for resolution or management. The three-valued situation table is the basis of conflict analysis, upon which different theories are used to identify agent alliances and analyze key conflicts among agents. Traditional conflict analysis typically treats a neutral attitude as an uncertain attitude that can be converted into either the support or opposition attitude to form weak alliances. However, in some cases, the neutral attitude is considered as a deterministic third type of attitude distinct from support and opposition. Drawing inspiration from the tri-level model of three-way decision, we propose a tri-level conflict analysis model demonstrating how to deal with different considerations of neutral attitude and make conflict analysis systematically. Then, recognizing the similarity between the three-valued formal context and the three-valued situation table, we introduce a tri-level structure of concepts in a three-valued formal context and use it for tri-level conflict analysis. We also propose two quantitative indicators, stability and tightness, to evaluate different coalition(s)-bundle(s) couplings. Finally, we use a real conflict situation related to development policy to illustrate the research findings of this paper.

Criminal Conflict Analysis: Factors Causing Criminal Acts in TIPIKOR and TPPUU Cases (Decision Number 06/Pid.Sus-TPK/2022/PN.Bjm)

The compounding of criminal acts of TIPIKOR and TPPU is not a new thing, there are several previous studies that discuss this matter but in mining cases there has been no deeper discussion, this makes the author interested in researching related to the compounding of criminal acts in TIPIKOR and TPPU in the mining sector. This research aims to obtain knowledge related to the factors of concurrent criminal acts in TIPIKOR and TPPU in the mining sector. This research is a normative juridical research. The results of the research are: the factors causing concurrent criminal acts, namely TIPIKOR and TPPU in the mining sector based on the author's analysis in verdict number 06/pid.sus-tpk/2022/pn.bjm, namely the factors of power and opportunity possessed by the perpetrator, which made the perpetrator commit concurrent criminal acts, namely TIPIKOR and TPPU. Keywords: Conjunction of Criminal Acts; TIPIKOR; TPPU.