Confidential Image Research Articles

Advanced framework for highly secure and cloud‐based storage of colour images

The evergrowing virtualised information technology infrastructure is powered by cloud-centric technology around the world. Cloud-based multimedia storage has become an essential aspect for users and business behemoths. However, as per a survey of Norton, around 3800 breaches have been publicly disclosed with 4.1 billion numbers of records exposed in 2019, which is a 54% rise when compared to 2018. So the data security is a widely quoted barrier for cloud storage. Ciphering the confidential images before transmission and subsequent storage in cloud database needs critical attention for techno-specific applications. In image encryption, chaos-based keys can do better confusion, but the diffusion process using XOR is vulnerable to chosen plain text attack. The proposed colour image encryption scheme innately uses Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid coding that blends well with chaotic cryptosystem for an efficient statistical shift. The ciphered images are stored in authenticated and authorised cloud storage facilities. The experimentation is carried out with the help of Amazon Web Services storage instances. The proposed image encryption scheme offers a strong resistance towards the brute force, occlusion, statistical and differential attacks and yields near-zero correlation and good entropy.

Security-enhanced cloud-based image secret sharing and authentication using POB number system

Recently, the image secret sharing technique based on POB (Permutation Ordered Binary) number systems has drawn attention in academia. Thanks to Singh et al.’s pioneer in combining image confidentiality and authentication to form a cloud-based image cryptosystem using the POB number system. However, for image confidentiality and integrity, there are always two main concerns of a new image cryptosystem: the protection from unauthorized disclosure and the sensitivity of tampering. To claim confidentiality and integrity guaranty of secure image cryptosystems is meaningful only when the cryptanalysis is taken into consideration. In this article, Singh et al.’s scheme has undergone the scrutiny and potential security weaknesses found. First, the secret image may leak under chosen-plain-image attacks. Second, the partial secret key deducible under cipher/share-image-only attacks is shown unneglectable. Precisely, it is potentially problematic since the security of image authentication only relies on the secrecy of the parameter r of POB number systems, but the parameter is also learned to know by a heuristic method. The main weak design has been shown by means of introducing theoretical analyses and conducting some counter experiments. As a result, in this study we have focused on proposing a security-enhanced POB-based image secret sharing scheme with five primary advantages: (1) high security to confidentiality, (2) lossless reconstructed secret image, (3) high security to integrity, (4) high detection accuracy, and (5) low time complexity. The experimental results and the further analysis demonstrate that the simple and secure improvement does work.

A review of research on medical image confidentiality related technology coherent taxonomy, motivations, open challenges and recommendations

With the modernization of biomedical image equipment and image processing technology, the amount of medical image data increases rapidly. These medical images need to be transmitted over a public network between doctors or hospitals to provide telemedicine services and sometimes need to be uploaded to a telemedicine data center or health cloud due to limited local computing and storage resources. Medical images involve confidential and sensitive information of patients, and the confidentiality technology to protect patient privacy is becoming more and more important. These problems have been studied by many scholars, but these studies are largely limited and scattered. To the authors’ knowledge, there is no systematic literature review related to medical image confidentiality technology. To provide valuable insights into the technical environment and to support researchers, the available options and gaps in this research area must be understood. Therefore, in this study, the recent 5 years’ research results in the field of medical image security are reviewed to map the field of study into a coherent taxonomy. We use five major academic databases which are (1) Medline, (2) IEEE Xplore, (3) WoS, (4) Scopus, and (5) ScienceDirect, and every literature related to (1) medical images, and (2) encryption were searched with a focus in these databases. These databases contain literature about medical image confidentiality technology. According to the classification scheme, the final data set consists of 123 pieces of literature, and are divided into five categories. The first category, which also occupies the most proportion, focuses on medical image confidentiality algorithms, and most of them adopt chaotic mapping correlative technology The second category considers multiple security requirements while studying medical image confidentiality. The third category combines medical image encryption and image compression technologies. The fourth category focuses on the hardware related medical image confidentiality design. The final category is the medical image security systems design. We then identify the basic characteristics of this emerging field from the following aspects; the motivations of using medical image confidentiality technology, the challenges of medical image confidentiality technology, and the recommendations for further research and use of medical image confidentiality technologies. Finally, the quality evaluation criteria of the medical image security algorithm are summarized, including but not limited to the evaluation of security and the evaluation of speed and time complexity. The results of the reference evaluation show that most studies on medical image security algorithms lack sufficient safety evaluation. This was evident from less than 30% of the total articles that used all kinds of security evaluation methods.

A Data Encryption and Fast Transmission Algorithm Based on Surveillance Video

Video surveillance is an effective way to record current events. In view of the difficulty of efficient transmission of massive surveillance video and the risk of leakage in the transmission process, a new data encryption and fast transmission algorithm is proposed in this paper. From the perspective of events, the constraints of time and space dimension is broken. First, a background and moving object extraction model is built based on video composition. Then, a strong correlation data encryption and fast transmission model is constructed to achieve efficient data compression. Finally, a data mapping mechanism is established to realize the decoding of surveillance video. Our experimental results show that the compression ratio of the proposed algorithm is more than 60% under the premise of image confidentiality.

A reliable and secure image watermarking algorithm using homomorphic transform in DWT domain

Image watermarking is one of the reliable methods which easily retains integrity and confidentiality of images against illegitimate users thereby ensuring copyright protection. In this paper a new image watermarking technique is proposed which employs fusion of discrete wavelet transform (DWT), homomorphic transform (HT), singular value decomposition along with Arnold transform (AT). In this work first level DWT is performed on host image which results in various subbands (LL, HL, LH and HH). HL subband is chosen which is further transformed by HT to decompose it in illumination and reflectance components. The watermark is scrambled with AT in order to strengthen security towards malicious attacks. Scrambled watermark is now embedded into singular values of the reflectance component. As reflectance component contains prominent image features, hence embedding in this part provides better immunity against several attacks and imperceptibility is also attained as this component varies very rapidly. Thus, major aim for proposed watermarking technique is achieved. The proposed scheme is implemented with numerous wavelet families such as Haar, Coiflet, symlet and biorthogonal. The main idea for implementing with different wavelets is to judge which wavelet demonstrates good robustness against various attacks. Proposed scheme performance is also evaluated by examining comprehensively under several attacks such as rotation, sharpening. Results clearly prove high robustness for the proposed scheme. Superiority of proposed scheme is clearly indicated by comparing it with other commonly—used schemes as reported by other researchers. Benchmark attacks like “Checkmark” attacks are also verified for the proposed scheme.

Circuit implementation of 3D chaotic self-exciting single-disk homopolar dynamo and its application in digital image confidentiality

Confidentiality of secret information is one of the mandatory issue of digitally modernized era of science and technology. Due to availability of several online web applications and social media usages nowadays, information is transmitted with ease. The privacy of these digital information can be addressed by using different encryption mechanisms. We have proposed digital information privacy preserving scheme based on three-dimensional chaotic self-exciting single disk homopolar system. Moreover, we have designed a circuit implementations of three-dimensional chaotic self-exciting single disk homopolar dynamical system. The suggested encryption scheme is tested against different security performance analyses which clearly reflects the affectedness of our encryption scheme.

Chua's diode and strange attractor: a three‐layer hardware–software co‐design for medical image confidentiality

Medical image security relies upon the arrival of improved techniques for enhancing the confusion as well as diffusion processes in the pixel level manipulations. Non-linear circuits constructed with hardware components can be employed for hardware–software co-design in medical image encryption. The proposed approach has adopted Chua diode circuit for the generation of 256 × 256 random synthetic image with the entropy of 7.9972. This synthetic image has been utilised to scramble the DICOM image for the second level of diffusion as the cellular automata provides the first level of scrambling and diffusion. The average correlation coefficients of encrypted pixels are 0.00204, −0.00298 and −0.00054 in three directions. The encrypted pixels pass the NIST SP 800-22 test suite and offer resistance to statistical, differential and chosen plain text attacks.

Image encryption using a combination of Grain‐128a algorithm and Zaslavsky chaotic map

Encryption is a very important way to secure data in storage and communication, and it is a process of encoding messages or information in such a manner that only authorised persons can access it. Different techniques are used to protect confidential image data against illicit access. In image encryption using chaotic systems, most authors use or design algorithms to generate the initial parameters' values from the secret key. However, as the key size depends on the number of these parameters, the used algorithms show little sensitivity to small changes in the key. To enhance both security and sensitivity in the choice of the initial parameters, this work combines the use of the Grain-128a stream cipher algorithm with two-dimensional Zaslavsky chaotic map. Firstly, the Grain-128a algorithm is applied to generate the required parameters of Zaslavsky's chaotic map from a fixed length 256-bit secret key. Secondly, the sequences generated by the chaotic map are used to encrypt the image using a bit confusion and diffusion process. The simulation results on greyscale, colour, binary, indexed, and medical images together with the scores obtained in the evaluation of the algorithm show that the proposed method is very sure and effective in encrypting images of any size and any type.

An Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic Selection of Robust Cryptographic Primitives

With the spread of digital images, the security of these data has become a serious problem. In this study, an image encryption algorithm is designed to ensure the confidentiality of digital images. The original aspect of the proposed algorithm is that it has an architecture that combines unpredictable and random-like features of chaotic systems and cryptographic primitives that have been proven as a result of many years of research. By making use of the advantages of chaotic systems, it has provided the design of an image encryption algorithm that is more resistant to application attacks than mathematical designs. Analysis results and security evaluations have shown that the proposed method can be used successfully in many applications related to security of digital image.

Hybrid Image Encryption Technique Using Genetic Algorithm and Lorenz Chaotic System

One of the important application of image encryption is storing confidential and important images on a local device or a database in such a way that only the authorized party can view or perceive it. The current image encryption technique employs the genetic algorithm to increase confusion in the image, but compromises in time and space complexity. The other method employs chaos or pseudo random number generating systems which have fast and highly sensitive keys but fails to make the image sufficiently noisy and is risky due to its deterministic nature. We propose a technique which employs the non-deterministic, optimizing power of genetic algorithm and the space efficiency and key sensitivity of chaotic systems into a unified, efficient algorithm which will retain the merits of both the methods whereas tries to minimize their demerits in a software system. The encryption process proceeds in two steps, generating two keys. First, an encryption sequence is generated using Lorenz Chaotic system of differential equation. The seed values used are the user’s actual key having key sensitivity of 10-14. Second, the encrypted image’s genetic encryption sequence is generated which will result in an encrypted image with entropy value greater than 7.999 thus ensuring the image is very noisy. Proposed technique uses variations of Lorenz system seed sets to generate all random mutations and candidate solutions in Genetic encryption. Since only the seed sets leading to desired solution is stored, space efficiency is higher compared to storing the entire sequences. Using this image encryption technique we will ensure that the images are hidden securely under two layers of security, one chaotic and other non-deterministic.

X-Ray Images Encryption Analysis Using Arnold's Cat Map and Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem Codes

In the medical world, a digital medical image is a requirement for image sharing in which the confidential data of the patient should be protected from unauthorized access. This study proposes a technique that can preserve image confidentiality using image encryption. This approach converts the original image into another shape that can not be visually interpreted, so unauthorized parties can not see an image's substance. This research proposes a method of X-Ray images encryption based on Arnold's Cat Map and Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem by shuffling coordinates from the original pixel into new coordinates. The Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem encoding scheme strengthens Arnold's cat map encryption by detecting and fixing bits of an image pixel value error. This study comprises results checked by giving the X-Ray or rontgen image noise with distinct variances. These algorithms are supposed to provide decrypted images with high accuracy and are more resistant to attack. Our result showed that the system using Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem codes has a better Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio result equal to infinity and Bit Error Rate, equivalent to 0 at a more significant variance of each form of noise than the process using Arnold's Cat Map codes only. The Brute Force Attack for Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem takes 2.86 × 1058 years, while Arnold's Cat Map takes 3.9 × 1011 years, so the Bose Chaudhuri Hocquenghem code is more resistant to Brute Force Attack than the Arnold's Cat Map method.

Secret Image Sharing Scheme Based on Pixel Segmentation Strategy Exploiting Modification Direction (PSSEMD) with High Quality Shadows

Schemes of sharing a secret image are enhanced practically. The secret images are wrapped in cover imageon producing shadow images in this proposed scheme. In sequence,security is attained by means of methods of encryption and decryption while processing of sharing image. In the sharing step, cover image wrapped out the secret image by producing n images of shadow like cover image. This research dedicates a method of Improved Exploiting Modification Direction (IEMD) to conceal confidential data on preserving a high PSNR value. Pixel Segmentation Strategy EMD (PSSEMD) Method is used for wrapping confidential bit on all pixel cover image. the images as secret and cover are rebuilt by Shadow images. Lossless recovery of secret image is enriched by rebuilding the confidential image with lossless whereas by compressing the image before encryption and watermarking. Here Lossless image compression is done with the concern of sensitive information. Then chaotic encryption and decryption method is used for better security during image sharing process. Hence better embedding capacity and better quality in visual are attained in this proposed research results ensuring high security results in term of higher PSNR, lower MSE and higher correlation than the existing methods.

Hopfield attractor-trusted neural network: an attack-resistant image encryption

The recent advancement in multimedia technology has undoubtedly made the transmission of objects of information efficiently. Interestingly, images are the prominent and frequent representations communicated across the defence, social, private and aerospace networks. Image ciphering or image encryption is adopted as a secure medium of the confidential image. The utility of soft computing for encryption looks to offer an uncompromising impact in enhancing the metrics. Aligning with neural networks, a Hopfield attractor-based encryption scheme has proposed in this work. The parameter sensitivity, random similarity and learning ability have been instrumental in choosing this attractor for performing confusion and diffusion. The uniqueness of this scheme is the achievement of average entropy of 7.997, average correlation of 0.0047, average NPCR of 99.62 and UACI of 33.43 without using any other chaotic maps, thus proposing attack-resistant image encryption against attackable chaotic maps.

Self-Healable Lanthanoid-Based Metallogels: Dye Removal and Crystallization in the Confined Gel State

The self-healing property of metallogels resembles the innate self-healing of plant and animal biomaterials, making metallogels potential candidates for detailed studies. Tetrazoles with diverse coordination abilities and extensive H-bond formation capabilities may be able to be used as ligands to generate metallogels. In this report, four metallogels (M1G6Cl, M2G6Cl, M1G6NO3, and M3G6NO3) based on different lanthanoids and functionalized with di(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)methane (H2G6) are designed and fabricated. All the metallogels are well characterized by different spectroscopic methods. The mechanical strengths of the metallogels are determined by rheology, and FE-SEM images reveal diverse needle-like morphologies of the metallogels after the formation of ordered self-assembled networks. All the metallogels are found to be photoluminescent in nature, with quantum yields falling in the range 0.75–0.12. The emissive nature of the gels is utilized to perform invisible photopatterning experiments, which show the potential of these metallogels to be used in confidential image or writing applications. Furthermore, the crystallization of the M3G6NO3 metallogel in a confined gel space provides a pathway of elucidating its structure, which can be used to help predict the kinds of noncovalent interactions involved in the ordered self-assembly process. The self-healing nature of the M1G6Cl metallogels makes them the most interesting among all the gels and is further explored by the rhodamine dye-doped approach. Moreover, the low molecular weight, self-healable M1G6Cl metallogels act as unique soft materials for water purification by absorbing 98% Rhodamine B dye from water in 24 h.

A multilevel distributed image based encryption for full integrity

Sending and receiving information in today’s world has become easy. Recent advancements in the technology have made the world shrink. The transfer of data hence has become effortless. At one touch of the ‘send’ button, the data is made available to the required receiver. This has put the sender and receiver at ease to communicate. Ensuring the safety of the data being transmitted and also that it is in the right hands are the prime aspects of the communication process. Anyone who is interested in knowing the information may mess about the data. Hence it is required to protect the information from the unauthorized user. The very intention of this work is to provide enough security to the confidential color images that are to reach only the legitimate receiver. This paper focuses on the essential quantum of work required to ensure that the confidential images are out of harm’s way. It also is a sincere effort to accomplish the same using not very complicated techniques and to make use of a combination of simple algorithms like tent map and logistic map. The goal of the work is achieved with exertion which employs the technique of splitting the image into required number of appropriate blocks followed by the implementation of the vital processes: confusion and diffusion to achieve the mission. Confusion involves shuffling of the blocks and diffusion is implemented using a random sequence. This technique applied has helped to reach the least amount of correlation between the pixels in the ciphered image. The lesser is the degree of association between the nearby pixels in the encrypted image, higher is the efficiency of the encryption. The method implemented in this work is a simple version of the combination of tent map and logistic map and is trouble free and at the same time gives the required security to the image so that no unauthenticated user can make out the data even if he manages to get the ciphered adaptation of it.

Elliptic Curve Blended Cross Chaos Based Secure Image Communication

Image encryption has proven a successful method to communicate the confidential information. Some of the images may or may not be confidential. So there is a need to secure the confidential images. Initially, symmetric encryption is used for security purpose. But it has the problem that if the key is revealed the interceptors can immediately decode it. To make the key transformation more secure, asymmetric encryption is introduced. In this two different keys are used for encoding and decoding. So even the interceptors hacked the key it cannot be possible to decode. In this project Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is utilized for generating the keys and the cross chaotic map used for generating the chaotic sequence. These chaotic sequences are utilized to encode the image for secure communication.

Suggested Integral Analysis for Chaos-Based Image Cryptosystems.

Currently, chaos-based cryptosystems are being proposed in the literature to provide confidentiality for digital images, since the diffusion effect in the Advance Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is weak. Security is the most important challenge to assess in cryptosystems according to the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST), then cost and performance, and finally algorithm and implementation. Recent chaos-based image encryption algorithms present basic security analysis, which could make them insecure for some applications. In this paper, we suggest an integral analysis framework related to comprehensive security analysis, cost and performance, and the algorithm and implementation for chaos-based image cryptosystems. The proposed guideline based on 20 analysis points can assist new cryptographic designers to present an integral analysis of new algorithms. Future comparisons of new schemes can be more consistent in terms of security and efficiency. In addition, we present aspects regarding digital chaos implementation, chaos validation, and key definition to improve the security of the overall cryptosystem. The suggested guideline does not guarantee security, and it does not intend to limit the liberty to implement new analysis. However, it provides for the first time in the literature a solid basis about integral analysis for chaos-based image cryptosystems as an effective approach to improve security.

Color Image Encryption Using Pixel Scrambling Operator and Reality-Preserving MPFRHT

To ensure the confidentiality of color images during their storage or transmission on insecure networks, a number of encryption methods based on fractional transforms have been proposed and widely investigated. However, most of their outputs are complex values that are inconvenient for record and transmission. Also, those methods always deal with a whole color component with the same fractional-order and ignore the textural features that are contained in different image parts. In this paper, we first define a reality-preserving multiple-parameter fractional Hartley transform (RPMPFRHT), whose output is real value, and then a novel color image encryption method is proposed that divides the RGB components into different blocks and uses a constructed pixel scrambling operator to mix and hide the original color information. The outputs are transformed to different RPMPFRHT domains and further scrambled by a non-adjacent coupled map lattices system. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate that the proposed encryption algorithm is feasible, secure, sensitive to keys, and robust to potential attacks.

Penerapan Algoritma Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) Keamanan Pada Citra

Current information exchange is not only in the form of text, it can be an image or video. All of that can be done using computer network technology in the form of the internet. Through an internet connection, you can connect with many people. Cryptography aims for messages or images that cannot be seen by other parties who have no interest in the information. Messages or secured images can be data stored in secure computer memory or sent through computer networks. And can protect the confidentiality of images from various threats that arise. To maintain data security, SHA-256 is used when transforming data bytes into string hashes. The system built has been able to implement the SHA 256 algorithm which can change the original image file in the form of unknown files and encrypted images that are difficult to know the original image, unless read using an application that has been built. the image when encrypted and used again at the time of decryption with as many as 45 characters and may be in the form of numbers or letters. The SHA 256 process when encrypted in only one round, can be played with decryption.

Cellular Automata with Synthetic Image A Secure Image Communication with Transform Domain

Image encryption has attained a great attention due to the necessity to safeguard confidential images. Digital documents, site images, battlefield photographs, etc. need a secure approach for sharing in an open channel. Hardware – software co-design is a better option for exploiting unique features to cipher the confidential images. Cellular automata (CA) and synthetic image influenced transform domain approach for image encryption is proposed in this paper. The digital image is initially divided into four subsections by applying integer wavelet transform. Confusion is accomplished on low – low section of the transformed image using CA rules 90 and 150. The first level of diffusion with consecutive XORing operation of image pixels is initiated by CA rule 42. A synthetic random key image is developed by extracting true random bits generated by Cyclone V field programmable gate array 5CSEMA5F31C6. This random image plays an important role in second level of diffusion. The proposed confusion and two level diffusion assisted image encryption approach has been validated through the entropy, correlation, histogram, number of pixels change rate, unified average change intensity, contrast and encryption quality analyses.