Building Configurations Research Articles

Fluid Force Reduction and Flow Structure at a Coastal Building with Different Outer Frame Openings Following Primary Defensive Alternatives: An Experiment-Based Review

A well-constructed tsunami evacuation facility can be crucial in a disaster. Understanding a tsunami’s force and the flow structure variation across various building configurations are essential to engineering designs. Hence, this study assessed the steady-state flow structure at building models (BM) incorporating outer frame openings, including piloti-type designs with a different width-to-spacing ratio of piloti-type columns following an embankment model (EM) with a vegetation model (VM). The experiments also demonstrated the outer frame opening percentage’s impact and orientation toward the overtopping tsunami flow at the BM. The results show that the arrangement of an opening on the outer frame and the piloti-type columns are critical in reducing the tsunami force concerning the experimental setup. Moreover, allowing a free surface flow beneath the BM implies that the correct piloti-pillar arrangement is crucial for resilient structure design. In addition, the three-dimensional numerical simulation was utilized to explain the turbulence intensity of the overtopping flow around the critical BM type. The derived resistance coefficient (CR) defined the drag and the hydrostatic characteristics at the BM due to the overtopping tsunami flow. Furthermore, for the impervious BM, the value CR was consistent with the previous studies, while the CR value for the BMs with an outer frame opening was directly coincident with the percentage of porosity.

A Coupled CA Urban Development Model (UDM) and Urban Fabric Generator (UFG) for the Assessment of Climate Hazards on Future Urban Development

Abstract. Cellular Automata (CA) spatial models have become a de facto means by which to simulate future scenarios of land use activity, particularly urban development. Increasingly, such models are being employed within large scale climate impact, adaption and resilience studies to provide future scenarios of land use change and urban development, facilitating the calculation of the economic impact of future climate hazards and development land use adaption options. However, many spatial CA models only provide information on whether land has undergone a transition from one use/activity to a new one. In the case of urban development, they are unable to provide information on the spatial pattern of new development at an intra-cell level of spatial fidelity. However, in many cases such information is important as the spatial impacts of hazards and the adaption and resilience of new urban development will be dependent on the precise spatial configuration of buildings, roads and urban green space. In this paper an Urban Fabric Generator (UFG) is presented that takes the outputs of an Urban Development Model (UDM) and simulates plausible spatial configurations of buildings, roads and urban green space. The utility of the UFG is demonstrated via two flooding case studies, where generated spatial patterns of urban form are used to parameterise a hydrodynamic pluvial flood model that evaluates the impact of future climate driven rainfall on property damage and the utility of infrastructure investment with regards to improving surface water flood resilience.

Wind Tunnel Experiment on the Footprint of a Block-Arrayed Urban Model in a Neutrally Stratified Boundary Layer

This study addresses the need to investigate footprint function features in urban areas and establish a validation database for numerical methods. Concentration and its flux footprints of a block-arrayed urban model were measured in a wind tunnel with a neutrally stratified boundary layer. The velocity and concentration were simultaneously measured by an X-probe hot wire anemometer and a fast-response flame ionization detector to evaluate the vertical flux. Experimental results highlighted the influence of the measurement heights on footprint distributions. Because the sensors were immersed in the roughness sublayer, their footprints showed strong heterogeneity across horizontal positions caused by building configurations. It was found that turbulent flux contributes up to 70% of total flux footprints, emphasizing the importance of accurate turbulent dispersion estimation in numerical methods. Furthermore, measured footprints were compared to those modeled by a widely used analytical method (Kormann and Meixner in Boundary-Layer Meteorol 99:207–224, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1023/ A:1018991015119). The measured footprints extended further along the streamwise direction and their spanwise dispersions were constrained by the rows of blocks, which failed to be reproduced in the analytical method. This indicates the significant effects of building configurations on footprint functions in urban areas.

Sustainability Assessments of Living Walls in the Mediterranean Area

The evaluation of the environmental impacts of a living wall (LW) system cannot leave out the effects on the buildings’ sustainability during its life cycle. Consequently, to consider the embodied impacts of all the components, an LCA of the whole system is recommended. Therefore, this paper was targeted to evaluate the environmental performances of four LW solutions considering a combination of energy performances and system LCA. In the first step, the yearly energy consumption of a reference building equipped with LWs was determined through simulations carried out in the EnergyPlus environment. Subsequently, the LCA completed the evaluation of the environmental impact of the different building configurations. To quantify the effects related to the implementation of LWs, the results were compared to those obtained for the reference building without vegetation. The analyses refer to a real university’s four-floor housing located in the city of Reggio Calabria (38°07′21.4″ N 15°39′45.2″ E), which is currently under construction. The results confirm the benefits achievable through the LW integration, measuring both energy savings and the increase in the hours with indoor temperature within the well-being zone. At an annual level, the best LW solution produces 24% of energy saving and LCA highlights a limitation of 2.1 × 105 kg of CO2eq when compared to the reference case. These data confirm the effectiveness of implementing LWs as a reliable intervention to enhance building environmental impact, especially for edifices requiring renovation.

Climate Change and Building Renovation: The Impact of Historical, Current, and Future Climatic Files on a School in Central Italy

Climate change significantly affects the operating environment of buildings. These changes impact both energy efficiency and occupants’ comfort and remain crucial even in building restoration, where design decisions typically rely on historical data, yet performance depends on anticipated future scenarios. The present work evaluates the impact of different climate datasets on dynamic energy simulations for an educational building in Central Italy, focusing on estimating heating demands across historical, current, and future climatic scenarios. The assessment considers both the building’s current state and potential energy-efficient retrofits. Initially, various meteorological datasets, including measured and model-generated data, are selected to predict key weather parameters. The analysis reveals the potential and limitations of regional climate models (RCMs) in estimating these variables, with the MM5 dataset emerging as the most reliable. Subsequently, the energy performance of the reference building and its vulnerability to climate change are assessed. Our results show significant differences in energy demand based on construction periods, with the oldest section consuming 29% to 54% more energy monthly than the newer sections. Moreover, using non-representative climatic files can lead to prediction errors of up to 199%. Finally, the building’s energy behaviour is analysed under future climate conditions by generating typical meteorological years (TMYs) for 2030, 2050, and 2070. This analysis evaluates the energy requirements for both existing and retrofitted building configurations. The findings confirm that retrofit interventions with high-performance insulation and upgraded windows significantly enhance the building’s energy efficiency and resilience to future climate conditions, leading to annual energy savings of 50% to 57%.

The Impact of Urban Roughness on Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Hot Arid Climate

The proportion of the world's population living in cities is rapidly increasing, presenting new challenges to the urban environment and quality of life. Among these challenges is the urban environment's impact on residents' outdoor thermal comfort, which can affect their health and well-being. Urban roughness, which includes building and street heights, has a significant impact on the thermal environment of urban areas. Changes in these factors cause variations in temperature distribution, wind speed, and humidity, which affect how people perceive thermal conditions. The research problem is the effect of urban roughness on outdoor thermal comfort in hot arid climate, specifically the height of buildings and the density, for a case study in (Al-Bab Al-Sharqi) in Baghdad city. Measurement method that employed the computer programs (Rino8 and Grasshopper) to calculate the thermal comfort index (UTCI) and its impact on various climatic variables. The findings revealed that the thermal comfort index and the climatic factors associated with it vary depending on the configuration of buildings.

Experimental insights into the seismic behaviour of flanged URM walls

Considerable attention has been given to understanding and modelling the seismic response of unreinforced masonry piers with rectangular cross-sections. However, the seismic performance of load-bearing masonry walls with flanges, commonly found in actual building configurations, remains less explored. This study investigates the behaviour of flanged walls through cyclic quasi-static tests on four full-scale C-shaped specimens comprising two primary seismic-resistant walls (webs) interconnected by a single flange. The construction of the specimens varied: two were built using standard solid calcium-silicate bricks with general-purpose mortar, while the other two utilised large-sized calcium-silicate blocks with tongue-and-groove interlocks and a thin layer of cement-based adhesive mortar. All specimens were subjected to cyclic horizontal loading parallel to the webs under consistent overburden load and double-fixed boundary conditions. The primary variable in testing the two walls of each type was the number of cyclic loading repetitions. This paper initially describes the key characteristics of the wall specimens, including geometry, construction details, and mechanical properties. Subsequently, it details the instrumentation plan and test protocol, and summarises the major observations from the tests, illustrating damage evolution and hysteretic force-displacement response. The results highlight the effect of the flange on initial stiffness and lateral force resistance, as well as the influence of block type and loading repetitions on failure mode, displacement capacity, and energy dissipation. Additionally, the study demonstrates the impact of floor slab uplift due to in-plane rocking of the webs on the top boundary conditions and the out-of-plane stability of the flange.

Pounding impact on seismic demands for adjacent irregular buildings with collinear alignment eccentricity

This research aims to evaluate the impact of pounding on seismic demands for neighboring irregular buildings with collinear alignment eccentricity and provide valuable recommendations for seismic design. To achieve this, a numerical simulation is conducted to calculate the effects of pounding on the seismic response requirements in different scenarios where two irregular adjacent buildings with eccentric center of mass are considered, plan irregularity is reflected with eccentricities between the rigidity center and mass center of the building’s superstructure. Adjacent buildings with three different heights involve four-, eight-, and twelve-story buildings with moment-resisting frame (MRF) structural system. To ensure reliable estimation of engineering seismic demands, three different ground motions, which are fully compatible with the design spectrum, are applied to different adjacent building configurations. A nonlinear time history analysis is performed to determine the response demands for different adjacent buildings with collinear alignment eccentricity, such as displacement, inter-story drift, story shear force, impact force, and acceleration responses. The Engineering Design Parameters (EDP) are thoroughly examined to gain a comprehensive understanding of the structural behavior and performance of the adjacent irregular buildings. The findings hold for all these scenarios, suggest that the colinear eccentricity of the irregular building in the closing/convergence direction, promotes the pounding and increases the number of impacts, while the eccentricity in the opening/divergence direction, reduces the pounding probability and the number of impacts between adjacent buildings. Moreover, the findings highlight the impact of eccentricity on peak acceleration responses and emphasize the importance of considering eccentricity in assessing the dynamic response of adjacent buildings with insufficient separation.

Impact of upstream buildings on Wind-Driven Rain Loading: Refining Obstruction Factor in ISO semi-empirical model based on CFD

CFD is a valuable tool for assessing Wind-Driven Rain (WDR) loading, one of the most important environmental loads for façade design. The majority of previous studies on this topic have primarily concentrated on simple building configurations, i.e., stand-alone buildings. Hence, prior findings may not be applicable to consider the impact of upstream buildings in urban areas, which significantly alter wind flow field, consequently, change WDR loadings on downstream building facades compared to the stand-alone building. Part A: four different steady-state RANS models (i.e., standard k−ω, realizable k−ε, RNG k−ε, and standard k−ε) coupled with the Eulerian Multiphase (EM) technique (RANS-EM) are compared and implemented using OpenFOAM-7. These models are validated and verified based on wind-tunnel and field measurement data obtained from the literature for a six-story mid-rise residential building located in an urban area in Vancouver, Canada. The study considers 13 distinct rainfall events, for the test building with/without overhangs. All four RANS models are deemed suitable for modeling WDR in urban areas, while the steady-state standard k-ω RANS-EM approach without incorporating turbulent dispersion showing slightly better performance, thus utilized for the reminder of the study. Part B: a sensitivity analysis is presented on how the upstream buildings influence the WDR loading on a downstream building, denoted as Obstruction Factor. A comparison between the CFD and ISO semi-empirical model shows significant discrepancies, potentially reaching up to factors of 5. Thus, updated Obstruction Factors are suggested to enhance the ISO model for more accurate estimation of WDR loads.

Synergistic assessment of multi-scenario urban waterlogging through data-driven decoupling analysis in high-density urban areas: A case study in Shenzhen, China

Extreme meteorological events and rapid urbanization have led to serious urban flooding problems. Characterizing spatial variations in flooding susceptibility and elucidating its driving factors are essential for preventing damages from urban pluvial flooding. However, conventional methods, limited by spatial heterogeneity and the intricate mechanisms of urban flooding, frequently demonstrated a deficiency in precision when assessing flooding susceptibility in dense urban areas. Therefore, this study proposed a novel framework for an integrated assessment of urban flood susceptibility, based on a comprehensive cascade modeling chain consisting of XGBoost, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), and Partial Dependence Plots (PDP) in combination with K-means. It aimed to recognize the specific influence of urban morphology and the spatial patterns of flooding risk agglomeration under different rainfall scenarios in high-density urban areas. The XGBoost model demonstrated enhanced accuracy and robustness relative to other three benchmark models: RF, SVR, and BPDNN. This superiority was effectively validated during both training and independent testing in Shenzhen. The results indicated that urban 3D morphology characteristics were the dominant factors for waterlogging magnitude, which occupied 46.02 % of relative contribution. Through PDP analysis, multi-staged trends highlighted critical thresholds and interactions between significant indicators like building congestion degree (BCD) and floor area ratio (FAR). Specifically, optimal intervals like BCD between 0 and 0.075 coupled with FAR values between 0.5 and 1 have the potential to substantially mitigate flooding risks. These findings emphasize the need for strategic building configuration within urban planning frameworks. In terms of the spatial-temporal assessment, a significant aggregation effect of high-risk areas that prone to prolonged duration or high-intensity rainfall scenarios emerged in the old urban districts. The approach in the present study provides quantitative insights into waterlogging adaptation strategies for sustainable urban planning and design.

Comparative study on energy efficient green building with conventional building

Abstract Green Building concept is an environmental building practice followed by the construction engineers since the years 2000s. Green building concept is the imperative of time with respect to economic, social and environment aspects. Green building techniques can mainly classify under six categories, waste management, water efficiency, energy efficiency, location, configuration and green materials, where under each technique countless solutions can be developed based on the requirements and the proposed project. Hence, this paper targets to redesign Barka Marina Mall, Oman as a green building considering building configuration, renewable energy and green materials, with the help of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology and Photovoltaic System software as simulation tools. Aim of the present study is to redesign the Barka Marina Mall, Oman as a green building by considering the building configuration, renewable energy and green materials, with the help of BIM and Photovoltaic System software and compared the results with the conventional building. The criteria considered for the comparative analysis are, annual carbon emission, annual energy use, monthly fuel consumption and monthly energy consumption between the conventional and the green building. Based on the comparative study it is noticed that applying the green building concept has a great potential to save the nation’s resources and the environment by reducing the consumption as well as the cost.

Cross‐laminated timber for seismic retrofitting of RC buildings: Substructured pseudodynamic tests on a full‐scale prototype

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study on an innovative timber‐based retrofit solution for reinforced concrete (RC) framed buildings, with or without masonry infills. The intervention aims to enhance seismic resistance through a light, cost‐effective, sustainable, and reversible approach integrating energy efficiency upgrades. The method employs cross‐laminated timber (CLT) panels as infills or external retrofitting elements, mechanically connected to the RC frame through steel fasteners. The system is combined with thermal insulation for improved energy efficiency. The seismic performance of the proposed retrofit technique was assessed experimentally on a full‐scale building model at the European Laboratory for Structural Assessment (ELSA). The experiments included tests on two five‐story building configurations: a masonry‐infilled RC building as a reference and the same structure strengthened with CLT panels. Each building was subjected to unidirectional earthquake simulations of increasing intensity using the pseudodynamic (PsD) testing method with substructuring. The physical substructure of the hybrid model consisted of the first story of a two‐story mockup built and retrofitted in the laboratory, while stories two to five were simulated numerically. The paper discusses major observations from the tests, comparing the damage evolution and hysteretic responses of the two configurations. The experiments yielded promising results, showing that the suggested retrofit solution significantly increased displacement and energy dissipation capacity. The retrofitted building survived earthquake intensities up to 50% higher than the non‐retrofitted counterpart, exhibiting only slight structural damage. These pioneering experiments provide compelling data on the high effectiveness of the proposed CLT‐based retrofit system in enhancing the seismic performance of full‐scale RC buildings.

Influence of processing parameters on the fracture behaviour of 316L SS printed by laser powder bed fusion

This study explored the relationship between process parameters and fracture behavior in 316L stainless steel printed by laser powder bed fusion. Fracture testing was conducted according to ASTM E1820 for single edge notch bending, and elastic mechanical properties were determined using ultrasonic surface wave analysis. Five test sets were considered in a vertical building configuration using five different volumetric energies belonging to conduction mode. The critical fracture toughness was calculated and discussed along with the plastic deformations at the crack tip. The study found that local plastic deformation for single edge notch bending was influenced by powder bed fusion process parameters. A correlation was observed between energy density, fracture toughness, and the dimensions of the fracture process zone. The R-curves showed different fracture behaviors depending on the energy density. The energy required to grow a crack was associated with larger plastic zones, resulting in fracture toughness values ranging from 43 (43 J mm−3) to 427 kJ/m2 (68 J mm−3). Results are discussed in terms of porosity and strain hardening capacity depending on the manufacturing conditions.

Effects of building configuration and upstream buildings on pedestrian risk around ideal buildings in a floodwater–wind joint environment

Urban building affects both floodwater inundation and air flow in high-density cities, influencing the pedestrian risk within urban blocks. Previous studies have identified physical characteristics of buildings as important factors influencing either floodwater spread or the wind environment. However, the correlation between the building configuration and pedestrian risk under the combined effect of floodwater and wind is not yet fully understood. This study estimates the integrated effects of building configuration and an upstream building on the pedestrian risk around ideal buildings in a joint floodwater–wind environment. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to model the inundation depth, floodwater velocity, and wind speed at pedestrian level for single- and double-building models. The pedestrian risk in terms of the toppling instability is evaluated, and a series of laboratory flume experiments on the stability/instability of a dummy representing pedestrians in a quasi-natural state are conducted to validate the CFD simulation results. The findings show that the building configuration affects the pedestrian risk to some degree; however, the building height yields a minor effect and converging and diverging flows lead to different pedestrian risk distributions within the area of interest. Floodwater always plays a dominant role over wind in triggering pedestrian toppling, and pedestrian evacuation speeds vary depending on the circumstances. When an upstream building is added, its distance from the target building, length, and the reduced ratio relative to the reference case, as well as the interspace between its segments, influence the pedestrian risk; however, the height of the upstream building has the smallest effect on the pedestrian risk response. The study outcome can provide insights for administrators and stakeholders when implementing tailored measures against direct impacts of surging floodwater and strong wind in the context of resilient city management.

Advancing Sustainable Construction: Discrete Modular Systems & Robotic Assembly

This research explores the SL-Block system within an architecture framework by embracing building modularity, combinatorial design, topological interlocking, machine learning, and tactile sensor-based robotic assembly. The SL-Block, composed of S and L-shaped tetracubes, possesses a unique self-interlocking feature that allows for reversible joining and the creation of various 2D or 3D structures. In architecture modularity, the high degree of reconfigurability and adaptability of the SL-Block system introduces a new element of interest. Unlike modularization strategies that emphasize large-scale volumetric modules or standardized building components, using small-scale generic building blocks provides greater flexibility in maximizing design variations and reusability. Furthermore, the serial repetition and limited connectivity of building elements reduce the efforts required for bespoke manufacturing and automated assembly. In this article, we present our digital design and robotic assembly strategies for developing dry-jointed modular construction with SL-Blocks. Drawing on combinatorics and graph theory, we propose computational design methods that can automatically generate hierarchical SL-Block assemblies from given shapes. To address the physical complexities of contact-rich assembly tasks, we develop robotics using two distinct methods: pre-programmed assembly and sensor-based reinforcement learning. Through a series of demonstrators, we showcase the ability of SL-Blocks not only to reconfigure conventional building tectonics but also to create new building configurations.

The impact of twisted wind on pedestrian comfort around two non-identical-height buildings in tandem arrangement: a wind tunnel study

Due to the impact of urbanization, an increasing number of buildings are being constructed near hilly terrains because of the limited availability of land resources. The influence of twisted wind profile (TWP) on pedestrian-level wind comfort surrounding two tandem non-identical-height buildings, with a height ratio H1/H2 ranging from 3:1 to 1:0.33, was investigated by wind tunnel experiment with two twist angles (13 ° and 25 °), and compared with the conventional wind profile (CWP). The assessment of thermal comfort was based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) using wind velocity measured from the wind tunnel and observation results. Both the mean and gust wind velocities were investigated and compared with wind assessment criteria. The results reveal a significant disparity in the mean and gust wind fields for various H1/H2 under both CWP and TWPs, with the influence of twist being more pronounced for step-up building configuration (H1<H2). The influence of TWPs on the low wind velocity region demonstrated contrasting patterns for buildings with step-up and step-down configurations. The pedestrian level wind environment varies significantly with H1/H2 under CWP and TWPs in the passage between the two tandem buildings, categorized as “Sitting long” for identical-height buildings and modified to “Strolling” and “Walking fast” for step-up building configuration. The twisted wind shifts the “Sitting short” area toward the direction of the approaching twisted wind flow and amplifies the “Strolling” area on the other side. The twisted wind can diminish the thermal comfort surrounding the two tandem structures during summer while enhancing the thermal environment in winter.

Algorithm optimization of architectural form through sequential landscape evaluation

Designing architectural and urban spaces based on continuous human spatial experience throughout a sequence may lead to architectural and urban forms not bound to conventional concepts. These forms would be made possible through the combination of a quantitative sequential landscape evaluation and morphological optimization utilizing algorithmic processes. In this study, we introduce a method for evaluating sequential landscapes, in which the configuration of buildings, trees, etc., in view changes as pedestrians move along a particular path, using a genetic algorithm optimization of architectural forms to bring them closer to the designer’s ideals. The method’s validity was tested using two case studies, assuming the design of a sequential landscape in an actual city and park. The results present a more efficient, objective, and reproducible method for designing sequences in buildings, cities, and landscapes, compared to traditional methods.

Pedestrian-level wind environment surrounding two tandem non-identical height elevated buildings under the influence of twisted wind flows

The wind direction in urban areas characterized by hilly topography, such as Hong Kong, exhibits vertical variation along the wind profiles and exerts a significant influence on the pedestrian wind environment. This study investigated two tandem buildings with varying relative height differences (HUB/HDB) ranging from 3:1 to 0.33:1 and different elevated structure locations under twisted angles of 13° and 25°, along with their corresponding conventional wind fields by wind tunnel experiment. The findings demonstrate that the relative height differences between up- and downstream buildings significantly alter the flow field around two tandem-arranged structures. The step-up building configurations (HUB<HDB) exhibit heightened sensitivity to twist wind profiles, resulting in larger deviation angles (θ) of downstream low wind velocity (DSLWV) zones. Step-down building configurations (HUB>HDB) are relatively insensitive to the twisted wind profile. The presence of a downstream building with an elevated structure diminishes the extent of the low wind velocity (LWV) area by eliminating the near field low wind velocity (NFLWV) region while rendering the elevated building more susceptible to twist winds than non-elevated buildings. The findings provide valuable insights into the rational use of elevated buildings in mountainous regions.

Text-to-building: experiments with AI-generated 3D geometry for building design and structure generation

The paper seeks to investigate novel potentials for building design and structure generation that arise at the intersection of computational design and AI-generated 3D geometries. Although the use of AI technologies is exponentially increasing inside the architectural discipline, the design of spatial building configurations using AI-generated 3D geometries is still limited in its applications and represents an ongoing field of investigation in advanced architectural research. In this regard, several questions still need to be answered: how can we design new building typologies from AI-generated 3D geometries? And how can we use these typologies to shape both the real and the virtual world?The paper proposes a new approach to architectural design where artificial intelligence is used as the starting point for design exploration, while computational design procedures are employed to convert AI-generated 3D geometries into building elements – such as columns, beams, horizontal and vertical surfaces. The paper starts with a general overview of the current use of artificial intelligence inside the architectural discipline, and then it moves towards the explanation of specific AI generative models for 3D geometry reconstruction and representation. Subsequently, the proposed working pipeline is analysed in more detail – from the creation of 3D geometries using generative AI models to the conversion of such geometries into building elements that can be further designed and optimised using computational design tools and methods. The results shown in the paper are achieved using Shap-E as the main AI model, though the proposed pipeline can be implemented with multiple AI models. The paper ends by showing some of the generated results, finally adding some considerations to the relationship between human and artificial creativity inside the architectural discipline.The work presented in the paper suggests that the use of computational design tools and methods combined with the tectonics of the latent space opens new opportunities for topological and typological explorations. In a time where traditional architectural typologies are moving towards stagnation due to their inability to satisfy new human needs and ways of living, exploring AI-based working pipelines related to architectural design allows the definition of new design solutions for the generation of new architectural spaces. In doing so, the serendipitous aspect of AI biases is used as an auxiliary force to inform design decisions, promoting the discovery of a new inbuilt dynamism between human and artificial creativity. In a time where AI is everywhere, understanding the measure of such dynamism represents a key aspect for the future of the architectural discipline.

Dynamic Analysis of High-Rise Buildings for Various Irregularities with and without Floating Column

In recent urban developments, the demand for column-free spaces in multi-story buildings has risen due to space constraints, population growth, and aesthetic considerations. To meet these requirements, floating columns are frequently incorporated into building designs. However, these structural elements pose significant risks in seismically active regions, as they disrupt the continuous load transfer path essential for earthquake resilience. This research focuses on the dynamic analysis of high-rise buildings with various irregularities, both with and without floating columns. The study aims to evaluate the seismic performance of these structures by analyzing parameters such as storey displacement, storey drift, and base shear. By using structural analysis software, we model and compare different configurations of high-rise buildings under seismic loads. The findings will provide insights into the impact of floating columns on the structural integrity of high-rise buildings and suggest design improvements for enhanced seismic performance. This research is essential for developing safer building practices in earthquake- prone areas.