Configuration Of Singularities Research Articles

𝜇_{𝑝}- and 𝛼_{𝑝}-actions on K3 surfaces in characteristic 𝑝

We consider μ p \mu _p - and α p \alpha _p -actions on RDP K3 surfaces (K3 surfaces with rational double point (RDP) singularities allowed) in characteristic p > 0 p > 0 . We study possible characteristics, quotient surfaces, and quotient singularities. It turns out that these properties of μ p \mu _p - and α p \alpha _p -actions are analogous to those of Z / l Z \mathbb {Z}/l\mathbb {Z} -actions (for primes l ≠ p l \neq p ) and Z / p Z \mathbb {Z}/p\mathbb {Z} -quotients respectively. We also show that conversely an RDP K3 surface with a certain configuration of singularities admits a μ p \mu _p - or α p \alpha _p - or Z / p Z \mathbb {Z}/p\mathbb {Z} -covering by a “K3-like” surface, which is often an RDP K3 surface but not always, as in the case of the canonical coverings of Enriques surfaces in characteristic 2 2 .

Canonical coverings of Enriques surfaces in characteristic 2

Let $\bar{Y}$ be a normal surface that is the canonical $\mu_2$- or $\alpha_2$-covering of a classical or supersingular Enriques surface in characteristic $2$. We determine all possible configurations of singularities on $\bar{Y}$, and for each configuration we describe which type of Enriques surfaces (classical or supersingular) appear as quotients of $\bar{Y}$.

Symplectic 4-manifolds on the Noether line and between the Noether and half Noether lines

We construct simply connected, minimal, symplectic 4-manifolds with exotic smooth structures and each with one Seiberg–Witten basic class up to sign, on the Noether line and between the Noether and half Noether lines by star surgeries introduced by Karakurt and Starkston, and by using complex singularities. We also construct certain configurations of complex singularities in the rational elliptic surfaces geometrically, without using any monodromy arguments. By using these configurations, we give symplectic embeddings of star shaped plumbings inside (some blow-ups of) elliptic surfaces.

Rational quartic spectrahedra

Rational quartic spectrahedra in $3$-space are semialgebraic convex subsets in $\mathbb{R} ^3$ of semidefinite, real symmetric $(4 \times 4)$-matrices, whose boundary admits a rational parameterization. The Zariski closure in $\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P} ^3$ of the boundary of a rational spectrahedron is a rational complex symmetroid. We give necessary conditions on the configurations of singularities of the corresponding real symmetroids in $\mathbb{R} \mathbb{P} ^3$ of rational quartic spectrahedra. We provide an almost exhaustive list of examples realizing the configurations, and conjecture that the missing example does not occur.

Unraveling non-Hermitian pumping: Emergent spectral singularities and anomalous responses

Within the expanding field of non-Hermitian physics, non-Hermitian pumping has emerged as a key phenomenon, epitomized through the skin effect via extensive boundary mode accumulation modifying the conventional Bloch picture. Beyond redefining bulk-boundary correspondences, we show that non-Hermitian pumping induces an unprecedented type of spectral topology: it admits a classification in terms of graph topology, which is distinct from conventional topological classifications of the eigenstate or energy Riemann surface. Each topological class is characterized by a conformally invariant configuration of spectral branching singularities, with gap-preserving transitions giving rise to emergent band geometry and Berry curvature discontinuities physically manifested as anomalous response kinks. By placing all Hermitian and non-Hermitian lattice Hamiltonians on equal footing, our comprehensive framework also enables the first analytic construction of topological phase diagrams in the presence of multiple non-reciprocal coupling scales, as prototypically demonstrated for the extended non-Hermitian Chern and Kitaev models. Based on general algebraic geometry properties of the energy dispersion, our framework can be directly generalized to multiple bands, dimensions, and even interacting systems. Overall, it reveals the conspiracy of band representations, spectral topology, and complex geometry as it unfolds in directly measurable quantities.

Quadrilateral mesh generation II: Meromorphic quartic differentials and Abel–Jacobi condition

This work discovers the equivalence relation between quadrilateral meshes and meromorphic quartic differentials. Each quad-mesh induces a conformal structure of the surface, and a meromorphic quartic differential, where the configuration of singular vertices corresponds to the configurations of the poles and zeros (divisor) of the meromorphic differential. Due to Riemann surface theory, the configuration of singularities of a quad-mesh satisfies the Abel–Jacobi condition. Inversely, if a divisor satisfies the Abel–Jacobi condition, then there exists a meromorphic quartic differential whose divisor equals the given one. Furthermore, if the meromorphic quartic differential is with finite trajectories, then it also induces a quad-mesh, the poles and zeros of the meromorphic differential correspond to the singular vertices of the quad-mesh.Besides the theoretic proofs, the computational algorithm for verification of Abel–Jacobi condition is also explained in detail. Furthermore, constructive algorithm of meromorphic quartic differential on genus zero surfaces is proposed, which is based on the global algebraic representation of meromorphic differentials.Our experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of the algorithm. This opens up a novel direction for quad-mesh generation using algebraic geometric approach.

Global Topological Configurations of Singularities for the Whole Family of Quadratic Differential Systems

In Artes et al. (Geometric configurations of singularities of planar polynomial differential systems. A global classification in the quadratic case. Birkhauser, Basel, 2019) the authors proved that there are 1765 different global geometrical configurations of singularities of quadratic differential systems in the plane. There are other 8 configurations conjectured impossible, all of them related with a single configuration of finite singularities. This classification is completely algebraic and done in terms of invariant polynomials and it is finer than the classification of quadratic systems according to the topological classification of the global configurations of singularities, the goal of this article. The long term project is the classification of phase portraits of all quadratic systems under topological equivalence. A first step in this direction is to obtain the classification of quadratic systems under topological equivalence of local phase portraits around singularities. In this paper we extract the local topological information around all singularities from the 1765 geometric equivalence classes. We prove that there are exactly 208 topologically distinct global topological configurations of singularities for the whole quadratic class. The 8 global geometrical configurations conjectured impossible do not affect this number of 208. From here the next goal would be to obtain a bound for the number of possible different phase portraits, modulo limit cycles.

Singular Curves of Low Degree and Multifiltrations from Osculating Spaces

Abstract In order to study projections of smooth curves, we introduce multifiltrations obtained by combining flags of osculating spaces. We classify all configurations of singularities occurring for a projection of a smooth curve embedded by a complete linear system away from a projective linear space of dimension at most two. In particular, we determine all configurations of singularities of non-degenerate degree $d$ rational curves in $\mathbb{P}^n$ when $d-n\leq 3$ and $d<2n$. Along the way, we describe the Schubert cycles giving rise to these projections. We also reprove a special case of the Castelnuovo bound using these multifiltrations: under the assumption $d<2n$, the arithmetic genus of any non-degenerate degree $d$ curve in $\mathbb{P}^n$ is at most $d-n$.

Low energy configurations of topological singularities in two dimensions: A Γ-convergence analysis of dipoles

This paper deals with the variational analysis of topological singularities in two dimensions. We consider two canonical zero-temperature models: the core radius approach and the Ginzburg–Landau energy. Denoting by [Formula: see text] the length scale parameter in such models, we focus on the [Formula: see text] energy regime. It is well known that, for configurations whose energy is bounded by [Formula: see text], the vorticity measures can be decoupled into the sum of a finite number of Dirac masses, each one of them carrying [Formula: see text] energy, plus a measure supported on small zero-average sets. Loosely speaking, on such sets the vorticity measure is close, with respect to the flat norm, to zero-average clusters of positive and negative masses. Here, we perform a compactness and [Formula: see text]-convergence analysis accounting also for the presence of such clusters of dipoles (on the range scale [Formula: see text], for [Formula: see text]), which vanish in the flat convergence and whose energy contribution has, so far, been neglected. Our results refine and contain as a particular case the classical [Formula: see text]-convergence analysis for vortices, extending it also to low energy configurations consisting of just clusters of dipoles, and whose energy is of order [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text].

The bi-graded structure of symmetric algebras with applications to Rees rings

Consider a rational projective plane curve C parameterized by three homogeneous forms of the same degree in the polynomial ring R=k[x,y] over a field k. The ideal I generated by these forms is presented by a homogeneous 3×2 matrix φ with column degrees d1≤d2. The Rees algebra R=R[It] of I is the bi-homogeneous coordinate ring of the graph of the parameterization of C; and accordingly, there is a dictionary that translates between the singularities of C and algebraic properties of the ring R and its defining ideal. Finding the defining equations of Rees rings is a classical problem in elimination theory that amounts to determining the kernel A of the natural map from the symmetric algebra Sym(I) onto R. The ideal A≥d2−1, which is an approximation of A, can be obtained using linkage. We exploit the bi-graded structure of Sym(I) in order to describe the structure of an improved approximation A≥d1−1 when d1<d2 and φ has a generalized zero in its first column. (The latter condition is equivalent to assuming that C has a singularity of multiplicity d2.) In particular, we give the bi-degrees of a minimal bi-homogeneous generating set for this ideal. When 2=d1<d2 and φ has a generalized zero in its first column, then we record explicit generators for A. When d1=d2, we provide a translation between the bi-degrees of a bi-homogeneous minimal generating set for Ad1−2 and the number of singularities of multiplicity d1 that are on or infinitely near C. We conclude with a table that translates between the bi-degrees of a bi-homogeneous minimal generating set for A and the configuration of singularities of C when the curve C has degree six.

Γ-convergence analysis for discrete topological singularities: The anisotropic triangular lattice and the long range interaction energy

We consider 2D discrete systems, described by scalar functions and governed by periodic interaction potentials. We focus on anisotropic nearest neighbors interactions in the hexagonal lattice and on isotropic long range interactions in the square lattice. In both these cases, we perform a complete � -convergence analysis of the energy induced by a configuration of discrete topological singularities. This analysis allows to prove the existence of many metastable configurations of singularities in the hexagonal lattice.

Topological configurations of cross-coupled polarization singularities in a space-variant vector field

ABSTRACT In generic elliptical-polarized light field three types of topological structures exist around points with pure circular polarization ( C -point) in the forms Star, Lemon and Monstar. We consider a kind of interaction between these polarization singularities embedded in a space-variant vector field. We use a decomposition of a vector field in the basis of orthogonal circularly polarized components. Each template is spatially nonuniform in the sense of a presence of optical vortices (zero-amplitude points with azimuth phase ramp). Optical vortices in each template generate C -points in the polarization-variant field and their phase ramps interfere each other thus varying the topological configuration and producing common topological network.

From topological to geometric equivalence in the classification of singularities at infinity for quadratic vector fields

In the topological classification of phase portraits no distinctions are made between a focus and a node and neither are they made between a strong and a weak focus or between foci of different orders. These distinction are however important in the production of limit cycles close to the foci in perturbations of the systems. The distinction between the one direction node and the two directions node, which plays a role in understanding the behavior of solution curves around the singularities at infinity, is also missing in the topological classification. In this work we introduce the notion of equivalence relation of singularities which incorporates these important purely algebraic features. The equivalence relation is finer than the one and also finer than the equivalence relation introduced in J_L. We also list all possibilities we have for singularities finite and infinite taking into consideration these finer distinctions and introduce notations for each one of them. Our long term goal is to use this finer equivalence relation to classify the quadratic family according to their different configurations of singularities, finite and infinite. In this work we accomplish a first step of this larger project. We give a complete global classification, using the equivalence relation, of the whole quadratic class according to the configuration of singularities at infinity of the systems. Our classification theorem is stated in terms of invariant polynomials and hence it can be applied to any family of quadratic systems with respect to any particular normal form. The theorem we give also contains the bifurcation diagram, done in the 12-parameter space, of the configurations of singularities at infinity, and this bifurcation set is algebraic in the parameter space. To determine the bifurcation diagram of configurations of singularities at infinity for any family of quadratic systems, given in any normal form, becomes thus a simple task using computer algebra calculations.

Global configurations of singularities for quadratic differential systems with exactly three finite singularities of total multiplicity four

Global configurations of singularities for quadratic differential systems with exactly three finite singularities of total multiplicity four

Global Configurations of Singularities for Quadratic Differential Systems with Total Finite Multiplicity Three and at Most Two Real Singularities

In this work we consider the problem of classifying all configurations of singularities, finite and infinite, of quadratic differential systems, with respect to the geometric equivalence relation defined in Artés et al. (Rocky Mount J Math, 2014). This relation is deeper than the topological equivalence relation which does not distinguish between a focus and a node or between a strong and a weak focus or between foci of different orders. Such distinctions are however important in the production of limit cycles close to the foci in perturbations of the systems. The notion of geometric equivalence relation of configurations of singularities allows us to incorporate all these important geometric features which can be expressed in purely algebraic terms. This equivalence relation is also deeper than the qualitative equivalence relation introduced in [15]. The geometric classification of all configurations of singularities, finite and infinite, of quadratic systems was initiated in [3] where the classification was done for systems with total multiplicity $$m_f$$ of finite singularities less than or equal to one. That work was continued in [4] where the geometric classification was done for the case $$m_f=2$$ . The case $$m_f=3$$ has been split in two separate papers because of its length. The subclass of three real distinct singular points was done in [5] and we complete this case here. In this article we obtain geometric classification of singularities, finite and infinite, for the remaining three subclasses of quadratic differential systems with $$m_f=3$$ namely: (i) systems with a triple singularity (19 configurations); (ii) systems with one double and one simple real singularities (62 configurations) and (iii) systems with one real and two complex singularities (75 configurations). We also give here the global bifurcation diagrams of configurations of singularities, both finite and infinite, with respect to the geometric equivalence relation, for these subclasses of systems. The bifurcation set of this diagram is algebraic. The bifurcation diagram is done in the 12-dimensional space of parameters and it is expressed in terms of invariant polynomials. This provides an algorithm for computing the geometric configuration of singularities for any quadratic system in this class.

Metastability and Dynamics of Discrete Topological Singularities in Two Dimensions: A Γ-Convergence Approach

This paper aims at building a variational approach to the dynamics of discrete topological singularities in two dimensions, based on Γ-convergence. We consider discrete systems, described by scalar functions defined on a square lattice and governed by periodic interaction potentials. Our main motivation comes from XY spin systems, described by the phase parameter, and screw dislocations, described by the displacement function. For these systems, we introduce a discrete notion of vorticity. As the lattice spacing tends to zero we derive the first order Γ-limit of the free energy which is referred to as renormalized energy and describes the interaction of vortices. As a byproduct of this analysis, we show that such systems exhibit increasingly many metastable configurations of singularities. Therefore, we propose a variational approach to the depinning and dynamics of discrete vortices, based on minimizing movements. We show that, letting first the lattice spacing and then the time step of the minimizing movements tend to zero, the vortices move according with the gradient flow of the renormalized energy, as in the continuous Ginzburg–Landau framework.

Topological and polynomial invariants, moduli spaces, in classification problems of polynomial vector fields

We describe the origin and evolution of ideas on topological and polynomial invariants and their interaction, in problems of classification of polynomial vector fields. The concept of moduli space is discussed in the last section and we indicate its value in understanding the dynamics of families of such systems. Our interest here is in the concepts and the way they interact in the process of topologically classifying polynomial vector fields. We survey the literature giving an ample list of references and we illustrate the ideas on the testing ground of families of quadratic vector fields. In particular, the role of polynomial invariants is illustrated in the proof of our theorem in the section next to last. These concepts have proven their worth in a number of classification results, among them the most recent work on the geometric classification of the whole class of quadratic vector fields, according to their configurations of infinite singularities. An analog work including both finite and infinite singularities of the whole quadratic class, joint work with J. C. Artes, J. Llibre, and N. Vulpe, is in progress.

Global configurations of singularities for quadratic differential systems with exactly two finite singularities of total multiplicity four

In this work we consider the problem of classifying all configurations of singularities, both finite and infinite of quadratic differential systems, with respect to the geometric equivalence relation defined in [2]. This relation is deeper than the topological equivalence relation which does not distinguish between a focus and a node or between a strong and a weak focus or between foci (or saddles) of different orders. Such distinctions are however important in the production of limit cycles close to the foci in perturbations of the systems. The notion of geometric equivalence relation of configurations of singularities allows to incorporate all these important geometric features which can be expressed in purely algebraic terms. This equivalence relation is also deeper than the qualitative equivalence relation introduced in [20]. The geometric classification of all configurations of singularities, finite and infinite, of quadratic systems was initiated in [3] where the classification was done for systems with total multiplicity mf of finite singularities less than or equal to one. That work was continued in [4] where the geometric classification was done for the case mf = 2 and two more papers [5] and [6], which cover the case mf = 3. In this article we obtain the geometric classification of singularities, finite and infinite, for the three subclasses of quadratic differential systems with mf = 4 possessing exactly two finite singularities, namely: (i) systems with two double complex singularities (18 configurations); (ii) systems with two double real singularities (33 configurations) and (iii) systems with one triple and one simple real singularities (123 configurations). We also give here the global bifurcation diagrams of configurations of singularities, both finite and infinite, with respect to the geometric equivalence relation, for these subclasses of systems. The bifurcation set of this diagram is algebraic. The bifurcation diagram is done in the 12-dimensional space of parameters and it is expressed in terms of polynomial invariants, fact which gives an algorithm for determining the geometric configuration of singularities for any quadratic system.

Geometric configurations of singularities for quadratic differential systems with three distinct real simple finite singularities

In this work we classify, with respect to the geometric equivalence relation, the global configurations of singularities, finite and infinite, of quadratic differential systems possessing exactly three distinct finite simple singularities. This relation is finer than the topological equivalence relation which does not distinguish between a focus and a node or between a strong and a weak focus or between foci (or saddles) of different orders. Such distinctions are, however, important in the production of limit cycles close to the foci (or loops) in perturbations of the systems. The notion of geometric equivalence relation of configurations of singularities allows us to incorporate all these important geometric features which can be expressed in purely algebraic terms. The geometric classification of all configurations of singularities, finite and infinite, of quadratic systems was initiated in a work published in 2013 when the classification was done for systems with total multiplicity mf of finite singularities less than or equal to one. That work was continued in an article which is due to appear in 2014 where the geometric classification of configurations of singularities was done for the case mf = 2. In this article we go one step further and obtain the geometric classification of singularities, finite and infinite, for the subclass mentioned above. We obtain 147 geometrically distinct configurations of singularities for this family. We give here the global bifurcation diagram of configurations of singularities, both finite and infinite, with respect to the geometric equivalence relation, for this class of systems. The bifurcation set of this diagram is algebraic. The bifurcation diagram is done in the 12-dimensional space of parameters and it is expressed in terms of polynomial invariants, a fact which gives us an algorithm for determining the geometric configuration of singularities for any quadratic system in this particular class.

Globally optimal direction fields

We present a method for constructing smooth n -direction fields (line fields, cross fields, etc .) on surfaces that is an order of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art methods, while still producing fields of equal or better quality. Fields produced by the method are globally optimal in the sense that they minimize a simple, well-defined quadratic smoothness energy over all possible configurations of singularities (number, location, and index). The method is fully automatic and can optionally produce fields aligned with a given guidance field such as principal curvature directions. Computationally the smoothest field is found via a sparse eigenvalue problem involving a matrix similar to the cotan-Laplacian. When a guidance field is present, finding the optimal field amounts to solving a single linear system.