Confirmation Of Formation Research Articles

Confirmatory information seeking is robust in psychologists’ diagnostic reasoning.

Confirmatory information seeking is robust in psychologists’ diagnostic reasoning.

Comparison of Team-Based and Problem-Based Approaches to Dementia Care in Nursing Homes and Their Effects on Resident Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Methods Study

ObjectivesCompare the effectiveness of 2 nonpharmacologic approaches to dementia care in nursing homes on 12- and 18-month resident outcomes, which was after the emergence of COVID-19. Design and InterventionA cluster randomized pragmatic trial, which included an embedded convergent mixed-methods design. Nursing homes were randomized to a team-based (TB) or problem-based (PB) intervention arm. Setting and ParticipantsResidents (n = 2658 at baseline) and staff (n = 327) from 52 nursing homes in the United States. MethodsThe exploratory quantitative analysis used a difference-in-differences model to compare the change in TB arm resident outcomes between baseline, 12 months, and 18 months relative to the PB arm using the Minimum Data Set 3.0. Outcomes included antipsychotic medication use, behavioral symptoms, wandering, and rejection of care. Staff interview data were analyzed in a 3-phase team-based rapid qualitative analysis approach, after which data were integrated. ResultsRejection of care decreased by 5.9 percentage points in the TB arm relative to the PB arm at 12 months (95% CI –11.7 to −0.2). Emergent results indicated that COVID-19 visitation restrictions prevented PB staff from working with families to manage rejection of care as was done before the pandemic, whereas TB staff described using collaboration strategies not hindered by the pandemic. There was no statistically significant difference between arms in antipsychotic medication use, behavioral symptoms, and wandering at either follow-up period. When integrated, qualitative data provided contradictory information on antipsychotic medication use and confirmatory information on behavioral symptoms and wandering. Conclusions and ImplicationsThe exploratory nature and mixed results of the quantitative data analysis limited the ability to determine a clear benefit of one approach over the other. Findings suggest that dementia care delivery faced complex challenges during COVID-19 and required engagement from a broad range of nursing home staff underscoring the importance of equipping all staff with foundational dementia care knowledge.

A Cluster Randomized Trial: Mixed Methods Comparison of 2 Approaches to Promote Nonpharmacologic, Resident-Centered Dementia Care in Nursing Homes

ObjectivesNursing home dementia care initiatives have prioritized nonpharmacologic approaches to manage behavioral symptoms. This study compares the effectiveness of 2 nonpharmacologic approaches on resident outcomes. Design and InterventionCluster randomized controlled trial using a convergent mixed methods design to compare the team-based and problem-based approaches to dementia care. The team-based arm received facility-wide training, providing a shared language and knowledge across staff. The problem-based arm received discipline-specific web-based training for certain staff. Setting and ParticipantsResidents living with dementia (n = 2728) in 53 nursing homes; 327 staff. MethodsOutcomes were antipsychotic medication use, behavioral symptoms, rejection of care, and wandering captured with the Minimum Data Set. Exploratory quantitative analysis compared change in outcomes between baseline and 6-month follow-up, across arms using a difference-in-difference model. Qualitative data were collected via staff interviews. Integration of quantitative and qualitative data determined whether these sources provided confirmatory, emergent, or contradictory information on outcomes. ResultsResident wandering increased 3.51 percentage points (95% CI 0.6, 6.4) in the team-based arm compared to the problem-based arm, without increase in adverse events. Data integration confirmed this finding. Staff in the team-based arm described wandering as a positive coping strategy for the resident. We found mixed results for the other 3 outcomes. There was no statistically significant difference in antipsychotic medication use across arms, but staff interviews did reveal differences. There were trends of increased behavioral symptoms in the team-based arm and increased rejection of care in the problem-based arm (neither statistically significant), which were confirmed by qualitative findings. Conclusions and ImplicationsIntegration results suggest a benefit for resident wandering in the team-based approach, compared with the problem-based approach. Although findings are exploratory, training for all nursing home staff that accounts for diverse education and training needs may influence care delivery and have benefits for residents living with dementia.

Automation Bias and Complacency in Security Operation Centers

The volume and complexity of alerts that security operation center (SOC) analysts must manage necessitate automation. Increased automation in SOCs amplifies the risk of automation bias and complacency whereby security analysts become over-reliant on automation, failing to seek confirmatory or contradictory information. To identify automation characteristics that assist in the mitigation of automation bias and complacency, we investigated the current and proposed application areas of automation in SOCs and discussed its implications for security analysts. A scoping review of 599 articles from four databases was conducted. The final 48 articles were reviewed by two researchers for quality control and were imported into NVivo14. Thematic analysis was performed, and the use of automation throughout the incident response lifecycle was recognized, predominantly in the detection and response phases. Artificial intelligence and machine learning solutions are increasingly prominent in SOCs, yet support for the human-in-the-loop component is evident. The research culminates by contributing the SOC Automation Implementation Guidelines (SAIG), comprising functional and non-functional requirements for SOC automation tools that, if implemented, permit a mutually beneficial relationship between security analysts and intelligent machines. This is of practical value to human automation researchers and SOCs striving to optimize processes. Theoretically, a continued understanding of automation bias and its components is achieved.

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for the active substance difenoconazole in light of confirmatory data submitted.

The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessment carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State, Spain, for the pesticide active substance difenoconazole are reported. The context of the peer review was that requested by the European Commission following the submission and evaluation of confirmatory information with regard to the consumer risk assessment. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of difenoconazole as a fungicide on pome fruit, carrot, wheat, barley, triticale, rye and oats. The reliable endpoints concluded as being appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, derived from the available studies and/or literature in the dossier peer reviewed, are presented. Concerns were not identified.

Outcome of the consultation with Member States, the applicant and EFSA on the pesticide risk assessment for etoxazole in light of confirmatory information

Outcome of the consultation with Member States, the applicant and EFSA on the pesticide risk assessment for etoxazole in light of confirmatory information

Are depressive symptoms linked to a reduced pupillary response to novel positive information?-An eye tracking proof-of-concept study.

Depressive symptoms have been linked to difficulties in revising established negative beliefs in response to novel positive information. Recent predictive processing accounts have suggested that this bias in belief updating may be related to a blunted processing of positive prediction errors at the neural level. In this proof-of-concept study, pupil dilation in response to unexpected positive emotional information was examined as a psychophysiological marker of an attenuated processing of positive prediction errors associated with depressive symptoms. Participants (N = 34) completed a modified version of the emotional Bias Against Disconfirmatory Evidence (BADE) task in which scenarios initially suggest negative interpretations that are later either confirmed or disconfirmed by additional information. Pupil dilation in response to the confirmatory and disconfirmatory information was recorded. Behavioral results showed that depressive symptoms were related to difficulties in revising negative interpretations despite disconfirmatory positive information. The eye tracking results pointed to a reduced pupil response to unexpected positive information among people with elevated depressive symptoms. Altogether, the present study demonstrates that the adapted emotional BADE task can be appropriate for examining psychophysiological aspects such as changes in pupil size along with behavioral responses. Furthermore, the results suggest that depression may be characterized by deviations in both behavioral (i.e., reduced updating of negative beliefs) and psychophysiological (i.e., decreased pupil dilation) responses to unexpected positive information. Future work should focus on a larger sample including clinically depressed patients to further explore these findings.

Understanding the Strengths andLimitations ofCurrent Methods forSurveying Partner Nation Medical Facilities.

During exercises or operations, there may be times when U.S. medical capabilities are not available and the next best or only option may be to use partner nation (PN) or host nation capabilities. Joint Publication 4-02 Joint Health Services states that "medical planners should always consider the quality, suitability, and availability of multinational and host-nation support." It is normal practice for medical planners to survey PN medical capabilities as part of the pre-deployment planning process. Currently, medical capability surveys are not conducted in a consistent and systematic manner across the DoD global health engagement enterprise. The lack of a systematic approach undermines medical operations planners' ability to conduct efficient and adequate pre-deployment surveys. The article presents the results of a descriptive analysis of 62 unclassified medical capability surveys of PN or host nation facilities from the U.S. Africa Command (USAFRICOM) area of responsibility that were conducted by U.S. DoD personnel. The team characterized the content and formats of surveys with respect to what medical capabilities were described, how the capabilities were described, and how the information was presented. These analyses focused on determining if a surveyor obtained information about a capability, not whether or not the facility had a capability. Approximately 75-80% of surveys included information describing the presence or absence of five key capabilities: Emergency department/trauma care, surgical services, intensive care unit, laboratory, and imaging. Conversely, 30-50% of surveys did not include any information describing the presence or absence of five other key capabilities: Pharmacy, blood bank, mass casualty plans, land evacuation, or air evacuation. Information on key capabilities and administrative information was not consistently reported across the sample of surveys. There was substantial variation in how capabilities were characterized, including number of staff, staff training, and available equipment. Additionally, the order in which information was presented in surveys varied within and across components. There are significant inconsistencies in the types of capabilities and services documented and how the quality of the capabilities and services is characterized. These inconsistencies can be attributed, in part, to the absence of information that explicitly confirmed whether or not the facility had a capability. Such variation results in obscured or incomplete depictions of facility capabilities, thereby undermining the ability of medical planners to coordinate effective medical readiness for engagements, exercises, or real-life operations. Guidance and survey templates could support better-informed decision-making by including information about survey methods and documenting the lack of confirmatory information. The DoD enterprise should consider how guidance and a standard survey template could improve the relevance, accuracy, and efficiency of data collection and reporting.

Dynamics of the Physical Component in Athletes who Practice Rhythmic Gymnastics – A Longitudinal Study

The dimensions of competitive performance in the specific context of rhythmic gymnastics are found in components such as physical and biological condition, physiological factors, technical and physical aspects, and, above all, in the training process. In the long-term training process, the individual's consciousness is fully engaged at a high level of acuity, at the limit of possibilities, sports performance being multiply determined and conditioned. The purpose of this longitudinal study is to obtain confirmatory information regarding the level of development of the physical abilities of athletes who practice rhythmic performance gymnastics, starting from the smallest training category up to the last level, that of Seniors. Through the involvement of specialists at the national level, data were collected from 141 performance athletes, a fact that allowed the outline of a motor profile for all categories.

Statement concerning the testing strategy and timelines proposed by the applicant for the assessment of the endocrine disruption properties of acibenzolar-S-methyl in the context of the review of the approval of the active substance.

On 8 July 2021, EFSA published a Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for the active substance acibenzolar-S-methyl in light of confirmatory data submitted. EFSA concluded that based on the confirmatory information submitted by the applicant, the assessment of endocrine-disrupting properties could not be finalised for humans and non-target organisms and identified further data deemed necessary to finalise the assessment. Consequently, during the decision-making stage it could not be concluded by risk managers that acibenzolar-S-methyl still meets the approval criteria laid down in Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 and therefore the European Commission decided to launch a review of the existing approval in accordance with Article 21 of that Regulation and on 6 July 2022 invited the applicant to submit comments on the findings in the EFSA Conclusion including any relevant information. On 14 December 2022, the European Commission requested EFSA to consider the proposal as submitted by the applicant in light of the EFSA Conclusion and to confirm whether the proposed studies are considered sufficient to complete the assessment of the endocrine disrupting properties of the substance in line with Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/605. The current statement contains EFSA's considerations as regards the testing strategy and associated timelines for additional data generation proposed by the applicant to complete the assessment of the endocrine disrupting properties of acibenzolar-S-methyl in line with Commission Regulation (EU) 2018/605.

Do commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculants contain the species that they claim?

The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal inoculants as a means to promote plant growth is gaining momentum worldwide. Although there is an increasing number of commercial products available for various applications, the quality of these remains uncertain. We determined the AM fungal species composition in eleven inoculants from four producers by using DNA metabarcoding and compared them to the AM fungal species declared on the product labels. Our DNA metabarcoding of the inoculants revealed a concerning discrepancy between the declared and detected AM fungal species compositions of the products. While nine products contained at least one declared species, two did not contain any matching species and all inoculants but one contained additional species not declared on the product label. These findings highlight the need for better guidelines and industry standards to ensure consumer protection in the AM fungal inoculum market. Additionally, we call for caution when using commercial AM fungal inoculants in scientific experiments without confirmatory information about their species composition.

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Objective. The purpose of this research is to carry out a comparative analysis of the advantages and possibility of using IFRS 15 ?Revenue from Contracts with Customers? in comparison with the accounting of revenues according to national accounting standards at Ukrainian enterprises. Methods. The main research methods were general and special scientific approaches to theoretical generalization and grouping, systematization, comparative analysis, logical generalization. Results. The application IFRS 15 ?Revenue from contracts with customers? has the potential to increase the efficiency of the process of accounting of revenues compared to as a traditional system. IFRS 15 is based on the balance sheet approach. Revenue, expenses, and income are recognized as a result of changes in the values of these assets and liabilities. The article analyzes the main characteristics of which are directly relevant for revenue recognition. They include recognition and measurement revenue, presentation and disclosure of items related to customer�s contracts. IFRS 15 has greatly extended the scope of disclosure. To achieve that an entity shall disclose qualitative and quantitative information about all of the following: its contracts with customers, the significant judgements, and changes in the judgements, any assets recognized from the costs to obtain or fulfil a contract with a customer. Scientific novelty. The author substantiates that the use of IFRS 15 ?Revenue from contracts with customers? for revenue accounting will make accounting more efficient and transparent, will ensure increases usefulness and faithfully represent information in financial statements. Practical significance. Revenue from customer�s contracts purports to be a highly reliable outcome from the company�s activities. As such it carries important confirmatory information about actual performance and useful information to forecast future revenues. Key words: revenue, contract, customers, recognition, measurement, disclosure, submission, compensation, receivables.

Faktor–Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Minat Wisatawan Berkunjung Ke Bukit Gundaling Berastagi Di Kabupaten Karo

This reasecrch aims to identify what factors influences the interest of tourist who want to visit Bukit Gundaling Berastagi. This research used confirmatory aspect analysis information analysis methods. KMO aspect analysis, multiple regression analysis, t test, f test, and the coefficient of determination. 2 component aspects that influence the attention of tourist visiting Bukit Gundaling Berastagi, namely the beauty of the sight ( 3.081 ) ≻ ( 1.98) and ease of accessibility ( 3.524 )< t table ( 1.98 ) the calculate Fvalue based on table 4.14 is 8.876 and the f table value is 2.46. These values are compared to obtain f count ( 75.284 ) ˃ f table ( 3.08 ), so H0 is rejected. Based on these result, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence between the Beauty of sight, ease of accessibility on tourist interest in visiting Bukit Gundalin Berastagi. Hypothesis testing can also be done by looking at the probability value. The rule of hypothesis testing is if sig ≤ α then H0 IS rejected and if sig > α, then H0 is accepted. Based on table 4.12, the value of is 0.000. This value is compared with ( 0.05 ) so that sig ( 0.000 ) < ( 0.05 ), so H0 is rejected and H4 is accepted. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there is a significant influence between the beauty of sight, ease of accessibility on tourist interest in visiting Bukit Gundaling Berastagi. The coefficient of determination ( R2) is 0587. This means that the influence of the beauty of sight and the ease of accessibility on the interest of tourist visiting Bukit Gundaling Berastagi is 58.7% while the remaining 41.3% is explained by other factors outside of this study.

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for the active substance flutianil in light of confirmatory data on the endocrine disruption assessment.

The conclusions of EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessment carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State Belgium, for the pesticide active substance flutianil, are reported. The context of the peer review was that requested by the European Commission following the submission and evaluation of confirmatory information with regard to the endocrine disruption potential of the substance. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of flutianil as a fungicide on grapevine and ornamental crops. Assessments not finalised, together with the missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework, are listed.

Echo Chambers

AbstractWe find evidence of selective exposure to confirmatory information among 400,000 users on the investor social network StockTwits. Self-described bulls are five times more likely to follow a user with a bullish view of the same stock than are self-described bears. Consequently, bulls see 62 more bullish messages and 24 fewer bearish messages than bears do over the same 50-day period. These “echo chambers” exist even among professional investors and are strongest for investors who trade on their beliefs. Finally, beliefs formed in echo chambers are associated with lower ex post returns, more siloing of information, and more trading volume.

Persistence, decontamination and dietary risk assessment of propyrisulfuron residue in natural paddy field environment using QuEChERS@UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS

A modified QuEChERS technology combined with UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS residue analytical method for propyrisulfuron in natural paddy field environment was developed. Propyrisulfuron residues in paddy water, soil, rice plants, brown rice and rice husk samples was extracted with 1.0 % acetic acid-acetonitrile (v/v) solution and separated on a reversed-phase C18 column with a mobile phase of 0.1 % formic acid water-acetonitrile eluted by isometric elution (60/40, v/v), and quantified in high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring (MRMHR) scanning mode providing more accurate confirmatory information. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) of propyrisulfuron in all the five paddy matrices was in a range of 1.24 ∼ 3.85 µg/kg, and all calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 > 0.991) in a certain concentration range (10 ∼ 1000 µg/kg). At the spiked level of 10 ∼ 200 µg/kg, the intra-day and inter-day average recoveries and relative standard deviation were 82.80 ∼ 106.93 % and 1.81 ∼ 5.51 %, 83.05 ∼ 105.84 % and 2.25 ∼ 4.61 %, respectively, for analysis on three consecutive days, and there was a good retention time repeatability of 15 consecutive injections with RSD of 0.15 ∼ 0.17 %, indicating a high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and precision. All paddy filed environmental samples frozen at −20 °C were analyzed within 10 weeks after collection for a good storage stability. Propyrisulfuron dissipated in paddy water, soil and rice plants at application doses of 30, 45 and 60 g a.i./ha with half-lives of 1.37 ∼ 1.81, 4.10 ∼ 5.35 and 3.70 ∼ 4.42 days in 2020, 1.44 ∼ 2.04, 4.27 ∼ 5.83 and 3.68 ∼ 4.49 days in 2021, respectively. The final propyrisulfuron residual levels of two years in brown rice, rice husks and rice plants samples prior to harvest were lower than 8.18 µg/kg, and its removal rate was in a range of 1.40 to 98.27 % by several simple available household technologies. Moreover, the chronic dietary risk in brown rice at recommended dose for Chinese residents of different age groups was low and acceptable for daily consumption.

Characterization of triclosan-induced hepatotoxicity and triclocarban-triggered enterotoxicity in mice by multiple omics screening

Triclosan (2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether, TCS) and triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichloro-carbanilide, TCC) are two antimicrobial agents commonly used for personal care products. Previous studies primarily focused on respective harmful effects of TCS and TCC. In terms of their structural similarities and differences, however, the structure-toxicity relationships on health effects of TCS and TCC exposure remain unclear. Herein, global 1H NMR-based metabolomics was employed to screen the changes of metabolic profiling in various biological matrices including liver, serum, urine, feces and intestine of mice exposed to TCS and TCC at chronic and acute dosages. Metagenomics was also applied to analyze the gut microbiota modulation by TCS and TCC exposure. Targeted MS-based metabolites quantification, histopathological examination and biological assays were subsequently conducted to supply confirmatory information on respective toxicity of TCS and TCC. We found that oral administration of TCS mainly induced significant liver injuries accompanied with inflammation and dysfunction, hepatic steatosis fatty acids and bile acids metabolism disorders; while TCC exposure caused marked intestine injuries leading to striking disruption of colonic morphology, inflammatory status and intestinal barrier integrity, intestinal bile acids metabolism and microbial community. These comparative results provide novel insights into structure-dependent mechanisms of TCS-induced hepatotoxicity and TCC-triggered enterotoxicity in mice.

A penalized linear mixed model with generalized method of moments for prediction analysis on high-dimensional multi-omics data.

With the advances in high-throughput biotechnologies, high-dimensional multi-layer omics data become increasingly available. They can provide both confirmatory and complementary information to disease risk and thus have offered unprecedented opportunities for risk prediction studies. However, the high-dimensionality and complex inter/intra-relationships among multi-omics data have brought tremendous analytical challenges. Here we present a computationally efficient penalized linear mixed model with generalized method of moments estimator (MpLMMGMM) for the prediction analysis on multi-omics data. Our method extends the widely used linear mixed model proposed for genomic risk predictions to model multi-omics data, where kernel functions are used to capture various types of predictive effects from different layers of omics data and penalty terms are introduced to reduce the impact of noise. Compared with existing penalized linear mixed models, the proposed method adopts the generalized method of moments estimator and it is much more computationally efficient. Through extensive simulation studies and the analysis of positron emission tomography imaging outcomes, we have demonstrated that MpLMMGMM can simultaneously consider a large number of variables and efficiently select those that are predictive from the corresponding omics layers. It can capture both linear and nonlinear predictive effects and achieves better prediction performance than competing methods.

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for the active substance thiabendazole in light of confirmatory data submitted.

The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessment carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State, Spain, for the pesticide active substance thiabendazole are reported. The context of the peer review was that requested by the European Commission following the submission and evaluation of confirmatory information with regard to the endocrine disruption potential of the substance. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of thiabendazole as a fungicide on seed potato, apple and pear and citrus. Assessments not finalised together with the missing information identified as being required by the mandate are listed. Concerns are identified.

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for the active substance propyzamide in light of confirmatory data submitted

The conclusions of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) following the peer review of the initial risk assessment carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State Sweden, for the pesticide active substance propyzamide are reported. The context of the peer review was that requested by the European Commission following the submission and evaluation of confirmatory information in the areas of mammalian toxicology and residues. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of propyzamide as an herbicide on lettuce and winter oilseed rape. The reliable endpoints concluded as being appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, derived from the available studies and/or literature in the dossier peer reviewed, are presented. Concerns are identified.