Confinement Period Research Articles

Impact of the earthquake during COVID-19 lockdown on fracture admission at a tertiary trauma centre in Croatia

PurposeTo determine the impact of an earthquake during COVID-19 lockdown on fracture admission at a tertiary trauma centre in Croatia. MethodsA case-control study was performed at the tertiary trauma centre registry. Two different periods were studied. The case group included a period during COVID-19 lockdown right after the earthquakes until the end of the confinement period in Croatia. And the control group corresponded to the equivalent period in 2019. We identified all consecutive patients who were admitted due to urgent care requirements for the musculoskeletal trauma. Patient's demographic data and admitting diagnoses were assessed. Data were analyzed by statistical procedures using the program MedCalc statistical software version 16.4.3. ResultsWe identified 178 emergency admissions due to musculoskeletal trauma. During the COVID-19 lockdown and post-earthquake period, there was a drastic reduction in total admissions (359 vs. 662; p < 0.0001) with an increased proportion of trauma admissions within the emergency admissions (34.9% vs. 26.5%; p = 0.02926, Z = −2.1825). Furthermore, in the case group there was a significant increase in hospital admissions due to ankle/foot trauma (11 vs. 2, p = 0.0126) and a trend towards a decrease in the admissions due to tibia fractures (5 vs. 12, p = 0.0896), however without statistical significance. Also, an increased proportion of women within the group of femoral fractures in both case group (81.6% vs. 52.6%, p = 0.00194, Z = 3.1033) and the control group (82.3% vs. 60.5%, p = 0.0232, Z = 2.2742) was observed. In both analyzed periods, the osteoporotic hip fracture was the most common independent admitting diagnosis. ConclusionIt is crucial to understand how natural disasters like earthquakes influence the pattern of trauma admissions during a coexisting pandemic. Accordingly, healthcare systems have to be prepared for an increased influx of certain pathology, like foot and ankle trauma.

Advantages and Limits of Remote Care and Stress Management Experienced by Mothers of Students with Specific Learning Disabilities During the Covid-19 Period

These instructions give you guidelines for preparing papers. Use this document as a template if you are using Microsoft Word. Otherwise, use this document as an instruction set.. Define all symbols used in the abstract. Do not cite references in the abstract. Do not delete the blank line immediately above the abstract; it sets the footnote at the bottom of this column. Page margins are 1,78 cm top and down; 1,65 cm left and right. Each column width is 8,89 cm and the separation between the columns is 0,51 cm. Abstract-Introduction : The period of confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic has harmful consequences on the psychological state of parents and their children, especially those with psychological or neurocognitive problems. The care of these children plays a primordial role in their development, particularly during the COVID-19 period. For this reason, our objective is to assess the state of stress among mothers of children with learning disabilities during the COVID-19 period in Morocco, as well as the support of these children. Materials and methods : This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted during the period from April to June 2020. To realise it, we used a investigation form which contains three parts. To evaluate the state of stress in mothers, we used the "PSS10d" scale adapted to the Moroccan context. The target population is composed of mothers of children with learning disabilities who are being monitored by Moroccan Association for Learning Disorders and Difficulties (MALDD) in Casablanca. Results : During the period of confinement, only 13% (n=15) of mothers reported that their children "Dys" had benefited from remote remediation by specialists According to the Odds Ratio calculation, the risk factors influencing the care of "Dys" children during this period of confinement are: lack of cooperation from the child (Odds Ratio= 16.8; IC95%=[3.5-79]). 1]; P-value=0.001), the educational level of mothers (Odds Ratio= 9.4; IC95%=[2.4-35.7]; P-value=0.001), the economic situation (Odds Ratio= 5.1; IC95%=[1.5-17.4]; P-value=0.01) and technical problems (Odds Ratio= 5.1; IC95%=[1.5-17.4]; P-value=0.01). Conclusion : According to our results, we noticed that the psychological state of the mothers is influenced by the remote care of the "Dys" children. For this the responsible authorities in Morocco must support this population.

Teacher e-Training and Student e-Learning during the Period of Confinement Caused by Covid-19 in Case of Morocco

The rapid advance of the new coronavirus imposes several drastic measures on the authorities to contain the virus and prevent its spread. The Ministry of Education has decreed the suspension of face-to-face classes in all schools. The pedagogical continuity, now a priority, must be carried out remotely through video conferencing, platforms, video capsules The main questions of this research are: What are the success factors of distance learning and training in Moroccan context? This raises a whole range of questions: are teachers able to adopt this new teaching method? Are the means available and adequate to ensure distance learning? What about the training of teachers to cope with this unexpected radical change? Based on the results obtained from a population of 126 teachers, we discovery that 91% of teachers said that they have adopted the online teaching but it is not really e-learning as recognized by the specialists, its objective is rather to maintain communication with the students. While 9% have not used this mode of teaching, they point out that this type of teaching does not guarantee equal opportunities for learners. We have therefore concluded that the necessary material resources must be made available to ensure the success of this type of teaching, such as computers and the Internet, as well as the necessary training for teachers to develop their skills associated with managing distance learning.

Epidemiological evolution of viral conjunctivitis in ophthalmology emergency departments during the Covid‐19 pandemic

AbstractPurposeThe COVID‐19 pandemic has substantially changed hygiene habits and measures to reduce the transmission of viruses through the respiratory route. The purpose is to analyse the influence of these measures on the incidence of adenovirus eye infections during the first phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Spain.MethodsRetrospective study by consecutive sampling of patients who attended the Ophthalmology Emergency Department of our hospital between March 19 and April 30, 2019 and 2020. Quantitative variables were analysed using Student's t‐test for independent data and the difference in the proportion of patients diagnosed with viral conjunctivitis was measured using the chi‐square test (IBM spss 20).ResultsAll medical records of patients in the 2020 group were reviewed and no evidence of COVID infection was found in the 10 days following their visit to the hospital. We found no significant differences in age or sex. In the 2019 period, a total of 1139 patients were seen, of which 162 (14.2%) had a clinical diagnosis of adenovirus conjunctivitis vs. 977 (85.8%) had other diagnoses. In 2020, there were 280 patients seen in the same time period, with 19 (6.8%) diagnosed with conjunctivitis compared to 261 with other diagnoses (93.2%).We found a significant decrease in the incidence of cases of adenovirus conjunctivitis in 2020 compared to 2019 (p = 0.001). The 17.90% of patients (29) returned to the emergency department after a diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis in 2019, while only one of the patients seen in 2020 returned.ConclusionsThe use of face masks as well as hand and surface hygiene measures, especially in the healthcare setting, clearly reduce the incidence of adenovirus eye infections. Although the sample collected during 2020 covers the first period of confinement in Spain, our impression is that the trend of decreasing cases of adenovirus conjunctivitis cases is sustained over time.ReferencesRomano MR, et al. Facing COVID‐19 in Ophthalmology Department. Curr Eye Res. 2020;45(6):653–658.Hoeferlin C, Review of Clinical and Operative Recommendations for Ophthalmology Practices During the COVID‐19 Pandemic. SN Compr Clin Med. 2021;1–6.Güemes‐Villahoz N, et al. Conjunctivitis in COVID‐19 patients: frequency and clinical presentation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020.

Programa de intervención online para alumnado universitario con discapacidad visual en tiempos de Covid

Attention to people with disabilities, in this case visual impairment, is particularly relevant to achieve an inclusive educational context in any university. During the period of confinement and social distancing of the current pandemic, it was necessary to adapt the face-to-face psychoeducational counselling programmes to their needs. The purpose of this paper is to present the whole process followed in the virtual reorganisation of a care programme for visually impaired students developed at the Student Support Centre of the University of Alicante. A design-based methodology based on educational practice has been used. The results confirmed that the new counselling in the online format fostered a stimulating environment with highly active interactions between counsellor and students, self-regulation conducive to learning and interpersonal and communication skills using the virtual format. It was concluded that proper planning, development and evaluation of such programmes can enrich the psychosocial and educational development of students. However, more progress needs to be made in the digitalisation of university counselling and to strengthen the online modality in the current context of a 21st century technological society.

Sexual Health and the Pandemic Crisis: Testing the Role of Psychological Vulnerability/Protective Factors on Sexual Functioning and Sexual Distress During a Critical Life Period in Portugal.

Recent findings suggest that the current COVID-19 pandemic has a potential negative impact in several areas of life, including sexual health. However, less is known about the psychological dimensions that may work as vulnerability/protective factors for the development of sexual problems in the current pandemic. The current study used a longitudinal design to examine the role played by personality trait factors (neuroticism, extraversion) as well as psychosexual factors (sexual beliefs) in predicting sexual functioning and sexual distress across time during the current pandemic crisis. A total of 528 individuals (337 women) completed a web survey assessing sexual health indicators and psychological factors. The first wave was conducted during the confinement period in Portugal (N = 528) between May and June 2020 and the second four months later (N = 146), when strict confinement rules were over. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to examine the ability of psychological factors to predict sexual functioning and distress across time, while controlling for age and gender. Results indicated that sexual distress at time point 2 was lower than during confinement, and men had lower levels of sexual functioning post-confinement while no significant difference was observed for women. Moreover, higher levels of neuroticism and age-related beliefs significantly predicted lower sexual functioning as well as higher sexual distress, whereas lower levels of extraversion predicted lower sexual functioning after controlling for age and gender effects. Findings support the role of psychological vulnerability factors to predict sexual problems across time and may have important implications in the prevention and treatment of sexual dysfunctions.

Impact of covid-19 on date palm production in Morocco

As for the whole world, the Coronavirus crisis generated in Morocco a significant shock on supply as well as on demand, putting several activities in slow motion. Like the different economic sectors, the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) sector which presents a real natural and cultural wealth of the country has suffered drastically in the confinement period. This study targets some palm groves of the Draa-Tafilalet region in the provinces of Errachidia, through a field survey on 30 farms and aims to measure the impact of Covid-19 on their agricultural activities. We conclude that this double health and economical disease has the potential to disturb the date supply chain.

Trip Satisfaction During the First Period of Covid-19 Confinement

Trip Satisfaction During the First Period of Covid-19 Confinement

Effects of Fatigue and Long-Term Isolation on Human Behavior

Isolation is one of the most significant stressors one can face during one's lifetime. It contradicts the very nature of human beings to be social and mobile. Nevertheless, isolation is also a fundamental element in a variety of occupations, e.g. human space exploration. In this paper, we discuss what changes in behavior take place within a group of six subjects during a 120-day period of social and physical confinement. By comparing results of five independent methods – analysis of physical and communicational activity, psycholinguistic approach, Design thinking, as well as group dynamics examination – we conclude that the data from the first three methods predicted the data of the final method. Moreover, all methods indicate signs of emerging fatigue and a decrease in motivation towards the end of isolation, with a critical period occurring around its second quarter. We also suggest differentiation between individual and group adaptation and the implementation of creativity exercises to smoothen the transition period. In the conclusion, we suggest that the elaborated methodology can be implemented in aviation to monitor the psycho-emotional states of pilots non-invasively.

The importance of monitoring wet age‐related macular degeneration patients during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: A retrospective study of assessment of functional and structural outcomes

AbstractPurposeIntravitreal anti‐Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (anti‐VEGF) injections are the gold standard treatment for wet Age‐related Macular Degeneration (wet AMD). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), and the resulting confinement, led to the cancellation of many programmed intravitreal anti‐VEGF injection visits. We compared the functional and structural visual outcomes of patients that did not respect their intravitreal anti‐VEGF injection intervals during the period of confinement due to COVID‐19 (group 1) and those who respected them (group 2).MethodsWet AMD patients of Swiss Visio Montchoisi and RétinElysée were included. Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) changes between the first post‐ and last pre‐confinement visit were assessed, with favorable and unfavorable being the possible outcomes for each change.ResultsGroup 1 (n = 89, 109 eyes) had 13.41% greater rate of unfavorable BCVA outcome and 38.27% greater rate of unfavorable OCT outcome than Group 2 (n = 96, 122 eyes) (p = 0.04, p &lt; 0.0001, respectively). The multivariate analysis showed that the more the patients deviated from their programmed injections and the higher the BCVA pre‐confinement, the higher the rate of unfavorable BCVA outcome (p = 0.03, p = 0.02, respectively). The OCT changes were not a predictive factor for an unfavorable BCVA outcome. The rates of pigment epithelial detachment (PED) and intraretinal fluid (IRF) increase in the first post‐confinement visit were higher in group 1 than in group 2 (p = 0.0004, p = 0.0374, respectively), with a relative increase of unfavorable OCT outcome of 200% and 66.67%, respectively.ConclusionsCOVID‐19 pandemic led many patients to refrain from their routine intravitreal anti‐VEGF injection visits, allowing us to analyze the role of designated intervals in the treatment of patients with wet AMD. During a next confinement due to COVID‐19, or circumstances similar to it, ophthalmologists should ensure the continuity of injections for their patients.Bibliography Fung THM et al. Addressing COVID‐19 fear to improve clinic attendance for patients with wet age‐related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 99: e285 (2021). Colantuono D et al. AMD management during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Acta Ophthalmol 98, e925–e925 (2020).

COVID-19 lockdown: Impairments of objective measurements of selected physical activity, cardiorespiratory and sleep parameters in trained fitness coaches.

The COVID-19 outbreak resulted in the shutdown of athletic training facilities. Although the effects of these restrictions on daily activity and sleep patterns have been widely analyzed, the employed tools often lacked accuracy, and were based on subjective measures. This study assessed the effects of home confinement on objective physical activity (PA), physiological and sleep parameters in active individuals. Sixteen male elite fitness coaches (age: 29±3 years; height: 183±6 cm; body mass: 82±5 kg, body mass index: 24.7±1.8 kg/m2) participated in this retrospective study. One-way analysis of variance was conducted to analyze selected PA, physiological and sleep parameters collected by smartwatch (Garmin Fenix 6 pro, USA) data during four consecutive months [i.e., pre-confinement, 1st and 2nd months of confinement, and post-confinement, year 2020]. Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) month occurred during the 2nd month of confinement. Compared to pre-confinement, significant changes were registered for almost all parameters during the 1st and/or the 2nd month of confinements (p<0.001), with (i) higher values for resting heart rate, sleep latency, and total, light and rapid eye movements sleep times (% change=7-523 %), and (ii) lower values for PA parameters, calories/day spent, average and highest respiratory rates, and deep sleep time during the home confinement period (% change=5-36 %). During the post-confinement month, all parameters regained pre-confinement values. In conclusion, home confinement-induced detraining negatively influenced the objective measurements of cardiorespiratory and sleep parameters among fitness coaches with a deeper effect during the 2nd month of home confinement, possibly due to the effect of RIF.

Eritrograma e estresse oxidativo em bovinos confinados alimentados com feno de Brachiaria sp. e suplementados com antioxidantes

Abstract Brachiaria sp contains sporidesmin that can be oxidized by lipoperoxidation and cause oxidative stress. In the present study we evaluated the effects of different antioxidants on lipoperoxidation of erythrocytes from Nelore cattle fed with Brachiaria sp hay. The experimental design was entirely randomized, in which 40 whole male cattle were divided into five treatments (G1: control - no supplementation; G2: selenium and vitamin E supplementation; G3: zinc supplementation; G4: selenium supplementation and G5: vitamin E supplementation) and allocated in feedlot pens for 105 days. The samples heparinized and withethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were obtained every 28 days for hematological and oxidative stress evaluation (0, 28 56, 84 and 105 days). In the erythrogram total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit (Ht) were measured. For the evaluation of oxidative stress, in order to analyze the characteristics of the erythrocyte membrane, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total glutathione (GSH-T), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined. The results showed that regardless of the treatment there was no oxidative stress during the experimental confinement period and that the joint association of selenium and vitamin E in the bovine diet provided a lower incidence of deleterious alterations on erythrocytes.

Strategies to promote university permanence in times of COVID-19

The research provides strategies that allow to promote school permanence at the Technological University of the Southeast of Veracruz (TUSV) during the period of confinement derived from the contingency due to SARS COV II. Information was collected from various sources: department of school services, tutoring and through a survey-type instrument with seventy questions, using the Likert scale and it was carried out to evaluate four tutorial areas experienced during the pandemic, such as: health, academic, socioeconomic, and personal. The survey was applied to 420 students out of a population of 1208, for which there is a level of confidence higher than 95%. Derived from the analysis of data on failure, monitoring of tutorials and tutorial areas, the diagnosis was made, generating a list of findings, derived from the above, strategies validated by a group of experts are proposed, such as: Establish an induction program for teachers and students, institutionalization of leveling courses related to the result of the entrance exam, creating the area of emotional support, Implementing technological tools for academic monitoring, establishing regularization groups, peer support, positive incentives for outstanding students, generating financial plans and establish a personal development program.

소년원 임시퇴원제도의 정비를 위한 정책적·입법적 개선방안

In the Juvenile Act, there is a protective disposition for resocialization from an educational point of view that helps juvenile offenders grow into healthy adults. The reason why we are preparing a juvenile criminal justice policy separately from the criminal justice policy for adults is that we believe that juvenile offenders have a higher potential for education and improvement than adult offenders. It is necessary to help juvenile grow into healthy adults rather than stigmatizing them as criminals and punishing them even if they commit crimes. The Juvenile Reformatory provides education such as subject education, vocational competency development training, and certification exam so that juvenile in protection can be nurtured so that they can return to society as healthy juveniles. Among juveniles detained in Juvenile Reformatory, if it is recognized that the purpose of correction has been achieved because of good correctional grades, they are subject to ‘Release on Parole’ or ‘Release’ pursuant to Article 44 of ‘Act on the Treatment of Protected Juveniles’. Protective juveniles imposed with disposition No. 9 will be ‘Release on Parole’ from the Juvenile Reformatory with about one month remaining. Upon release on parole, the juvenile will be charged with probation for six months. Because of the situation in which they will receive probation for a period that is about six times the remaining period, juvenile in probation often think that release on parole is rather unfavorable treatment. In principle, it is reasonable that the probation imposed along with Release on Parole should be for the remainder of the confinement period. For the judgment of Release on Parole, it is necessary to make a specific evaluation using various currently developed recidivism risk assessment tools. If necessary, it is also necessary to actively review the development of a tool to evaluate the recidivism risk of children in protection.

Amazement as a necessary element for a comprehensive formation

We will talk about the systematization of the educational experiences in amazement didactics in the Autonomous University of Queretaro. The objective is to comprehend how a comprehensive formation is achieved on the participants in the classrooms based on amazement didactics. The classes were imparted under the didactic strategies of theater, clown, and magic with the goal of fostering amazement in social encounters. The sessions were registered in a class journal. The systematization process consisted of answering the question: How does amazement contributes to the comprehensive formation of the involved in the educational process of the university classroom. The focus of the systematization was thoughtful, it sought to explain how a happy environment was created in the classes. The systematization process was used in the classes at the end of the school year 2020-1. Amazement uses laughter, looks, silence, and thoughtfulness that wakes up the creativity, foster trust, and create bonds of love, as well as the curiosity to learn in virtual environments in the confinement period brought by the health emergency. This was one of the results found, as well as recognizing that recognition makes us exist and motivates us to be more, humanizes us, achieving a comprehensive education, originating from a participative process that leads to the harmonious development attending all the dimensions of the person, such as the cognitive, affective, community, ethic, cultural for the full humanization of the person, from amazement strategies that lead to think and act from other possibilities.

Spatial statistical analysis of the relationship between self-reported mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown and closeness to green infrastructure

The COVID-19 pandemic has produced alterations in the behaviour and psychological health of people, who have had to learn living under uncertain circumstances escaping their control. This situation has been aggravated in those countries applying strict home confinement rules to try bending their epidemic curve. This is the case of Spain, where the stringent lockdown period was extended over three months. This study aimed at proving a research hypothesis whereby living close to Green Infrastructure (GI) during the confinement period was beneficial for mental health. To this end, La Palma (Canary Islands) and Zaragoza (Peninsular Spain) were taken as case studies, since both locations distributed a questionnaire to address citizenry’s self-reported mental health under strict lockdown conditions. A spatial statistical analysis of the responses collected by these questionnaires revealed that variables such as stress, anger, medication use, alcohol consumption or visits to the doctor significantly decreased if citizens were close to GI, whereas people having very high expectations of enjoying the city after the confinement were positively correlated to proximity of green areas. Although these outcomes are limited by the inferential capacity of correlation analysis, they point out to a sense of relief derived from having visual contact with vegetated landscapes and feeling stimulated about using them for recreation, aesthetical or sporting purposes. The joint consideration of these psychological gains with the social and environmental benefits provided by GI emphasizes the importance of approaching urban regeneration through the design and implementation of interconnected green spaces.

Post-mortem characterization of Dorper x Santa Inês lambs fed diets containing alternative foods

The objective of this study was to evaluate the post-mortem characteristics of lambs fed diets containing alternative foods. Twenty lambs, castrated Dorper x Santa Inês males, aged approximately 90 days and with mean weight of 20 kg were used. Experimental diets were composed of ground corn, soybean meal, mineral supplement, urea and Tifton-85 hay (forage). In addition to these ingredients, cottonseed, sunflower meal and castor bean cake were used as alternative foods in the proportions of 10, 8 and 8% of %DM, respectively. The experiment lasted 106 days, with 14 days for adaptation and 92 days for evaluation and data collection. At the end of the confinement period, the lambs were slaughtered, and the carcasses kept under cooling for a period of 24 hours. The measurements of pH, carcass temperature (internal and external) were measured in the Longissimus lumborum muscle, as well as the temperature and relative humidity of the cold chamber were measured. Muscle pH was altered as a function of diet and reached a value of 5.78 (lower pH) when lambs received the diet with castor bean cake. The internal carcass temperature was higher in the lambs that received the diet containing cottonseed (19.98°C), sunflower meal (19.71°C) and castor bean cake (19.87°C). The alternative foods can be used as ingredients in the formulation of diets for Dorper x Santa Inês lamb, for promoting the proper development of the post-mortem process, characteristic of good quality sheep meat.

“Family Connections”, a DBT-Based Program for Relatives of People with Borderline Personality Disorder during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Focus Group Study

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the family environment due to the difficulties that have been generated by job losses, deaths, increase rates of family and domestic violence, poor mental health outcomes, and estrangement in personal relationships. “Family Connections” (FC) is an internationally renowned DBT-based program that supports the families and caregivers of people with borderline personality disorder. The study took place at a Specialized Health Centre in Spain. A focus group with seven participants was organized for people who had previously attended an FC group. The participants were asked about their experiences during the confinement periods that was caused by COVID-19 as well as their experiences and opinions on relatives, skills practiced, their need to and the advantages of attending the group, and satisfaction with the FC group. The qualitative research web program Dedoose was used for the thematic analysis of the data. The results showed that the participants experienced various experiences during confinement; validation and radical acceptance were determined to be the most useful skills; the importance of professionals and the content as well as the sincerity of attendees and having a safe space were determined to be the greatest benefits of the programs; and the participants all indicated great satisfaction of the program. This study allowed us to explore the experiences of family members of people with BPD with their loved ones during the confinement period caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the use of the FC program skills in the family environment during confinement, and we analyzed the acceptability and satisfaction with the FC program.

A Randomised Study to Investigate the Nicotine Pharmacokinetics of Oral Nicotine Pouches and a Combustible Cigarette.

Background and ObjectivesNicotine pouches (NPs) are a relatively new type of oral smokeless tobacco-free nicotine product. Currently, few data are available on the nicotine pharmacokinetics or subjective effects of NP use. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the pharmacokinetics of nicotine absorption into the blood from different NP variants and a combustible cigarette.MethodsIn a randomised, controlled, crossover clinical study, nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects were compared among commercially available NPs (five different brands; 6–10 mg nicotine/pouch) and a combustible cigarette. During an 8-day confinement period, 35 healthy adult participants who were current dual users of snus and combustible cigarettes used one study product each day for a defined period following overnight nicotine abstinence.ResultsNicotine maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve between 0 and 6 h (AUC0–6h) were significantly greater for the Lyft 10 mg NP than for the cigarette (both p < 0.0001), while the other NPs had Cmax and AUC0–6h values that were either greater than or similar to those of the cigarette. Plasma nicotine concentration was not associated with the nicotine contents of the NPs. Time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) was higher for all NPs (60–65 min) than for the cigarette (7 min). Regarding subjective effects, liking and intent to use product again scores were higher for the cigarette than for any NP and were lowest for the NP with the lowest nicotine content.ConclusionsThis study provides important insight into nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects during NP use, and demonstrates that NPs can provide nicotine in amounts sufficient to replicate cigarette smokers' nicotine uptake following a switch from conventional cigarettes to these potentially less harmful NP products. Further studies are required to ascertain how physical characteristics of NPs other than nicotine content may affect nicotine delivery, pharmacokinetics and subjective responses.ISRCTN Clinical Trial RegistryISRCTN17828518.

Evolution of Nutritional Habits Behaviour of Spanish Population Confined Through Social Media.

Introduction: In Spain, on 14 March 2020, a state of alarm is declared to face the health emergency situation caused by the COVID-19 coronavirus, limiting the freedom of movement of people. The Spanish population is confined.Objective: With this situation, “NUTRITIONAL HEALTH IS NOT CONFINED” arises a research project that seeks to promote nutritional education based on the pattern of the Mediterranean diet (MD) using new computer technologies. It is about providing the population with the information of general interest about the promotion of a healthy diet through social networks and analysing the impact of its dissemination, in the form of a longitudinal intervention study of the Spanish nutritional evolution during confinement, with a daily survey format, and it is intended to assess food consumption during the period of confinement. Materials and methods: In total, 936 participants were asked every day. Short publications were published every day based on the scientific evidence (FAO, WHO, AECOSAN) through social media such as Instagram, accompanied by a questionnaire of 11 questions (yes/no) where it was intended to assess the evolution of daily consumption.Results and Discussion: The diffusion through social media has allowed to have a greater reach of the population. We observed that mood throughout confinement generally improves. There are certain eating habits from the MD that are well established in the daily diet of our population, such as the consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, dairy products, and eggs. It seems that enjoying good health is a growing concern in pandemic situations, which is why inappropriate behaviours such as “snacking” between meals or the consumption of processed foods such as snacks, industrial pastries, soft drinks, and sweets are avoided, increasing the amount of healthy food such as meat and fish. This study opens up future avenues of research promoting MD and implements new cohort nutritional databases, especially about young adult people, who are adept at navigating digital spaces and therefore using social media.